Mechanics of Materials-II Lab

(MEEN 2220)
Lab Report 07

Title:
“To determine the straight line pure Bending of a Rectangular
Cross Section Beam on an Unsymmetrical Bending Apparatus”

Muhammad Khushnood Nazeer

ME151028

07/02/2019
 Abstract
This lab report is the details of experiment performed in the lab, “To determine the straight line
pure Bending of a Rectangular Cross Section Beam on an Unsymmetrical Bending Apparatus.”
Unsymmetrical bending is that in which bending moment is inclined to principal axis. Pure
bending is that bending in which the bending moment is constant throughout. When bending
moment is constant then the shear force becomes zero. In this lab report the working procedure
and details of results is discussed.

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Table of Contents
1 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 2
2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4
3 Related theory .......................................................................................................................... 4
4 Apparatus Diagram .................................................................................................................. 4
5 Pure Bending ........................................................................................................................... 5
5.1 Kinematics of pure bending ............................................................................................. 5
5.2 Assumptions of Pure Bending .......................................................................................... 5
6 Derivation of Formula ............................................................................................................. 5
7 Experimental Procedure .......................................................................................................... 6
8 Calculations ............................................................................................................................. 7
8.1 Table 1 .............................................................................................................................. 7
8.2 Graph ................................................................................................................................ 8
9 Results and Discussions........................................................................................................... 8
10 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 8
11 References ............................................................................................................................ 9

Figure 1(unsymmetrical bending apparatus) .................................................................................. 4

Figure 2(pure bending in cantilever beam) (1) ............................................................................... 5
Figure 3(Cantilever Beam with Point Load) (1) ............................................................................. 5

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 Introduction
In this lab report pure bending of cantilever beam is discussed. The explanation of the pure bending
topic and derivation of the formula of pure bending is also present in this lab report. Moreover the
explanation of the results obtained from the experiment is also in this lab report. This lab report
gives the idea of the working on unsymmetrical bending apparatus for getting the pure bending
straight line.

Related theory
Apparatus Diagram
Unsymmetrical Bending Apparatus used in this lab session.

Figure 1(unsymmetrical bending apparatus)

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 Pure Bending
Pure bending refers to flexure of a beam under a constant bending moment. Therefore, pure
bending occurs only in regions of a beam where the shear force is zero. (1)

Figure 2(pure bending in cantilever beam) (1)

Kinematics of pure bending

In pure bending axial lines bend to form circumferential lines. Transverse lines remains straight
and it becomes radial lines.
Axial lines which do not change make a neutral axis. (2)

Assumptions of Pure Bending

i. Beam’s material is always homogeneous and isotropic.
ii. Young's Modulus of Elasticity remains same in tension and compression.
iii. The transverse sections remains plane before and after bending.
iv. At start beam is straight and longitudinal filaments bend into circular arcs which have
common center of curvature.
v. Radius of curvature is large as compare to cross section of beam.
vi. Each beam layer is free to bend rotate or free to have strain. (2)

Derivation of Formula
The derivation deflection of cantilever beam is given below:
First of all some basic formulas are
𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 ∗ 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 1

𝑴 = 𝑬𝑰𝒗′′ 2

The moment of the cantilever beam at a point load is given by:

Figure 3(Cantilever Beam with Point Load) (1)

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 𝑀 =𝑃∗𝐿
For the section at distance x the moment is given as:
𝑀 =𝑃∗𝐿−𝑃∗𝑥
Now comparing equations 2 and Error! Reference source not found..
𝑬𝑰𝒗′′ = 𝑷 ∗ 𝑳 − 𝑷 ∗ 𝒙
Taking Integration and putting 𝒗′ (0) =0 gives:
𝑷𝒙𝟐
𝑬𝑰𝒗′ = 𝑷𝑳𝒙 −
𝟐
Again taking integration:
𝑷𝑳𝒙𝟐 𝑷𝒙𝟑
𝑬𝑰𝒗 = −
𝟐 𝟔
Now putting the boundary conditions x=L and x=0:
𝑷𝑳𝟑 𝑷𝑳𝟑
𝑬𝑰𝒗 = −
𝟐 𝟔
𝟏 𝟑𝑷𝑳𝟑 − 𝑷𝑳𝟑
𝒗= ( )
𝑬𝑰 𝟔
The final equation is:
𝑷𝑳𝟑 3
𝒗=
𝟑𝑬𝑰
Here v is deflection, P is applied force, L is length of beam, E is Modulus of Elasticity and I is
moment of inertia.

Experimental Procedure
i. First of all we set the cantilever beam on the unsymmetrical bream apparatus.
ii. Length of the beam and loading points were calculated.
iii. Then we adjusted dial gauges to zero position.
iv. Then we adjusted the eccentric point and applied load to the load arm through hanger.
v. Then we noted the reading of the dial horizontal and vertical gauges.
vi. Then we increased the load through the step of 5N.
vii. Then all the readings were taken and we calculated the theoretical values of the beam
deflection.
viii. Then we compared theoretical and experimental values.

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 Calculations
The given data is:
E=70000 N/mm3
I=13020 mm4
Deflection of the beam is measured through formula 3.
5 ∗ (450)^3
𝑣=
3 ∗ 70000 ∗ 13020
𝑣 = 0.166

Table 1
Table for the calculation is given below:
Sr. No. Loading Force Vertical Deflection WZ in mm Horizontal
Applied Deflection WY
through hanger
in N Gauge Reading Theoretical Value Measured Gauge
Deflection (mm)

1 5 0.07 0.166 0

2 10 0.13 0.333 0

3 15 0.20 0.4999 0

4 20 0.25 0.666 0

Table 1(Calculations)

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 Graph
Graph from the values of Table 1 is below:

Graph 1

Results and Discussions

In this lab session the pure bending of rectangular cross section beam is checked. As the
experiment was about to check the straight line of the pure bending of rectangular cross section
beam, but the experimental values does not give the straight line of pure bending.
At 5N weight the deflection is 0.07mm. At 10N the deflection was 0.13mm. This deflction was
almost double of the first one. As the increased weight is doubled the deflection also become
double.
At 15 N the deflection was also same throughout. Because it increased as a step of 0.07mm. But
at 20N the applied weight does not increase as much deflection as it should deflect. At increasing
of 5N weight after 15N the deflection increased by only 0.05mm which is less then the initial
weight at which deflection was 0.07mm.
So the results are not same as they should be. This could be the fault of dial gauges or another
reason behind that is we applied weight at 500mm because 50mm was the length of load arm.

Conclusion
The unsymmetrical bending apparatus for pure bending was utilized to get the straight line. But
the line is not straight as it should be. Because only weight is changing due to which the deflection
should directly change at equal intervals. The deflection is increases to 0.07mm it increases to
0.06mm then it again took the same interval of 0.07mm and deflection became 0.20mm. Then
deflection increases with 0.05mm interval and the final deflection became 0.25mm. The straight
line assumptions was not met. Moreover the pure bending is just an assumption to get the different

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formulas. The difference in formulas is due to the human based or apparatus based errors. The
values are changing due to dial gage deflection, which deflects due to little load on the table on
which apparatus is placed.

References
1. Goodno, James M. Gere and Barry J. Mechanics of Materials, Eight Eidition,SI. s.l. :
Christopher M. Shortt, 2012.
2. Pure Bending. [Online] http://emweb.unl.edu/negahban/em325/11-Bending/Bending.htm.