Solution Manual for Mid-Term Exam 3

Q1
Part a
∑ 𝑞𝑖 = 0

Therefore the resulting body is a closed body.

Part b
The closed body has two stagnation points

Part c
Consider the points marked with `x` signs on the x-axis shown below. The velocities induced at those
points due to the source (marked with red arrows), sink (marked with green arrows) and vortices
(marked with blue arrows) are expected to be as shown in the figure. The velocity has to be zero at the
stagnation points. The velocity due to the vortices in (+) y-direction at the point on the left can only be
compensated by the source. For this to be possible, the point should be moved to the 3rd quadrant. So
the stagnation velocity should be on the 3rd quadrant. For the point on the left, the velocity induced by
the vortices in (-) y-direction can only be compensated by the sink, so the point should be moved to the
4th quadrant. So the second stagnation point is supposed to be in the 4th quadrant.

Part d
For the left stagnation point in the 3rd quadrant, let us call the horizontal and vertical distances from the
source as 𝑑 and ℎ, resptectively.
 y

d 1 2 1

Then the u velocity at the left stagnation point is written for each flow element as follows;

For the source

−𝑞 −𝑞 𝑑
𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑐 = cos 𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑟𝑐 2𝜋√𝑑 + ℎ √𝑑 + ℎ2
2 2 2

For the vortices

Γ Γ ℎ
𝑢𝑣𝑡𝑥1 = − sin 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥1 = −
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 1)2 + ℎ2 √(𝑑 + 1)2 + ℎ2

Γ Γ ℎ
𝑢𝑣𝑡𝑥2 = − sin 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥2 = −
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 3) + ℎ √(𝑑 + 3)2 + ℎ2
2 2

For the sink

𝑞 𝑞 (𝑑 + 4)
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 4) + ℎ √(𝑑 + 4)2 + ℎ2
2 2

We need to some all these velocities and set the summation to zero. But before it is good to make some
simplifications. Regarding the hint given in the question, and the source and vortex strengths, we can
assume

ℎ ≪ 𝑑, Γ≪𝑞

Then

𝑑 2 + ℎ2 ≈ 𝑑 2 , 𝛼1 𝑞𝑑 + 𝛼2 Γℎ ≈ 𝛼1 𝑞𝑑

where 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 are some coefficients. Using these assumptions, the equation for the u-velocity reduces
to
𝑞 𝑞
− + + 𝑈∞ = 0
2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋(𝑑 + 4)

−𝑞(𝑑 + 4) + 𝑞𝑑 + 2𝜋𝑈∞ 𝑑(𝑑 + 4) = 0

10𝜋𝑑2 + 40𝜋𝑑 − 4 = 0
The roots of the above equation are −4.0316 and 0.0316. As 𝑑 cannot be negative we take the positive
root.

Now we write the v velocity for each element.

For the source

−𝑞 −𝑞 ℎ
𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑐 = sin 𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑟𝑐 2𝜋√𝑑2 + ℎ2 √𝑑2 + ℎ2

For the vortices

Γ Γ (𝑑 + 1)
𝑢𝑣𝑡𝑥1 = cos 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥1 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 1)2 + ℎ2 √(𝑑 + 1)2 + ℎ2

Γ Γ (𝑑 + 3)
𝑢𝑣𝑡𝑥2 = cos 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥2 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 3)2 + ℎ2 √(𝑑 + 3)2 + ℎ2

For the sink

𝑞 𝑞 ℎ
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = sin 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 2𝜋√(𝑑 + 4)2 + ℎ2 √(𝑑 + 4)2 + ℎ2

Again using small number assumption, we can simplify the v velocity equation to the following:

−𝑞ℎ Γ Γ 𝑞ℎ
2
+ + + =0
2𝜋𝑑 2𝜋(𝑑 + 1) 2𝜋(𝑑 + 3) 2𝜋(𝑑 + 4)2

The only unknown in this equation is ℎ which can be easily calculated as 1.2959 × 10−4. We see that
there is two order or magnitude difference between ℎ and 𝑑 so our initial assumption ℎ ≪ 𝑑 is valid. The
other stagnation point can be found similarly. We immediately notice that due to symmetry the
equations for 𝑑 and ℎ on the right stagnation point will be the same. Therefore the resulting point will be
the symmetry of the left stagnation point with respect to y axis.

