Teknik Kereta Api

TKM164511 / 3 SKS
Dr. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas, ST., MSc.
12-2-2019

Departemen Teknik Mesin dan Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada
 Teknik Kereta Api

Dosen:
 Dr. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas (pra-UTS)
 Dr. Rachmat Sriwijaya (pasca-UTS)

Main references:
 Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and
Operation – C.N. Pyrgidis
 Design and Simulation of Rail Vehicles – M. Spiryagin et al.
 Railway Engineering – S. Chandra & M.M. Agarwal
 plus artikel dari buku, jurnal atau website terkait

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 Teknik Kereta Api

Silabus:
 Pendahuluan. Kereta api sebagai sistem transportasi.
 Standar-standar perkeretaapian.
 Kereta api dan konstruksinya.
 Tekanan Roda. Konstruksi-konstruksi Roda dan Pemorosannya.
 Kerja sama Roda dan Rel. Belokan dengan Kemiringan.
 Pemegasan jalan. Alat tarik/sodok. Rem dan cara kerja.
 Tahanan-tahanan kereta api.
 Sejarah perkembangan kereta api di Indonesia.
 Capita Selecta. Perkembangan teknologi dan akibatnya.
 Kereta api Khusus: KRL dan KRD.

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 1 Railway as a Transport System
Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation
– C.N. Pyrgidis

The “railway” is a terrestrial mass transport system. Trains move on

their own (diesel traction) or on remotely transmitted power (electrical
traction) using steel wheels on a dedicated steel guideway defined by
two parallel rails.
The railway transports passengers and freight, covering any distance
in any environment. Its range for passengers‟ transportation is usually
suited to approximately 1500 km, while for freight the distances can
be much greater.

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 Railway as a Transport System

From a transport system point-of-view, how can we

categorize three main elements or constituents
in the railway?

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 Railway as a Transport System

From a transport system point of view, railway is by default

considered to comprise three constituents:
 Railway infrastructure
This describes the railway track and all the civil engineering
structures and systems/premises that ensure the railway traffic.
 Rolling stock
This describes all railway vehicles, both powered and hauled,
used either as power, trailer or engineering vehicles.
 Railway operation
This describes all activities through which a railway company
secures revenue service.

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 Railway Infrastructure

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 Railway Infrastructure

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 Railway Track

The railway track consists of a series of components of varying

stiffness that transfer the static and dynamic traffic loads to the
foundation.

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 Railway Track

The rails are mounted on the sleepers on top of elastic rail pads to
which they are attached by means of a rail hold-down assembly called
the rail fastening.

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 Railway Track

Ballasted track

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 Railway Track
Slab track, also called ballastless track, is a modern form of track
construction which has been used successfully throughout the world
for high speed lines, heavy rail, light rail and tram systems. Slab track
technology offers proven higher performance in service and a longer
life than traditional ballasted track.

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 Railway Track
Asphalt trackbed.

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 Railway Track
Asphalt trackbed.

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 Railway Track

Switches and crossings.

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 Railway Infrastructure

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 Rolling Stock

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 Rolling Stock

The power vehicles are self-

propelled, they are equipped
with traction motors. These
vehicles may:

 Serve the sole purpose of hauling the trailer vehicles, and are then called
„locomotives‟ (or traction units).
 Transport a number of passengers, and are then called either „single
railcars‟ (they have a driver‟s cab at one or both ends) or motor cars.
 Be used for shunting, hence they are called „shunting locomotives‟.

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 Locomotives

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 Single Railcars

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 Rolling Stock

The trailer vehicles are not self-propelled.

They transport people or goods.
They may be classified into three basic
categories depending on their function:
 Passenger vehicles (or cars or coaches)
intended to transport passengers.
 Freight vehicles (or wagons) intended to
transport goods (common or general use
freight wagons).
 Specific-use freight wagons intended for the
transportation of certain types of freight only.

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 Passenger Cars

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 Freight Cars

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 Rolling Stock
Engineering vehicles are used to carry out
track panel installation works and various track
inspection and maintenance works:
 Heavy track works vehicles
 Track recording vehicles

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 Rolling Stock

Every rail vehicle, either trailer or power,

consists of four main parts.
What are they?

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 car body – frame – bogies – wheelsets (axle + 2 wheels)

Frame

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 Railway Train Formation

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 Railway Train Formation

The combination of locomotives and

trailer vehicles forms the loco-hauled
passenger or freight trains
depending on the category of the
trailer vehicles.
When two traction units are included
in the same train formation then the
operation is called „2-loco operation‟.

