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1) The detector of light during de-etiolation (greening) of a tomato plant is (are) ________.
A) carotenoids
B) xanthophylls
C) phytochrome
D) auxin
3) Which of the following mechanisms is the correct sequence of events that takes place during
the plant responses to internal and external signals?
A) transduction, reception, and response
B) reception and transduction
C) reception, transduction, and response
D) reception and response
4) Which of the following mechanisms is in the correct sequence of steps (I-IV as listed below)
that takes place during the formation of de-etiolation (greening) response proteins in plants?
I. Detection of light signal
II. Activation of phytochrome
III. Activation of specific protein kinase1
IV. Formation of de-etiolation response protein
A) I, III, II, and IV
B) I, II, III, and IV
C) II, I, III, and IV
D) III, I, II, and IV
7) Plant hormonal regulation differs from animal hormonal regulation in that ________.
A) there are no dedicated hormone-producing organs in plants as there are in animals
B) all production of hormones is local in plants with little long-distance transport
C) only animal hormone concentrations are developmentally regulated
D) only animal hormones may have either external or internal receptors
10) What are the primary sites of auxin (IAA) production in plants?
A) shoot apical meristem and young leaves
B) roots
C) seeds
D) ripening fruits
11) What are the primary sites of ethylene production in high concentrations in plants?
A) shoot apical meristem and young leaves
B) roots
C) seeds
D) ripening fruits
12) Which one of the following hormones regulates cell division in plants?
A) auxin (IAA)
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B) ethylene
C) gibberellins
D) cytokinins
13) Which one of the following hormones stimulates stem elongation and pollen tube growth?
A) auxin (IAA)
B) ethylene
C) gibberellins
D) cytokinins
14) Generally, each hormone has multiple functions in plants depending on ________.
I. site of action
II. its concentration
III. developmental stage
IV. age
A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, II, and III
C) I and II
D) II
16) Arrange the following steps that occur during drought tolerance in plants in a correct
sequence.
I. hormone ABA accumulation in the leaves
II. causes stomata to close
III. reduction in transpiration
IV. preventing further water loss
A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, III, II, and IV
C) II, I, III, and IV
D) III, I, II, and IV
17) Which of the following statements best summarizes the acid growth hypothesis in an actively
growing shoot?
A) Auxin stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane and tonoplast.
B) Auxin-activated proton pumps lower the pH of the cell wall, which breaks bonds and makes
the walls more flexible.
C) Auxins and gibberellins together act as a lubricant to help stretch cellulose microfibrils.
D) Auxins activate aquaporins that increase turgor pressure in the cells.
18) Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of both Peter Boysen-Jensen
and Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light?
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A) When shoots are exposed to light, a chemical substance migrates toward the light.
B) A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.
C) Once shoot tips have been cut, normal growth cannot be induced.
D) Light stimulates the synthesis of a plant hormone that responds to light.
19) An eccentric millionaire botanist has offered a $25,000 scholarship to anyone who can
successfully get a plant to grow through a vertical maze in complete darkness. The maze is not in
a box; the maze is simply drawn on the wall, and the contestants must get their plant to grow in a
pattern that matches the path through the maze. You need the money and feel confident that you
can accomplish this task. Which of the following techniques will help you succeed?
A) Apply auxin directly to the shoot tip on the side to which you want the tip to bend.
B) Apply auxin directly to the part of the stem just below the tip opposite from the direction you
want the stem to bend.
C) Inject compounds that block auxin receptors into the part of the stem opposite from the
direction you want the stem to bend.
D) Plant the roots in two different pots, and apply auxin to the root bucket that is on the same
side as the direction you want the plant to bend.
20) You have a small tree in your yard that is the height that you want it, but does not have as
many branches as you want. How can you prune it to trigger it to increase the number of
branches?
A) Cut off the leaves at the ends of several branches.
B) Cut off the tips of the main shoots.
C) Cut off lower branches.
D) Cut off the leaves at the base of most of the branches.
21) As cytokinins are primarily produced in roots, what route would they travel to influence
lateral shoot formation in a recently topped tree?
A) symplastic
B) tracheids/vessels
C) phloem
D) apoplastic
23) If a farmer wanted more loosely packed clusters of grapes, he would most likely spray the
immature bunches with ________.
A) auxin
B) gibberellins
C) cytokinins
D) abscisic acid
24) ________ prevents seeds from germinating until conditions are favorable for the growth of
the plant.
