Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Bovans White
ProductGuide
Cage Production System
2
THE BOVANS WHITE TODAY
The Bovans White is an exceptionally balanced layer,
combining high peak performance, feed efficiency and
livability.
PRODUCTION PERIOD 26
Age of transfer 26
Points of attention at loading and transport 26
Lighting as a tool for encouraging a rapid
adaptation to a new environment 27
4
Encouraging water consumption 27
Feeding for physiological needs 28
Encouraging feed consumption 28
Monitoring environmental and
production parameters 29
General principles of lighting programs
during the production period 29
Light intensity in production 29
How to improve shell quality 30
Adjusting egg weight to meet
market requirements 30
CONVERSION TABLE 47
Warranty disclaimer 47
The purpose of this product guide is to help producers to gain the best
possible results from their investment. This will be achieved by providing
conditions in which the layers can thrive. The information supplied in
this publication is based on the analysis of extensive research and field
results, produced over time and with many years of experience.
6
PRODUCTION
SUMMARY
(18-90
Laying Period
Weeks)
Livability 94 %
Peak of production 96 %
Haugh units 83
1 0-7 6 8 40 54 62 65
8
1400
1200
1000
110
Bovans White
Product Guide
100
800
90
80
Bodyweight in g
600 70
Feed consumption in g
60
50
400
40
30
200
bovans.com
20
10
0 0
REARING GRAPH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age in weeks
9
Bovans White
PRODUCTION TABLE 1
PER HEN DAY
Weeks % Lay Egg Egg Feed intake Feed con-
weight mass per day (g) version
(g) per day per week
(g)
18 77
19 6.2 42.9 2.6 82 31.17
20 41.5 46.1 19.1 89 4.66
21 66.1 48.8 32.2 95 2.96
22 81.8 51.0 41.7 101 2.41
23 90.4 53.0 47.9 104 2.18
24 94.1 54.6 51.4 105 2.05
25 94.9 56.0 53.1 106 1.99
26 95.3 57.1 54.4 106 1.95
27 95.6 58.0 55.5 107 1.92
28 95.9 58.8 56.3 107 1.90
29 96.1 59.3 57.0 107 1.88
30 96.2 59.8 57.5 108 1.87
31 96.2 60.1 57.9 108 1.86
32 96.2 60.4 58.1 108 1.86
33 96.2 60.6 58.3 108 1.86
34 96.1 60.8 58.4 108 1.86
35 96.0 60.9 58.4 109 1.86
36 95.8 61.0 58.4 109 1.86
37 95.7 61.1 58.4 109 1.86
38 95.5 61.1 58.3 109 1.87
39 95.2 61.2 58.3 109 1.87
40 95.0 61.3 58.2 109 1.88
41 94.7 61.4 58.1 109 1.88
42 94.5 61.5 58.1 109 1.89
43 94.2 61.6 58.0 110 1.89
44 93.9 61.7 57.9 110 1.89
45 93.6 61.8 57.8 110 1.90
46 93.4 61.9 57.7 110 1.90
47 93.1 62.0 57.7 110 1.90
48 92.8 62.1 57.6 110 1.91
49 92.5 62.2 57.5 110 1.91
50 92.2 62.3 57.4 110 1.92
51 91.9 62.3 57.3 110 1.92
52 91.6 62.4 57.2 110 1.92
53 91.3 62.5 57.1 110 1.93
54 91.0 62.6 57.0 110 1.93
10
PER HEN HOUSED
Age in Egg Egg Feed in- Feed con- % Body
weeks per mass take cum. version Livability weight
bird cum. (kg) cum. (g)
cum.
12
PER HEN HOUSED
Age in Egg Egg Feed in- Feed con- % Body
weeks per mass take cum. version Livability weight
bird cum. (kg) cum. (g)
cum.
70 70
65
Bovans White
60 65
55
Laying
Rate
50 60
45 Bodyweight
40 55
35
30 50 2000
25
20 45 1750
15
PRODUCTION GRAPHS
10 1500
5
0 1250
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
Age in weeks
Egg mass Feed conversion Cum no. of
in g/day g/egg eggs per HH
145 450
140
Product Guide
52.5 110
bovans.com
2.05 50
2.00 0
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
15
Age in weeks
REARING PERIOD
Good brooding conditions are vital to
give the chicks the best possible start.