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 Railway Train Formation

The combination of single railcars, motor

cars and/or trailer vehicles forms the
railcars.
The railcars can move in both directions
without the need of a shunting locomotive,
in contrast with loco-hauled trains which
need a shunting locomotive.

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 Railway Train Formation
Multiple units (MU) are diesel (DMU) or electric
(EMU) trains with the following characteristics:
 Units are made of single railcars, motor cars
and/or trailer vehicles semi-permanently
coupled
 Driving cab is provided at each end of the
unit. Drivers just change ends at the
terminus
 Train length can be varied by adding or
subtracting units
 Power equipment is distributed along the
whole train (only motor cars and single
railcars have power equipment)

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 Railway Train Formation

A Deutsche Bahn ICE 3 EMU capable The Transwa Prospector DEMU capable
of up to 320 km/h (199 mph) in of up to 200 km/h (124 mph) in
Germany Australia

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 Railway Train Formation

Push–pull trains can move in both directions without

the need of a shunting locomotive unit.
The locomotive is controlled remotely through a train
cable length when the Driving Van Trailer is leading
(Connor, 2014).

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 Railway Operation

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 Railway Speed

Track design speed (Vd),

which is defined as the speed the track alignment and
corresponding railway infrastructure as a whole (superstructure,
substructure, civil engineering structures, systems/premises) has
been designed and constructed for.
Thus, it is regarded as the maximum speed a train can safely and
comfortably operate at on a given track.
This speed is not related to any operational or track capacity
constraints.
It should be noted that it is desirable that the track design speed
(Vd) be the same on all track sections of a railway corridor.

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 Railway Speed

Permissible track speed (Vmaxtr),

which is defined as the maximum speed that may be developed on
a railway track section at the time a given rolling stock is
commissioned.
This speed is determined by the Infrastructure Manager of a
railway network taking in consideration the track ride quality as
well as other performance aspects at the moment.
The permissible track speed is directly related to the maintenance
level of the track and the line as a whole.

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 Railway Speed

Commercial speed (Vc),

which is defined as the ratio of the length of a railway route
(usually between the two terminals or two important intermediate
stations) to the time it takes to cover it, including halt times at all
intermediate stations and delays.
Commercial speed always refers to a particular type of train and a
given route.

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 Railway Speed

Average running speed (Var),

which is defined as the quotient of the length of a line segment
(usually between two successive stations), to the time taken to
pass this segment, considering normal traffic conditions (e.g., no
unforeseen delays).
The average running speed always refers to a particular train type
and a given line segment.

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Departemen Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Teknik Kereta Api 38
 Railway Speed

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 Types

Based on
functionality (1)

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 Types

Based on
functionality (2)

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Departemen Teknik Mesin dan Industri FT UGM Teknik Kereta Api 44
 Track
Gauges

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 Track Gauges

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 Track Gauges

Which one does Indonesian railway system use?

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 Track Gauges

Indonesia's rail gauge is 1,067 mm, although 1,435 mm and 750 mm lines
previously existed. Newer constructions in Aceh, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi
are using the 1,435 mm gauge.

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 Comparison of Rail and Road Vehicle
 The railway has only one degree of freedom. This facilitates the
automation of a range of operations such as driving, signalling,
braking, electrification.
 Conversely, unlike the road vehicle, the railway cannot provide „door to
door‟ services (rigid system).

 Owing to the low adherence between wheel and rail (steel/steel

contact) and the greater braking weight, the braking distance of a
train is, for the same speed, much greater than that of a road
vehicle;
 since braking seldom prevents a collision, it is of great importance that
the railway can „prevent‟ such accidents by taking those measures
necessary in order to avoid collision condition.

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 Comparison of Rail and Road Vehicle
 On the road arteries, the traffic lights are virtually always time
regulated (time period for traffic signals).
 The opposite applies to the railway where regulating of the trains is
based on the location of the railway vehicles.
 Railway vehicles, by contrast with road vehicles, do not need to be
guided by human intervention (steering). The direction of movement
is determined by the steel guideway only.
 Trains possess operational and constructional features which
increase the aerodynamic phenomena as they move (high speed,
great length, large frontal cross section).
 These phenomena may have negative consequences on the rolling
stock, the passengers, the users of the system who are on the platform
and the staff working near the track.

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 Comparison of Rail and Road Vehicle

Road Vehicle Rail Vehicle

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 Comparison of Rail and Road Vehicle

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 Comparison of Rail and Road Vehicle

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 Comparison of Rail and Road Vehicle

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 Comparison of Rail and Road Vehicle

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 Comparison of Rail and Road Vehicle

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