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The International System of Units defines the ampere in terms of other base units
by measuring the electromagnetic force between electrical conductors carrying
electric current. The earlier CGS measurement system had two different definitions
of current, one essentially the same as the SI's and the other using electric
charge as the base unit, with the unit of charge defined by measuring the force
between two charged metal plates. The ampere was then defined as one coulomb of
charge per second.[6] In SI, the unit of charge, the coulomb, is defined as the
charge carried by one ampere during one second.
Contents
1 Definition
2 History
3 Realization
4 Proposed future definition
5 Everyday examples
5.1 CPUs � 1 V DC
5.2 Portable devices
5.3 Internal combustion engine vehicles � 12 V DC
5.4 North American domestic supply � 120 V AC
5.5 European & Commonwealth domestic supply � 230�240 V AC
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Definition
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel
conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one
metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to
2�10-7 newtons per metre of length.[4][8]
The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, "is the quantity of electricity carried in 1
second by a current of 1 ampere".[11] Conversely, a current of one ampere is one
coulomb of charge going past a given point per second:
Constant, instantaneous and average current are expressed in amperes (as in "the
charging current is 1.2 A") and the charge accumulated, or passed through a circuit
over a period of time is expressed in coulombs (as in "the battery charge is 30000
C"). The relation of the ampere (C/s) to the coulomb is the same as that of the
watt (J/s) to the joule.
History
Main article: International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units
The ampere was originally defined as one tenth of the unit of electric current in
the centimetre�gram�second system of units. That unit, now known as the abampere,
was defined as the amount of current that generates a force of two dynes per
centimetre of length between two wires one centimetre apart.[12] The size of the
unit was chosen so that the units derived from it in the MKSA system would be
conveniently sized.
The "international ampere" was an early realization of the ampere, defined as the
current that would deposit 0.001118 grams of silver per second from a silver
nitrate solution.[13] Later, more accurate measurements revealed that this current
is 0.99985 A.
Since power is defined as the product of current and voltage, the ampere can
alternatively be expressed in terms of the other units using the relationship
I=P/V, and thus 1 ampere equals 1 W/V. Current can be measured by a multimeter, a
device that can measure electrical voltage, current, and resistance.
Realization
The standard ampere is most accurately realized using a Kibble balance, but is in
practice maintained via Ohm's law from the units of electromotive force and
resistance, the volt and the ohm, since the latter two can be tied to physical
phenomena that are relatively easy to reproduce, the Josephson junction and the
quantum Hall effect, respectively.[14]
Everyday examples
Main article: Orders of magnitude (current)
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The current drawn by typical constant-voltage energy distribution systems is
usually dictated by the power (watt) consumed by the system and the operating
voltage. For this reason the examples given below are grouped by voltage level.
CPUs � 1 V DC
Current notebook CPUs (up to 15...45 W at 1 V): up to 15...45 A
Current high-end CPUs (up to 65...140 W at 1.15 V): up to 55...120 A
Portable devices
Hearing aid (typically 1 mW at 1.4 V): 700 �A
USB charging adapter (as power supply � typically 10 W at 5 V): 2 A
Internal combustion engine vehicles � 12 V DC
A typical motor vehicle has a 12 V battery. The various accessories that are
powered by the battery might include:
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