The period from one day old to the point of first egg production is a
critical time in the life of the laying hen. It is during this time that the
physiological capability of the hen is developed.
Success in the rearing period leads to success in the laying house and
this starts with chick arrival. All the standards and programs set out in
this section have been proven to give excellent performance in the
production stages.
Any delay in growth at 4-5 weeks will be reflected in a reduction in
bodyweight at 16 weeks and then in performance. This is particularly
true for mean egg weight in temperate climates and may cause a delay
in start of lay in hot climates near the equator.
Bodyweight development
• 12
Growth (g)
Skeletal
BW Growth
•6
Growth g / day
Organs
Calcium
increase
Muscle at prelay
Reproductive tract
Fat
Medullary bone
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Weeks in age
16
Equipment and environment
Floor Cages
Age (weeks)
0–2 2–5 0–3 3–5
Ventilation Minimum per hour / kg 0.7m³ 0.7m³ 0.7m³ 0.7m³
Birds / drinker 75 75
cm of trough feeders 4 4 2 4
(1): Place one additional drinker per cage for the first week
(2): Make sure that all the birds have access to at least 2 nipples
(3): Spread sheets of paper over the cage bottom to last for 7 days,
remove the top sheet every day
Notes:
• The removal of the supplementary starter drinkers should be done
gradually, making sure that the chicks have acquired the habit of
using the regular drinkers.
• It is useful to monitor water consumption. To maintain litter quality,
it is necessary to avoid water spillage, by carefully regulating the
drinkers or the nipples.
• The drinkers should be cleaned daily for the first 2 weeks. From the
third week they should be cleaned each week.
• Check that all the birds, even the smaller ones have access to feed
and water.
• It is important to use 360° nipples, especially for infra-red beak
treated birds.
Brooding Relative
Brooding
temperature humidity
Age in days temperature Room
at the edge of optimum-
at 2-3m from temperature
the brooders maximum
the brooders
in%
Notes:
• The heat losses incurred from contact with the litter are very
important during the first days.
• Provision of two gas brooders or 2 radiant heaters of 1450 Kcal is
advised for 1000 birds.
• Temperature and relative humidity should be uniform throughout
the building.
The distribution behaviour of chicks is the best indicator of temperature:
• On floor system, the distribution of chicks in each pen or throughout
the building will help you to manage the correct temperature of
the house.
• If the chicks crowd together under the brooder -> temperature is
too low.
• If the chicks are close to the surroundings -> the temperature is
too high.
18
LIGHTING PROGRAM TO ENCOURAGE
FEED INTAKE AND GROWTH
During the first few days, it is important to maintain the chicks under
a maximumw light regime (22 to 23 hours) with a high intensity (30-40
lux) to encourage intake of water and feed. Afterwards, the light intensity
should be gradually reduced to reach a level of about 10 lux at 15 days
of age in dark houses. Light intensity will also depend on bird behaviour.
Note: a cyclical program could be applied for the first 2 weeks (4 hours
of light /2 hours of dark, repeated 4 times to equal 24 hours) and then
follow recommended lighting program, which is 18 hours of light on
third week.
Below are some key-points to provide day old chicks with a good start.
Key points:
• Flush the water lines prior to arrival, and make sure that no
disinfectant is left in the water lines when the chicks arrive.
• Make sure that the nipples and round drinkers are on the correct
height - nipples at chick eye level and round drinkers on the floor.
• Put paper under the nipples to attract the chicks and extra feed
over the chick paper or paper trays.
• Check the nipples / round drinkers to ensure the water supply is
sufficient. When nipples are used the chicks must see the water
drop on the nipple.
• The feed should be distributed when the chicks have drunk enough
water to restore their body fluid (about 2 hours after being placed
in the brooding pens), especially when the birds have travelled for
a long time.
• In hot climate environments, flush the line just before chicks arrived
to provide them fresh water.
Birds / drinker
75 75
(hot climate)
(1): Make sure that all the birds have access to at least 2 nipples
20
A good follow up with a weekly
check of the development
A weekly control of the growth is a must to check the real evolution
of the flock: the earlier you know the earlier you can correct.