Part e
The procedure is as follows:

1. We will calculate the stream function value at the stagnation point.

2. Using this stream function value, we fill find the thickness of the body at the desired station.
3. We will calculate the velocity on the body at the desired station
4. We will calculate the pressure coefficient as we know the velocity

The stagnation point location on the left is (−ℎ, −𝑑 − 2). The stream function value at this point is found
as;
 𝑞 Γ Γ 𝑞
𝜓 = −𝑈∞ ℎ + 𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 + ln 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 + ln 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 − 𝜃 = 0.0194
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘

The stream function equation at the source location is written as

𝑞 Γ Γ 𝑞
0.0194 = 𝑈∞ 𝑦 + 𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 + ln 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 + ln 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 − 𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘

Since the body is a slender one, we expect 𝑦 to be small with respect to the distances between the flow
elements.
𝜋 𝑦 𝑦
𝜃𝑠𝑟𝑐 = , 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 𝜋 − atan ( ) ≈ 𝜋 −
2 4 4

𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 = √12 + 𝑦 2 ≈ 1, 𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 = √32 + 𝑦 2 ≈ 3

Then the stream function equation is simplified as;

1 𝜋 0.1 1 𝑦
0.0194 = 5𝑦 + + ln 3 − (𝜋 − )
2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2𝜋 4

From this equation, 𝑦 is found to be 0.05 which is a very small number compared to the minimum
distance between any two flow elements. So the small number assumption is valid. The velocity
magnitude at (−1,0.05) is calculated by finding u and v velocities at this point.

𝑢 velocity

0.1 0.1 1
𝑢 = 𝑈∞ + sin 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥1 + sin 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥2 + cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 5.0407
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘

𝑢 velocity

0.1 0.1 1
𝑣= cos 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥1 + cos 𝜃𝑣𝑡𝑥2 − sin 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 0.0207
2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥1 2𝜋𝑟𝑣𝑡𝑥2 2𝜋𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘

Then the pressure coefficient is found as

(𝑃 − 𝑃∞ ) √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
𝑐𝑝 = =1− = 0.7984
𝑞∞ 𝑉∞

This analysis can be repeated for other points easily.

Part f
The difference between the 𝑐𝑝 curves for the upper and the lower surfaces will approximately give the
lift coefficient of the body (especially for slender bodies as the surface is almost parallel to x-axis). The lift
coefficient of the resulting body is calculated merging the lift equation with Kelvin’s circulation theorem
as follows;
 1 2 2Γ
𝐿 = 𝜌𝑈∞ Γ = 𝜌𝑈∞ 𝑐𝑐𝑙 , 𝑐𝑙 =
2 𝑈∞ 𝑐

Γ is the total circulation around the body.

Γ = Γ1 + Γ2 = 0.2

Then the lift coefficient is found to be 0.0197 which also gives the area between the 𝑐𝑝 plots.

Q2
Part a
We first need to find what is 𝑏 and 𝑎. The Joukowski tranformation for 𝑎 > 𝑏 gives us the equation

𝜉2 𝜂2
1= 2 + 2
𝑏2 𝑏2
(𝑎 + 𝑎 ) (𝑎 − 𝑎 )

For 𝜉 = 0, 𝜂 = ±0.25 and for 𝜂 = 0, 𝜉 = ±1. Then we have;

𝑏2
𝑎− = 0.25
𝑎

𝑏2
𝑎+ =1
𝑎

It is easily seen that 2𝑎 = 1.25, so 𝑎 = 0.625 and 𝑏 = 0.4841. We know that in Joukowski
transformation the freestream velocity and the angle of attack remains the same. In the plane of
cylinder, the stagnation points are obviously at 𝜃1 = 5° and 𝜃2 = 185°. The points on the plane of ellipse
corresponding to these 𝜃 values are found as follows;