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A) Ethylene
B) Zeaxanthin
C) Gibberellin
D) Abscisic acid
25) A population of plants experiences several years of severe drought. Much of the population
dies due to lack of water, but a few individuals survive. You set out to discover the physiological
basis for their adaptation to such an extreme environmental change. You hypothesize that the
survivors have the ability to synthesize higher levels of ________ than their siblings do.
A) auxin
B) gibberellin
C) cytokinin
D) abscisic acid
26) If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the
following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plants' environment?
A) carbon dioxide
B) cytokinins
C) ethylene
D) auxin
27) In the fall, the leaves of some trees change color. This happens because chlorophyll breaks
down and the accessory pigments become visible. What hormone is responsible for this?
A) phototropin
B) abscisic acid
C) cytokinin
D) ethylene
28) Which type of mutant would be most likely to produce a bushier phenotype?
A) auxin overproducer
B) strigolactone overproducer
C) cytokinin underproducer
D) strigolactone underproducer
29) Vines in tropical rain forests must grow toward large trees before being able to grow toward
the sun. To reach a large tree, the most useful kind of growth movement for a tropical vine
presumably would be ________.
A) negative thigmotropism
B) negative phototropism
C) negative gravitropism
D) the opposite of circadian rhythms
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30) Upon exposure to blue light, plants not only begin to grow toward the light, but move their
chloroplasts to the sunny side of each cell. The adaptive advantage of moving chloroplasts to the
sunny side of each cell ________.
A) maximizes light absorption by the chloroplasts for photosynthesis
B) increases production of phototropic hormones
C) maximizes heat absorption by the chloroplasts for cellular respiration
D) increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production during the light-independent reactions
31) Mammalian eyes sense light because the photoreceptor cells have molecules called opsins,
which change structure when exposed to light. Which of the following plant molecules would be
analogous to mammalian opsins in their light-sensing ability?
A) auxin and phytochrome
B) auxin and Pfr
C) Pfr and phytochrome
D) cytokinins and phototropins
32) Seed packets give a recommended planting depth for the enclosed seeds. The most likely
reason some seeds are to be covered with only 1/4 inch of soil is that the ________.
A) seedlings do not have an etiolation response
B) seeds require light to germinate
C) seeds require a higher temperature to germinate
D) seeds are very sensitive to waterlogging
33) Suppose a plant had a photosynthetic pigment that absorbed far-red wavelengths of light. In
which of the following environments could that plant thrive?
A) on the surface of a lake
B) on the forest floor, beneath a canopy of taller plants
C) on the ocean floor, in very deep waters
D) on mountaintops, closer to the Sun
Thrive興盛
canopy遮篷
34) The biological clock controlling circadian rhythms must ultimately ________.
A) depend on environmental cues
B) affect gene transcription
C) stabilize on a 24-hour cycle
D) speed up or slow down with increasing or decreasing temperature
35) Which of the colors of visible light induces curvature in coleoptile most effectively?
A) red
B) blue
C) violet
D) orange
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36) Phytochrome plays a critical role in seed germination. Which of the colors maximizes the
seed germination?
A) red
B) blue
C) violet
D) orange
37) Many plants flower in response to day-length cues. Which of the following statements best
summarizes this phenomenon?
A) As a rule, short-day plants flower in the summer.
B) As a rule, long-day plants flower in the spring or fall.
C) Long-day plants flower in response to long days, not short nights.
D) Flowering in short-day and long-day plants is controlled by phytochrome.
38) Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and
flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes
________.
A) are more predictable than air temperature changes
B) predict moisture availability
C) are modified by soil temperature changes
D) can reset the biological clock
39) A gardener in Canada wants to surprise his mother on her birthday and make her favorite
hibiscus bush flower in May instead of at the end of June. The bush is growing in the
greenhouse. Which of the following might make the hibiscus bush flower early?
A) grafting leaves of a hibiscus that was exposed to long nights
B) grafting leaves of a hibiscus that was exposed to short nights
C) exposing flower buds of the hibiscus bush to long nights
D) exposing flower buds of the hibiscus bush to short nights
41) Shoots that grow vertically toward the sun can be characterized as ________.
A) positive for phototropism and negative for gravitropism
B) neutral for phototropism and positive for gravitropism
C) negative for phototropism and positive for gravitropism
D) positive for phototropism and neutral for gravitropism
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42) Use the figure to answer the following question.
Suppose you laid a seedling on its side so that the root was parallel to the ground as shown in the
figure. Several hours after the change in position, where in the root cells, position A, B, or C in
the figure, would you find the amyloplasts?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) A and C
43) The rapid leaf movements resulting from a response to touch (thigmotropism) primarily
involve ________.