TARGETS IN REARING
• To produce a uniform flock with a bodyweight in accordance with
the target age at sexual maturity
• To obtain the correct bodyweight at 4 weeks to secure frame
development
• To achieve steady growth between 4 and 16 weeks with a good
development of the digestive tract
TARGETS IN PRODUCTION
• To make sure that between 5% lay and peak of production the
bodyweight increase is at least 300g for brown layers and 200g for
white layers. For these reasons it is essential to exercise control
over bodyweight on a weekly basis from 0 to 30 weeks of age, and
after that, at least once every month.
• Controlling the quantity of feed distributed will not on it’s own
ensure good growth because the requirements vary according
to:
- the energy level of the diet
- the house temperature
- the health status of the flock
22
General principles of the lighting
programs in rearing period
Chickens are sensitive to changes in the duration of illumination, and
this will influence the age of sexual maturity. In addition, feed
consumption is greatly influenced by the duration of day length. Lighting
programs have, therefore, different objectives.
During rearing, they allow us to encourage growth and to control
the birds’ sexual maturity. For this reason, we consider lighting
programs to be essential to achieve;
• The recommended bodyweight at 5% lay.
• In order to obtain an egg weight which conforms to the target from
start of lay.
• To achieve high overall production.
LIGHT STIMULATION
• The variation of light duration greatly influences sexual maturity.
Under certain conditions, we can observe a response to a light
stimulation from 6 weeks of age. However, the more sensitive
period is between 10 and 12 weeks of age.
• According to the program being used, the age at 50% can vary by
up to 6 weeks
Light stimulation will change the bird`s weight at sexual maturity, its
adult weight and as a consequence, the egg weight, which is directly
related to the bodyweight of the bird at first egg.
Bird weight at sexual maturity will be 75g lower when light stimulation
is advanced one week. Egg numbers will be greater but egg weight
will be reduced by about 1g. Total egg mass produced does not seem
to be affected by reasonable variations in the age of sexual maturity
(Lewis 1997)(2).
For this reason, it is preferable to determine the time of light stimulation
according to bodyweight rather than the of age of the bird.
24
Ideal light intensity will be determined in practice by the following
needs:
• Light required to inspect the birds well.
• The degree of darkness of the building (light leaking in)
• The intensity to be used during laying period.
Lighting programs have to be adapted to the rearing facilities (dark or
open house systems), to the conditions of production, to the climate
and to the egg weight profile demanded by the market. In order to get
an efficient light stimulation, the day length increase has to be done in
the morning.
For rearing in dark house systems and production in an open house
system, it is necessary to maintain a high light intensity throughout all
the rearing period in order to avoid a sudden increase of light intensity.
The lighting programs suggested below are only guides. They have to
be adapted to the real circumstances of the rearing farm and according
to performances previously obtained.
Light GUIDE LINE FOR LIGHTING PROGRAMME FOR REARING IN A DARK POULTRY HOUSE
Duration
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Age in weeks
A B C
AGE OF TRANSFER
We advise transferring the birds at 16 weeks, maybe even at 15 weeks,
but never after 17 weeks.
Because of the stress to which birds are subjected during transfer and
immediately afterwards:
• It is extremely important that transfer is completed before the
appearance of the first eggs: most development of reproductive
organs (ovary and oviduct) occurs during the 10 days prior to the
first egg.
• We advice that vaccinations are given at least a week before transfer,
so as to obtain a good vaccine response.
• De-worming of the flock, if necessary, is best done in the last days
before moving, depending on the de worming product used.
• A late transfer or too long a transfer often leads to delayed start of
lay and higher mortality and increases the risk of floor laying in
non-cage systems.
26
• Crates or containers, equipment, trucks etc. must be thoroughly
cleaned and disinfected.
• Make sure that air can circulate freely around the crates, but protect
pullets from direct air flow. Containers or crates should not be
overloaded, particularly in hot weather on long distance hauls.
• Avoid unnecessary stops during transit of the birds.
28
MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL AND PRODUCTION
PARAMETERS
A close control of the following parameters will help you to check the
real evolution of the flock during this critical period for the future
performances:
• Feed consumption (daily).