𝑏2 𝑏2
𝜉 = (𝑎 + ) cos 𝜃 , 𝜂 = (𝑎 − ) sin 𝜃
𝑎 𝑎

Then the stagnation points on the plane of ellipse are found to be at

𝑆. 𝑃.1 = (0.9962,0.0218)

𝑆. 𝑃.2 = (−0.9962, −0.0218)

Part b
The velocity field on the cylinder is given as 𝑉𝑐 = 2𝑈∞ sin(𝜃 − 𝛼). Note that since there is no sharp edge
on the body, Kutta condition do not apply to this problem. So no circulation is added to the solution. To
calculate the pressure distribution over the ellipse, we first need to calculate the velocity distribution.
We know that
 𝑉𝑐 2𝑈∞ sin(𝜃 − 𝛼)
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 = =
𝑑𝜁 2 4 1⁄2
| | [1 − 2𝑏 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑏 ]
𝑑𝑧 𝑎2 𝑎4

We need to find the 𝜃 angles corresponding to the given 𝑥/𝑐 positions. For 𝑥 ⁄𝑐 = 0, 𝜃 = 𝜋. Then

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 = 0.4358𝑈∞

The pressure coefficient is then found to be

𝑉2
𝑐𝑝 = 1 − = 0.8101
𝑉∞2

The pressure coefficient at other stations can be found similarly.

Part c
As Kutta condition do not apply, no lift is generated by the flow over ellipse.

Q3
While deriving the fundamental equation, the 2D lift coefficient is given as;

𝑐𝑙 = 2𝜋(𝛼𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝛼𝐿=0 )

This expression assumes thin airfoil sections on the wing as the lift curve slope is given as 2𝜋. To
generalize the equation, the value should be replaced by a generic parameter 𝑎0 and the rest of the
equation should be corrected accordingly.

Q4
Any flow element used in a potential flow induces a velocity at any point in the x-y plane. We know that
uniform flow + a doublet gives a flow around a cylinder. But uniform flow + 2 doublets located at
different places will not yield flow around 2 cylinders as the doublets will induce some velocities on each
other, so distort the resulting body. Usually if the doublets are not close to each other, this distortion is
not very critical, so can be neglected. But as the doublets start getting closer to each other, the distortion
becomes more and more evident, yielding a flow around 2 distorted cylinders.
Question

In a world with very low viscous effects, people were using rotating cylinders to measure the direction
and the strength of winds as shown in the figure, where point A is a frictionless ball-joint.

What should be the speed and the direction of the wind if the cylinder rotating at 100 rpm and is made
of a material with a density of 0.7 g/cm3?

What is the maximum wind speed this device can measure?

Hint: The flow around the cylinder can be approximated to be a summation of uniform, doublet and
vortex flows using potential theory.

Solution

As mentioned during the quiz, the 3-D flow effects around the cylinder is ignored for this problem. For
the cylinder to stay like that, the lift force should apply as shown in the below figure on the left.

A ω = 100 rpm L
V∞

y
z
W sin(π/9) x
π/9
W
x
If we align ourselves with the blue arrow, what we see is shown on the right. With the given rotation and
lift direction, the inflow velocity should be coming in direction. As the system is in equilibrium, the
moment around the ball joint should be zero, yielding that

Assuming the gravitational acceleration m/s2, the weight of the rotating cylinder is found to be
6.71 N. Then the lift force acting on the cylinder is 2.3 N. The lift equation is given as

where kg/m3 and

Then m/s. The maximum inclination angle for the cylinder, . The lift
value for this angle is 4.15 N corresponding to a wind velocity of 82.39 m/s.
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Exam 23 January 2017, questions and answers

Aerodynamics I (Technische Universiteit Delft)

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DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Aerospace Engineering

Course: Aerodynamics I (AE2130-I ) Date: Monday 23rd January 2017, 9.00-12.00 h

Examiners: Dr.ir. M.I. Gerritsma & Dr. A. Sciacchitano
• This exam consists of 4 problems (2 pages); maximum score is 25 points per problem.
• Answers need to be given in English.
• The use of extra material during this exam (books, notes, formula sheets, electronic storage, etc.)
is FORBIDDEN.
• Put your full name and student number on your work. Do not leave the exam without handing in
at least one sheet of paper with your name on it.