A) potassium channels
B) nervous tissue
C) aquaporins
D) stress proteins
44) In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by ________.
A) emptying water from the vacuoles to prevent freezing
B) decreasing the numbers of phospholipids in cell membranes
C) decreasing the fluidity of all cellular membranes
D) increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars
45) Most scientists agree that global warming is underway; thus, it is important to know how
plants respond to heat stress. Which of the following would be a useful line of inquiry to try and
improve plant response and survival to heat stress?
A) the production of heat-stable carbohydrates
B) increased production of heat-shock proteins
C) the opening of stomata to increase evaporational heat loss
D) protoplast fusion experiments with xerophytic plants
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46) When an arborist prunes a limb off a valuable tree, he or she may paint the cut surface. The
primary purpose of the paint is to ________.
A) minimize water loss by evaporation from the cut surface
B) improve the appearance of the cut surface
C) stimulate growth of the cork cambium to "heal" the wound
D) block entry of pathogens through the wound
47) You are out working in your garden, and you notice that one of your favorite flowering plants
has black, dead spots on the leaves. You immediately suspect that the plant has been invaded by a
pathogen and has initiated a(n) ________.
A) avirulence response
B) hypersensitive response
C) resistance response
D) virulence response
48) Generalized defense responses in organs distant from the infection site are called ________.
A) hyperactive responses
B) systemic acquired resistance
C) pleiotropy
D) hyperplasia
49) A particular species of virus carries a gene for salicylate hydroxylase, an enzyme that breaks
down salicylic acid. Will this virus be more or less virulent to plants than other viruses?
A) more virulent
B) less virulent
C) same virulent
D) faster virulent
50) Which event during the evolution of land plants favored the synthesis of secondary
compounds?
A) the greenhouse effect throughout the Devonian period
B) the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period
C) the association of the roots of land plants and fungi
D) the rise of herbivory
51) For a plant to initiate chemical responses to herbivory, before it is directly affected by
herbivores, ________.
A) a plant must have already flowered at least once
B) volatile "signal" compounds must be perceived
C) gene-for-gene intraspecific recognition must occur
D) phytoalexins must be released
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52) You may have observed plants rotate towards a light source, thereby increasing the plant's
ability to intercept light energy and increase photosynthesis. You, however, are given the task of
preventing grass seedlings from rotating toward the light. Using your knowledge of
phototropism, which of the following experimental procedures would you use to complete your
task?
A) Cover the growing tip of the grass seedling with black paper.
B) Supply the seedlings with very dim light (red light does not induce a bend).
C) Cover the portion of the seedling below the tip with a black shield.
D) Supply the seedling with nutrient-rich fertilizer solution.
53) A plant scientist was hired by a greenhouse operator to devise a way to force iris plants to
bloom in the short days of winter. Iris normally blooms as a long-day (short-night) plant. Which
of the following has the best chance of creating iris blooms in winter?
A) Artificially increase the period of darkness in the greenhouse.
B) Increase the temperature to more closely follow summer temperatures.
C) Alternate four hours of darkness with four hours of light repeatedly over each 24-hour period.
D) Interrupt the long winter nights with a brief period of light.
54) An individual plant was discovered that could not grow towards light. After some research, it
was determined that the reason was a defective gene that did not allow for the level of cell
elongation necessary for a phototropic response. This mutation greatly reduces the fitness of the
individual plant. Which reason best describes the reason for the loss of fitness?
A) The plant was too short to attract insects for pollination.
B) The plant could not adjust to directional light, which reduced photosynthetic activity and
therefore energy available for reproduction.
C) Because the plant grew much taller and straighter, resources that could be used for
reproduction were used for growth.
D) The loss of a phototropic response meant that the plant's seeds could not germinate, so
reproduction would be unsuccessful.
5) The signaling molecule for flowering might be released earlier than usual in a long-day plant
exposed to flashes of
A) far-red light during the night.
B) red light during the night.
C) red light followed by far-red light during the night.
D) far-red light during the day.
6) If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 9 hours, which 24-hour cycle would prevent
flowering?
A) 16 hours light/8 hours dark
B) 14 hours light/10 hours dark
C) 4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark
D) 8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark
7) A plant mutant that shows normal gravitropic bending but does not store starch in its plastids
would require a reevaluation of the role of ________ in gravitropism.
A) auxin
B) calcium
C) statoliths
D) differential growth
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