• Water consumption (daily) and water/feed ratio.
• Temperature (min-max) and relative humidity (daily).
• Evolution of bodyweight (weekly until peak of lay), by weighing
the birds up to 35 weeks of age.
• Evolution of egg weight (daily for the first weeks of lay).
30
WATER: THE
MOST CRITICAL
NUTRIENT
The water is the most critical nutrient for the poultry. The daily control
of water consumption is essential. If an animal does not drink, it will not
eat and can not produce.
WATER QUALITY
Good quality drinking water is very important for (production) animals.
Birds must always have easy access to the drinking water, the water
must be fresh and bright. Taste and smell seem to be of less importance
to the birds but are indicators for the water quality.
Poultry
Parameter
Good quality Do not use
pH 5 – 8,5 <4 and >9
Ammonium mg/l <2,0 >10
Nitrite mg/l <0,1 >1,0
Nitrate mg/l <100 >200
Chloride mg/l <250 >2000
Sodium mg/l <800 >1500
Sulfate mg/l <150 >250
Iron mg/l <0,5 >2,5
Mangane mg/l <1,0 >2,0
Lime/chulk content <20 >25
Oxidizable organic matter mg/l <50 >200
H2S non detectable non detectable
Coliform bacteria’s cfu/ml <100 >100
Total bacteria count cfu/ml <100.000 >100.000
WATER CONSUMPTION
Water consumption depends on ambient temperature. Above 20°C,
consumption increases to enable the bird to maintain body temperature
(respiratory evaporation).
The actual consumption depends on temperature and humidity of the
ambient air. The following table shows the relationship between water
and feed consumption according to house temperature:
Water to feed ratio according to temperature in rearing and laying
period.
In hot periods it is essential to provide cool water for the birds. In a hot
climate, cool water will improve productivity. It is extremely important to
protect the water tanks from the direct sunlight.
32
PULLET AND
HEN HEALTH
Bird health results from the interface between adequate biosecurity,
animal welfare, poultry husbandry, nutrition, immunization, and general
disease prevention, control and monitoring. This section is intended
to serve as a general guide for maintaining healthy flocks. Details on
actual procedures should be provided by a poultry health professional.
BIOSECURITY
The concept of biosecurity may be complex and difficult to generalize
or adapt for every possible circumstance. The objective of biosecurity
is to prevent infectious disease from affecting otherwise healthy flocks.
Among the many strategies used to prevent infectious disease, some
of the most effective ones include:
a) limit access of unnecessary visitors; b) avoiding visits to multiple
farms in the same day; c) shower in and out of any poultry facility; d)
even when showering is not possible, it is imperative to wear clean
clothes or coveralls. Footwear and hairnets that should not leave the
farm being visited; e) establish, maintain and monitor adequate
programs for rodent and insect control. In addition, it is important to
consider all major risks in terms of biosecurity such as moving birds
into and from the farm; sales, maintenance, equipment and construction
personnel; manure removal personnel, vehicles and equipment. Service
personnel should not visit any flocks after having been in contact with
flocks with known, suspect, or obvious signs of disease caused by
agents such as MG, MS, ILT or IBV.
TYPES OF VACCINES
There are many types of vaccines available for commercial poultry. It
is important to become familiar with their basic characteristics related
to their potential for protection, safety, ease of administration, relative
cost, reactivity, compatibility with other vaccines, etc. This is a list of
some of the most important types of vaccines:
• Live virus vaccines
• Recombinant virus vaccines
• Live bacterial vaccines
• Inactivated bacterial vaccines (bacterins)
• Gene modified and deletion mutant live bacterial vaccines
• Autogenous inactivated bacterial vaccines
• Autogenous inactivated viral vaccines
• Live coccidiosis vaccines
• Live Mycoplasma vaccines
• Inactivated Mycoplasma vaccines (bacterins)
• Recombinant Mycoplasma vaccines
• Competitive exclusion products
34
VACCINATION METHODS
It is important to understand the characteristics of each vaccine and
to use each product according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Vaccines are designed and approved for individual or mass application
methods.