Problem 1 (25 points)

Consider the following two-dimensional incompressible flow field having velocity components:

u = − 2 y

v = 2 x

a) Determine whether the flow field satisfies the continuity equation (conservation of mass)
b) Determine the equation of the streamlines and sketch the resulting streamline pattern. Indicate the
flow direction.
c) Calculate the vorticity.
d) Calculate the circulation in a square with sides of length 2 and with the centre located at the origin.

Problem 2 (25 points)

Given the stream function:

 1
ψ ( r ,θ ) =  r −  sin θ − 2 ln ( r )
 r

Determine:
a) Calculate the velocity components ur and uθ .
b) Determine the position of all stagnation points.
c) Calculate the expression of the velocity potential φ ( r , θ ) .

d) Determine the value of the pressure coefficient at the point r = 1, θ = π/2

e) Sketch the flow field (materialize the region at r < 1). Show a few streamlines, indicating the
direction of the flow along these streamlines. Show the stagnation streamlines and the stagnation
points.

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Problem 3 (25 points)

Consider a thin airfoil with a parabolic curvature of the camber line: =4 − , where k is
equal to the maximum camber of the airfoil relative to the chord c.

a. Determine all the coefficients in the representation of the vortex sheet .

b. Determine the lift coefficient and the angle for which = 0.
c. A discrete vortex of strength Γ is now placed in a point , ̃ . Determine the normal velocity
component, , the vortex generates over the line segment ∈ [0, ] and = 0.
d. Use the fundamental equation of thin airfoil theory to derive the equation for the vorticity

of the vortex Γ positioned at , ̃ . (Note: Only derive the equation. Do not solve the equation).
distribution along the airfoil such that the camber line z(x) is a streamline in the presence

e. Place the vortex at (c/2,h), with ℎ ≫ /2. Determine the strength of the vortex Γ such that the
vortex sheet equals the vortex sheet over a flat plate.

Problem 4 (25 points)

The flow around a slender, straight wing is represented by means of a single horseshoe vortex system,
of constant circulation strength Γ and span b. The flight speed is V∞ and the air density ρ is constant.
a. Express the total lift of the wing in terms of Γ, $, b and %& . Also determine the lift coefficient CL.
b. Calculate how the induced angle of attack varies with y, i.e. along the span of the wing, and express
the result in terms of the wing lift coefficient CL and the wing geometry.
c. Determine the velocity induced by the vortex system, at a point halfway between the two trailing
vortices (y = 0 and z = 0), at a large distance downstream of the wing. Relate the result to the lift of
the wing, the flight speed and the wing geometry.
d. Apply the result of (c.) to estimate the vortex strength and the downwash velocity in the wake of a
large aircraft in the landing phase. Calculate also the value of the lift coefficient CL in this situation.
Use the following data (747-400 type aircraft): wing span 64 m, wing surface 525 m2, weight 300
tons, landing speed 270 km/h, air density 1.225 kg/m3.
e. Mention some aspects in which this horseshoe vortex model fails to provide a realistic
representation of the real flow around a wing.

Thin-Airfoil theory:
1 + cosθ ∞
 
• γ (θ ) = 2V∞  A0 + ∑ An sin nθ  ; where: cos θ = 1 − 2 ( x / c )
 sin θ n =1 
π π
1 dz 2 dz
• A0 = α − ∫ dθ ; An = ∫ cos nθ dθ ( n = 1,2,3...)
π dx π dx
0 0
π
1 γ (ξ ) dξ π
n =1
c
A  dz  
• cl = 2π ( A0 + 1 ) ; ∫ = V∞  α −  ∫0 cos θ cos nθ dθ =  2
2 2π 0 x − ξ  dx   0 n ≠ 1
Lifting-line theory:
• Velocity in a point P, as a result of a finite segment AB of straight vortex filament of constant
strength Γ, is given by VP =
Γ
( cos φ A + cos φB ) , where h is the distance from P to AB and
4π h
φ A = ∠PAB and φB = ∠PBA , i.e. the enclosed angles of the triangle ABP.

