Assignment on Thermodynamics.

Submitted To : Dr Waqar Arshid.

Submitted By : M Abdullah Ikram.
Registration No # 1031 .
Course Title : Physical Chemistry.
Date Of Submission : 27/03/19.
 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and temperature, and their
relation to energy, work, radiation and properties of bodies of matter. The behavior of these
quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics, irrespective of the specific
composition of the material or system in question. The laws of thermodynamics are explained in
terms of microscopic constituents by statistical mechanics. Thermodynamics applies to a wide
variety of topics in science and engineering, especially physical chemistry, chemical
engineeringand mechanical engineering.

Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a desire to increase the efficiency of early steam
engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1824)
who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars.
Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics
in 1854 which stated, "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting
between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency."

The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was extended early on to
the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions. Chemical thermodynamics studies the
nature of the role of entropyin the process of chemical reactions and has provided the bulk of
expansion and knowledge of the field.Other formulations of thermodynamics emerged in the
following decades. Statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, concerned itself
with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior. In
1909, Constantin Carathéodory presented a purely mathematical approach to the field in
his axiomatic formulation of thermodynamics, a description often referred to as geometrical
thermodynamics.

Laws of thermodynamics
Before starting with thermodynamics, one thing that each and every student should be aware of is
the laws of thermodynamics. There are two laws of thermodynamics and they are applicable
almost everywhere when studying about thermodynamics and the properties associated with it.
The laws are as following:

1. Zero law of thermodynamics the name Zeroth Law came in picture because all
other three laws named First, Second and Third law were discovered earlier and the
importance of Zeroth law was visualized as most important and hence ca n’t be given
a number as Fourth Law. To mark the importance of the most basic law of
thermodynamic the name Zeroth Law came into existence.When two systems are in
thermal equilibrium with each other and any one of them separately or combined are
in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they all arein thermal equilibrium with
each other.For eg:- If a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B & also
separately with a body C then body B & C will be in thermal equilibrium with each
other.Zeroth law of thermodynamics is basis of temperature measurement
 2. .First law of thermodynamics: this law of thermodynamics states that energy can
neither be created nor be destroyed, it can just be transferred from one form to another.
This probably applies to almost all the field related to thermodynamics, be it energy or
temperature. One of the best examples of the first law of thermodynamics is a petrol
engine where when the petrol is fed to the engine, it starts producing mechanical power,
in this form we can say that the energy that is produced by the engine is being made from
the potential energy that is already stored in the fossil fuel, that in this case happens to
be petrol. One of the best use of the same that is being done in the industry is about the
production of electrical power from the various types of fossil fuels in the market, coal
being the most famous and the one that is being used most extensively.
3. The second law of thermodynamics: to understand the second law of thermodynamics,
one first needs to know the basics of entropy. To know the same, you should read our
article on the basic terms related to chemistry and their meaning. Talking about the
second law, the second law of thermodynamics states that the total energy in a system or
in this specific case, the total entropy of an isolated system can never reduce from its
actual value. In a way, this law is backed by the first law of thermodynamics which states
that the number of.
4.Third Law of thermodynamics the third law of thermodynamics is stated as the entropy
of the crystal(perfect)absolute zerois unerringly equal to zero.Entropy is the degree of
molecular disorderness
The degree of atomic or molecular activity of a substance depends upon its temperature. As
absolute zero temperature is reached the entropy becomes equal to zero.
I.e.dS=0
The Third law of thermodynamics provides an absolute base from which the entropy of each
substance can be measured.

Important types of energies in thermodynamics

When we study thermodynamics, we are always interested in the types of energies that are
present in a system, that could be the energy that the system absorbs or the energy that the
system releases. These energies can be divided into four parts. They are known as internal
energy, entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy. They are described in detail in the paragraph
below:

1. Internal energy: just like any other system that is being talked about in this article,
internal energy of a system is the energy that is present in a particular system.
2. Entropy: the total amount of energy inside an isolated system that cannot decrease over
time is known as the entropy of a system
3. Enthalpy: the total amount of energy that a system can produce, irrespective of the form
of energy being talked about is known as the enthalpy of the system. This includes the
amount of heat energy present in the system along with the pressure that the system is
having.
4. Gibbs free energy: the energy that is left after taking out the entropy out of enthalpy is
known as the Gibbs free energy of any system in respect to the chemical
thermodynamics.
We hope that with this article, we were able to help you clear the doubts that were related to
basic chemical thermodynamics, the laws of thermodynamics and the types of energies present
in a system.