Individual vaccination methods include:
• Ocular (eye drop)
• Beak dipping or intranasal
• Subcutaneous injection
• Intramuscular injection
• Transcutaneous injection (wing web)
• Vent brush application
Mass vaccination methods include:
• In ovo injection
• Drinking water vaccination
• Spray vaccination
36
to POX vaccines and thus it is possible to vaccinate pullets simultaneously
against AE, POX and CAV in one injection. The latter (CAV) is only
necessary in layer breeders but AE and POX are routinely used in
commercial layers. In addition, there are recombinant vaccines with a
poxvirus as a vector carrying genes that express proteins from ILTV or
MG. Thus, such products can also be administered by wing web
application.
IN OVO INJECTION
In ovo vaccination is a mass-application procedure that is reserved for
vaccination of embryos in the hatchery and is typically done at 17 to
19 days of incubation. The procedure was designed for immunization
against Marek’s disease virus (MDV). With the advent of recombinant
vaccines, in ovo vaccination can now be used to protect chickens
against diseases such as Marek’s disease, fowl poxvirus, infectious
laryngotracheitis, infectious bursal diseases (Gumboro) and Newcastle
disease. In addition, coccidiosis vaccines are now registered and
approved for in ovo administration.
WATER VACCINATION
Water vaccination can also be accomplished using a water pump to
“inject” or “force” the vaccine into the water lines, which is a popular
and very effective method of mass application using the drinking water
for delivery of live vaccines. Water pump vaccination requires a closed
water system (nipple drinker lines) and can be used successfully for
delivery of vaccines against diseases or disease agents such as IBDV or
CIAV. As with other methods involving water delivery, this one requires
that the birds be thirsty prior to delivering the vaccine to them. Wherever
possible, the drinker lines are raised high enough so as to prevent
drinking by the birds in the 2-3 hours prior to vaccination.
Water vaccination requires flushing the drinker lines with fresh water
to minimize the amount of unwanted residues. Commercial products
can be used to clean the drinker lines thoroughly prior to vaccination.
Even after the use of commercial products, it is recommended to flush
the lines with clean fresh water before vaccinating the flock. This is
particularly important in operations that have hard water, or in operations
that have used antibacterial drugs or other products that may have
formed a film in the drinker lines. Prior to vaccination, it is important to
water-starve the pullets to be vaccinated so that most will consume
vaccine upon its administration. Check the drinkers or nipple drinkers
to ensure they are clean and operational and shut down all water
sanitizing systems. Allow the birds to become thirsty by interrupting
their access to water.
38
The amount of time required for the birds to become thirsty will depend
on their age, environmental temperature, feed formulation, etc. The
goal should be for all pullets to consume the vaccine in a matter of 60
minutes. If the birds consume the vaccine in less time, it would mean
they were too thirsty. On the other hand, if it takes the birds more than
one hour to fully consume the vaccine this would be an indication that
the water was not removed long enough prior to vaccination.
A few essential steps for water vaccination are listed as follows:
• Clean and flush the water lines.
• Turn off the water sanitation system.
• Ensure proper functioning of the drinker system.
• Water-starve the pullets enough for them to consume the vaccine
in less than one hour.
• Verify that the vaccine to be administered has been stored according
to the manufacturer’s recommendations; that it is still viable (before
expiry); and maintain a record of the type of vaccine, serial (lot)
number, number of doses per vial and number of vials used, as
well as the expiry date.
• Reconstitute the vaccine in an aseptic manner and verify that the
number of vials used matches the number of doses to be given.
The amount of vaccine to be consumed in volume should be
equivalent to approximately 1/7 the total water consumed the
previous day.
• Use a commercially produced vaccine stabilizer or powdered skim
milk to help protect the vaccine viruses. Closely follow the
recommendations of the manufacturer of the vaccine stabilizer.
If skimmed milk is used, approximately 2.5g of well-dissolved skim
milk per liter of water plus vaccine is enough to protect the vaccine
from any residual chemicals or minerals in the drinking water. Keep
the reconstituted vaccine cool and away from exposure to the
sunlight.