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Solution Problem 1 (25 points)

Consider the following two-dimensional incompressible flow field having velocity components:

u = − 2 y

v = 2 x

a) Determine whether the flow field satisfies the continuity equation (conservation of mass)
∂u ∂v
∇ ⋅V = + = 0 : the flow satisfies the conservation of mass.
∂x ∂y

b) Determine the equation of the streamlines and sketch the resulting streamline pattern. Indicate the
flow direction.
dy v x
= = − → − xdx = − ydy → x 2 + y 2 = const
dx u y

c) Calculate the vorticity.

∂v ∂u
ξ= − =4
∂x ∂y

d) Calculate the circulation in a square with sides of length 2 and with the center located at the origin.
Γ = − ∫ V ⋅ ds
The circulation can also be computed from the surface integral of the vorticity:

Γ = − ∫∫ ξdA

Since the vorticity is constant ( ξ = 4 ), the circulation is simply the product (changed of sign) between
vorticity and the area of a square with side length of 2:

Γ = −4 ⋅ 22 = −16

Solution Problem 2 (25 points)

Given the stream function:

 1
ψ =  r −  sin θ − 2 ln ( r )
 r

Determine:
a) Calculate the velocity components ur and uθ

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1 ∂ψ  1 
ur = = 1 −  cos θ
r ∂θ  r 2 

∂ψ  1 2
uθ = − = − 1 + 2  sin θ +
∂r  r  r

b) Determine the position of all stagnation points

ur = 0 → r = 1 (r = –1 does not have physical sense), θ = π/2, 3π/2

If r = 1, imposing uθ = 0 one obtains −2 sin θ + 2 = 0 → sin θ = → θ = π/4, 3π/4.

2
2
Hence, (r, θ) = (1, π/4) and (r, θ) = (1, 3π/4) are stagnation points.

If θ = 3π/2 → uθ =  1 + 2  +
1 2
> 0 : no stagnation point.
 r  r

If θ = π/2 → uθ = − 1 +
1 2
+ → r 2 − 2r + 1 = 0 : no real solution for r
 r2  r

c) Calculate the expression of the velocity potential φ

∂φ  1   1
ur = = 1 −  cos θ → φ =  r +  cos θ + f ( θ )
∂r  r 2   r

1 ∂φ  1  2  1
uθ = = − 1 + 2  sin θ + → φ =  r +  cos θ + 2θ + f ( r )
r ∂θ  r  r  r

 1
Hence, the expression of the potential is: φ =  r +  cos θ + 2θ + C
r  
d) Determine the value of the pressure coefficient at the point r = 1, θ = π/2
Since the flow is a potential flow, using Bernoulli equation the pressure coefficient has expression:

Cp = 1−
(u 2
θ + ur2 )
V∞2

I calculate V∞ imposing θ = π and r→∞: ur∞2 = 1, uθ∞2 = 0 → V∞2 = 1.

uθ (1, π / 2 ) = −2 + 2

ur (1, π / 2 ) = 0

Hence, the Cp is:

Cp = 1−
( 4 + 2 − 4 2 ) = −5 + 4 2 ≅ 0.657
1

e) Sketch the flow field (materialize the region at r < 1). Show a few streamlines, indicating the
direction of the flow along those. Show the stagnation streamlines and the stagnation points.

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Solution Problem 3 (25 points)

=4 − ⟹ * = 4 1−2 = 4 -.
*+
a.
2 2 4 9: 7 = 1
1 2
= − 0 4 -. 1 = , = 0 4 -. cos 7 1 = 8
/ 3
/
0 9: 7 ≠ 1
= 2/ + ?> = 2/ + 2 , = 0 for = −2 .
=

c. The velocity w at , 0 induced by the vortex Γ located at

b.
, ̃ , see figure below, is given
by =
@
?2A+ B C

The component normal to the plate is then = ∙ cos , where is the angle between
= ∙ = ?2 + B C .
C @ C
A+ B C
and . From the figure we see that

d. We use the fundamental equation of thin airfoil theory and add the contribution of the vortex on
1 γ (ξ ) dξ dz  @ C
c

∫ = V∞  α −  +
?2 + B C
the right hand side. This gives .
2π 0 x − ξ  dx 

e. If ℎ ≫ /2 we have:
1 γ (ξ ) dξ  x   Γc 
c
 x
∫ = V∞  α − 4k 1 − 2   + 2 
1 − 2  For a flat plate
2π 0 x − ξ   c   4π h  c
1 γ (ξ ) dξ
c
= V∞α So the cambered airfoil in the presence of a vortex behaves as
2π ∫0 x − ξ
we have

a flat plate if −4 %& + = 0 ⟹ Γ =

@ GHIJK 2F
E2F
.
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Solution Problem 4 (25 points)

a. By integrating L’ = ρV∞ Γ over the wing, the total lift is L = ρV∞Γb.

L Γb
The lift coefficient: C L = =2 .
1
2
ρV ∞ S
2
V∞ S

w( y ) Γ b CL b2
b. See book or sheets: α i ( y ) = − = = .
V∞ 4πV∞ (b / 2) 2 − y 2 8πA (b / 2) 2 − y 2
Γ 2 L
c. Treat each tip vortex as an infinite vortex, then: − w = 2 = .
2π .(b / 2) π ρV ∞ b 2
d. Taking L = W = 300 tons, then L = 3.105 kgf ≈ 3.106 N.
So: Γ = 510 m2/s ; w = 5.1 m/s (downwards) ; while CL = 1.66.
e. For the horseshoe model the lift distribution is constant over the wing and does not go to zero at
the tips; also, the downwash velocity (hence, the induced angle of attack) goes to infinity at the
tips.

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Exam 19 January 2015, questions and answers

Aerodynamics I (Technische Universiteit Delft)

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Delft University of Technology

FACULTY OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Course: Aerodynamics I (AE2130-I / AE2102) Course year: 2
Date: Monday 19 January 2015, 14.00-17.00 h
 Answers may be given in either Dutch or English.
 The use of extra material during this exam (books, notes, formula sheets, electronic storage, etc.)
is FORBIDDEN.
 Do not forget to put your (full) name and student number on your work. Also, do not leave the
exam without handing in at least one sheet of paper with your name on it.

Problem 1 (25 points)

Consider the three-dimensional, steady, inviscid flow field is given by:
1
a. Show that this flow field satisfies conservation of mass for an incompressible flow.
b. Is this a potential flow? Give a clear explanation of your answer.
c. Show that the streamlines in Cartesian coordinates are given by the curves:
sin , cos , for all ∈ and fixed ∈ .
d. Use the momentum equation without body forces:

to determine the pressure field , , , such that the pressure at the origin is equal to .

Problem 2 (25 points)

For a two-dimensional potential flow the stream function is given by

r 2
ψ r, θ sin θ √2 ∙ ln
r 4

a. Determine the velocity components and .

b. Determine the , coordinates of the stagnation point(s).
c. A streamline through the stagnation point(s) forms a circle. Determine the midpoint and the
radius of this circle.
d. Materialize the region inside the circle and set up the integrals for the x- and y-component of the
resulting force acting on this circle. (No need to solve these integrals!)
e. Make a sketch of the flow field in which you clearly indicate:
 the position of the circle,
 the position of the stagnation point(s),
 the direction of the free stream flow
 the direction of the resulting force on the cylinder.

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Problem 3 (25 points)

A thin symmetric airfoil (with chord ) is z c
perfoming a pitching motion around the
mid-chord point, see the figure. /
The pitch angle is taken positive in the x
α
clockwise sense; the pitch rate is / .
All angles are assumed to be small. V

a. Show that under this dynamic condition, where the airfoil is moving, the local flow tangency
 dz 
condition needs to be modified to: V    airfoil   wind ( x )  wairfoil ( x ) , where wairfoil ( x) is
 dx 
the local vertical velocity of the airfoil’s camber line.
b. Determine wairfoil ( x) for the pitching motion considered here. (Note: wairfoil ( x )  dzairfoil ( x, t )/ dt )

c. Determine the circulation Γ of the pitching airfoil by means of a discrete-vortex representation

(i.e. the circulation is represented by a vortex at ¼ chord and the control point is put at ¾ chord).
d. Compute the corresponding value of the lift coefficient of the airfoil.