• Deliver the vaccine into the drinkers and drinker lines. To ensure a
complete fill out of the drinker lines (pipes) add a visual aid such
as commercial blue dye and let the vaccine be flushed to the end
of the lines until blue dye is seen at the end of the lines. At this time
close the end of the water lines and allow the birds to drink. If the
vaccine is delivered into open water systems, it is important to
walk slowly through the house to stimulate water consumption
and to help distribute the birds in the house.
• Check at least 100 birds throughout the barn to verify that they
have consumed the vaccine. If enough dye was used, it should be
easy to observe a blue coloring of the tongue, head feathers and
occasionally the crop, which is visible through the skin. Vaccine
coverage of at least 90% should be a realistic goal.
40
(distilled deionized water) required to vaccine all chickens. The
water used should not be chlorinated and should have a pH of 5,5
to 7,0.
• Turn off the lights, brooders and ventilation system while ensuring
the birds do not overheat or suffocate. The flock should be relatively
calm at the moment of spraying the vaccine on them.
• Reconstitute the vaccine aseptically and in the shade, and only
immediately prior to vaccinating the flock.
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including
protective mask and goggles.
• Adjust the spray nozzle to a proper droplet size. Coarse sprays
(>80-120 microns) are recommended for priming vaccinations
and also for invasive vaccines. Fine sprays (50-60 microns) are
recommended for boost vaccinations in older chickens, but only
after they have been primed with similar viruses.
• MG-infected chickens tend to react too severely to spray
vaccinations, particularly if the droplet size is too small.
• Use distilled water to dilute the vaccine (the amount should be
adjusted to every situation). If a pressurized spray apparatus is used,
it should be kept in mind that this type of equipment delivers
droplets with a diameter range of 50-1000 microns, and thus only
part of the vaccine will be inhaled. Thus, it is necessary to spray the
vaccine at a distance not larger than 50cm from the chickens. This
type of equipment typically requires a relatively large volume per
chicken house (15-20 liters). For situations where a controlled-
droplet application apparatus is used, the droplet size is considerably
more uniform (~50-150 microns). Although the droplet size is more
uniform with this type of equipment, some of the droplets are too
small and may remain in suspension for quite some time after the
vaccine is sprayed. This may represent a problem because a vaccine
that stays in suspension a long time may decrease in virus titer
before it is inhaled and much of the vaccine ends up on house
and equipment surfaces but not in the chickens. In addition, if
much of the vaccine remains in suspension (in the form of a mist),
re-activating the ventilation system will draw the vaccine out of
the house through the exhaust fans.
• Only spray-vaccinate healthy birds. Avoid spraying birds that are
infected with MG.
• Adjust the nozzle to obtain the desired droplet size.
• Wear a mask and goggles for personal protection when spray-
vaccinating.
• Make sure the sprayer to be used is clean and has no residual
disinfectant. The vaccine containers of the spray apparatus should
be rinsed with distilled water prior to and after every use.
• Use only one dose per bird or less.
PARASITE CONTROL
The most common internal parasites in laying hens include coccidia,
Histomonas (“black head”), Capillaria worms, round (Ascaridia) worms,
and cecal (Heterakis) worms. External parasites frequently seen in layer
operations include the Northern fowl mite (Ornythonyssus), the red
mite or roost mite (Dermanyssus) - poultry lice are less frequent but
can occur in commercial operations. The Northern fowl mite completes
its entire life cycle on the birds, whereas the red mite feeds on the birds
only at night. As a whole, mites are external parasites that must be
controlled to avoid drops in egg production, dermatitis around the
vent, restless birds, increased mortality and farm employee discomfort.
Some mites are known to carry other disease agents and can induce
anemia if the infestation is severe and thus must be controlled.
42
immunity. Commonly used drugs for this purpose include (not
exclusively) amprolium and salinomycin. However, other anticoccidial
drugs have been used successfully. Perhaps the best approach to
control coccidiosis in pullets reared on the floor is vaccination. Pullets
can be vaccinated by spray at the hatchery with one of the various
commercially available vaccines. It is important to use a commercial
product that will contain at least E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella and
E. necatrix.
Coccidiosis vaccines for broiler chickens do not contain E. necatrix, an
essential component of coccidiosis vaccines for longevity in birds.