Problem 4 (25 points) z

y
The mutual interference of a wing and a horizontal x
tailplane is described with the lifting-line theory, b1 X
with each component modeled as a separate b2
horseshoe vortex (see sketch). The wing has a span
tail
b1 = 12 m and an aspect ratio of 8; the tail has a span
b2 = 4 m and an aspect ratio of 4. The longitudinal wing
separation between wing and tail is X = 6 m.
Assume that the wing has a (constant) circulation of Γ1 = 20 m2/s, while for the tail Γ2 = -3 m2/s.
(Note that the tail has a negative circulation value, to produce a downforce as required for
longitudinal stability.) The flight speed V = 40 m/s and the air density  = 1.25 kg/m3.
a. Compute the lift coefficients, CL, for wing and tailplane separately, as well as the total lift L of
wing and tail together.
b. Compute the induced angle of attack in the symmetry plane (y = 0), for:
i. the isolated wing (so, neglect the effect of the tail vortex system);
ii. the isolated tailplane (so, neglect the effect of the wing vortex system).
c. Determine the induced effect of the wing on the tail, by computing the induced velocity in the
symmetry plane of the tailplane, as caused by the complete wing vortex system.

Induced velocity of a straight vortex filament segment AB at point P (Biot-Savart):


 VP  (cos  A  cos  B ) ; h is the distance from P to AB;  A  PAB; B  PBA
4 h
b /2
w (y ) 1 d / dy
The induced angle of attack:  i ( y0 )   ind 0 ;
V
i ( y0 )  
4 V b /2 y0  y
dy

Standard integrals: (m and n are positive integers)

  for m  n

0 cos n sin n0
 sin n sin m d   cos n cos m d   / 2 for m  n  cos   cos 0 d   sin 0
0 0 0

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Answers:

Problem 1
a. Conservation of mass for incompressible flow is given by ∙ 0.
Inserting the given flow field yields ∙ 0 0 0 0. Therefore, the flow field
satisfies conservation of mass for an incompressible flow.

b. If this is a potential flow then the velocity field is the gradient of a potential field, .
But this implies that the vorticity 0.
0
The vorticity for this vector field is given by 0 0, so this is not a potential flow.
2

c. The curve is given by

cos
sin cos
cos ⇒ sin sin

From the velocity field, we see that cos , sin and

1, which corresponds to the given flow field.
Alternatively, , , and , , derived above satisfy the relations for a streamline
(see Anderson, (2.117))
cos sin sin cos 0
sin sin 0
cos cos 0

d. Momentum equation in the x-direction: 0.

Insert the velocity field gives: .

Similarly, we find that and 0.

Therefore, the pressure is given by , , .

Using 0,0,0 gives , , .

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Problem 2
√
a. cos and sin

b. Staggnation poinnt 0. Settinng 0 → √2 or , .

Inseert √2 in gives 2 siin 2 0 →

→ sin 1 →
→ .
Likeewise, inserrting into givves √2 (no new staagnation pooint).

Inseerting into gives √

√2 which iss not possib
ble.

So tthe only staggnation poin

nt is , √2, .
Usinng co
os and sin wee obtain the stagnation point in Caartesian coordinates
, √2 co
os , √2 siin 1,1 .

c. Inseert the stagnnation point , √

√2, into the streamffunction givves √2,
√
√2 ln 2. So all
a points on mline satisfy
n the stream
r 2
ψ r, θ sin θ √2 ∙ ln
n √22 ln 2
r 4
Thiss is the casee when √2. So the circle has origin
o 0,0 and radius √2.
d. For √2 wee have 0 and 2 sin 2.

Usinng Bernoullli gives: √2, 2 sin 2 .

co
os
The outward unnit normal to the cylindder is given by , so thee pressure force
f is
siin
cos
giveen by: 2 sin 2 .
sin
The area over which
w the fo
orce acts is ggiven by √2 , so the resuulting force in the x-
direction becom
mes

4 8 sin 4 ccos
√2 4 4
Sim
milarly, the resulting
r preessure forcee in the y-dirrection follo
ows from

4 8 sin 4 ssin
√2 4 4

e. Skeetch of the flow

f field:

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Problem 3 (5+5+10+5 = 25 points)

a. For a steady airfoil the flow tangency condition implies that the flow component normal to the
camber line must be zero: V ,n ( x )  wind ( x )  0 (see text book, page 340).

When the airfoil is moving, it is the relative motion between flow and airfoil that should be zero:
V ,n ( x)  wind ( x)  wairfoil ( x)  0 .

An alternative argumentation is that the normal component of the flow velocity should be equal to
that of the body velocity: V ,n ( x )  wind ( x )  wairfoil ( x) . Both expressions are equivalent.

 dz 
For all cases (see text book page 340), V ,n ( x )  V    airfoil  , which completes the proof.
 dx 

b. The airfoil performs a solid-body rotation around the mid-chord point, x  12 c , so assuming the
angle  is small, the location of the airfoil chord is given by: zairfoil ( x, t )    x  12 c    (t ) .

dz airfoil ( x , t ) d dz
Therefore: wairfoil ( x )     x  12 c  , while also: airfoil   .
dt dt dx

dz airfoil d
c. From part b we see that at the control point at ¾ chord:   , and wairfoil ( 34 c)   14 c .
dx dt
 
For the induced velocity due to the vortex at ¼ chord: wind ( 34 c )   
2   c  4 c 
3
4
1
c
With this, the flow tangency condition can be evaluated as:
 dzairfoil   d
V      wind ( x )  wairfoil ( x )  V        14 c .
 dx  c dt

 d 
Solving for  gives:    c   V      14 c .
 dt 

L' V  2
d. The lift coefficient then follows from: cl  2
 2
 ; so that:
1
2
V c 1
2
V c V c
2  c d 
cl   2      .
V c  4V dt 

Note that when we define an equivalent quasi-steady state, by expressing the lift coefficient as:
c d
cl  2 eff , then the effective angle of attack is found to be:  eff      .
4V dt
From this we see that the pitch angle increases the lift (which is evident as it directly increases
the angle between the flow and the airfoil), but that also the pitching rate / increases the lift,
which is a dynamic effect.

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Problem 4 (10+8+7 = 25 points)

(compare book section 5.3 and Problem Exercise 5.3)

NB: the values in this problem are modeled after those of the Cessna
172 light aircraft (see right).

The wing and tailplane areas follow from the span and aspect ratio:
/ ; so for the wing: 12 /8 18 ; and for the
tailplane: 4 /4 4 .

a. Lift is obtained from integrating the sectional lift (→ circulation)

over the span:
b/2 b/2
L  L ' dy   V ( y) dy  V b
b / 2 b / 2

(Note that this is allowed because Γ is constant here!)

L 2b
Lift coefficient: CL   ;
1 V 2 S V S
2 

21b1 2  20 12 2 22b2 2  (3)  4 3

wing: CL     0.667 ; tail: CL      0.15
V S1 40 18 3 V S2 40  4 20

total lift: L  L1  L2  V  1b1  2b2   1.25  40   20 12  3  4  12,000  600  11, 400 N

wind
b. The induced angle of attack is defined at the lifting line, and computed as:  ind   ,
V
 
so, for the horse-shoe model (= two tip vortices), at y = 0: ind  2  
4 ( 12 b)V  bV
1 20
i. for the isolated wing:  ind    0.0133 rad  0.76
 b1V  12  40
2 3
ii. for the isolated tailplane:  ind    0.0060 rad  0.34
 b2V   4  40

c. The induced effect of the wing on the tail (use the given Biot-Savart expression, with b1/ X  2 ):
1   
 wind  2 
4 ( 2 b1 )
  
1  12 2  1 12 2  12 2  1 1  12 2  1
4 X 
   2
  b1 4 X
1
 
the bound vortex (=wing)
the two tip vortices


20
 12

1  12 2 
20

4  6
2  0.906  0.375  1.281 (m/s)

wind 1.281
NB: the corresponding induced angle of attack is:  ind     0.0320 rad  1.83
V 40
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