When coccidiosis vaccines are used it is critical not to medicate the
flock with any drug that coccidia would be sensitive to, in order to allow
at least two complete coccidial cycles, which normally occurs at
approximately 14-16 days of age, depending on various factors including
litter moisture, bird density, environmental temperature, etc. It is also
important to allow vaccinated birds to remain in the brood chamber
for the duration of at least 2 complete coccidial cycles before allowing
them to occupy the entire barn. If vaccinated pullets are given to the
entire barn prior to the second cycle being completed, many of them
will not be properly immunized and might develop coccidiosis at a
later age, with the significant consequences of increased mortality,
delayed growth, poor uniformity and the need for treating the flock.
Specialty flocks may not be treated with drugs of any kind and thus it
is critical to ensure proper coccidiosis control with the use of vaccines.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Respiratory diseases of major concern in commercial layers include
Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, avian influenza, avian
metapneumovirus infection (swollen head syndrome), avian
mycoplasmosis (MG and MS), infectious coryza, avian pasteurellosis
(fowl cholera) and Gallibacterium anatis infection. All such diseases or
disease agents can be prevented or controlled by using a combination
of biosecurity and vaccination. In general, vaccination against respiratory
viruses is done with live vaccines followed by killed (inactivated) vaccines.
Live attenuated avian influenza vaccines are not available, but
recombinant vaccines and killed vaccines are.
44
Bacterial diseases (infectious coryza, fowl cholera and Gallibacterium
infection) are typically prevented by means of inactivated (killed)
vaccines or bacterins, which are given once or twice during the rearing
period. Bacterins are usually administered by intramuscular or
subcutaneous injection at approximately 10-14 weeks of age. Live
vaccines against viral respiratory diseases may be administered by
spray or in the drinking water once or multiple times while the flocks
are in production.
PERTITONITIS IN LAYERS
Peritonitis in layers is frequently caused by E. coli strains that are unrelated
to the E. coli strains which affect cattle or humans. However, they can
induce severe economic losses if there is no adequate control.
Colibacillosis associated with peritonitis in layers is not strictly a
respiratory condition, but E. coli can penetrate via the respiratory tract
(descending infection).
E. coli can also penetrate via an ascending route (via the reproductive
tract), or possibly from the intestinal tract, a mechanism that has not
yet been confirmed. Peritonitis in layers should be controlled by a
variety of approaches, including maintaining proper husbandry
practices, adequate ventilation, and vaccination against E. coli among
other strategies. Vaccination against E. coli in layers is a very effective
method of control and is commonly done by using live vaccines by
spray or in the drinking water twice during rearing, once at hatch and
once a few weeks later. Live E. coli vaccines can also be given safely to
flocks in production or close to the onset of production, if they were
not vaccinated during rearing.
46
CONVERSION
TABLE
1 mtr. =3,282 feet 1 foot =0,305 mtr.
1 sq. mtr. =10,76 sq. feet 1 sq. foot =0,093 sq. mtr.
1 cub. mtr. =35,316 cub. feet 1 cub. foot =0,028317 cub. m.
1 cm. =0,394 inches 1 inch =2,54 cm.
1 sq. cm. =0,155 sq. inch 1 sq. inch =6,45 sq.cm.
1 kg. =2,205 lbs. 1 lb. =0,454 kg.
1 g. =0,035 ozs. 1 oz. =28,35 g.
1 ltr. =0,22 gallons 1 gallon =4,54 ltr.
Warranty Disclaimer
This product guide for layers has been prepared by Institut de Sélection Animale B.V. and
its affiliates (“ISA”) with the greatest possible care and dedication to inform and assist ISA’s
customers on the various manners of production to improve their production results while
using ISA products. However, specific circumstances at the farm of the customer may
impact the usability and reliability of the statements and information mentioned in this
product guide. No implied or explicit guarantees are given by ISA as to the accuracy and
completeness of the provided information in this product guide. Applying the information
as stated in this product guide in the customers’ production environment remains a
decision of the customer, to be taken at its sole discretion. ISA will not be liable for any
losses or damages whatsoever, whether in contract, tort or otherwise arising from reliance
on information contained in this product guide.
L7150-2
bovans@hendrix-genetics.com