Matlab Saturable Transformer PDF

Saturable Transformer Page 1 of 10
Saturable Transformer
Implement two- or three-winding saturable transformer expand all in page
Library
Elements
Description
The Saturable Transformer block model shown consists of three coupled windings wound on the same core.
The model takes into account the winding resistances (R1 R2 R3) and the leakage inductances (L1 L2 L3) as well as the
magnetizing characteristics of the core, which is modeled by a resistance Rm simulating the core active losses and a
saturable inductance Lsat.
You can choose one of the following two options for the modeling of the nonlinear flux-current characteristic
1. Model saturation without hysteresis. The total iron losses (eddy current + hysteresis) are modeled by a linear
resistance, Rm.
2. Model hysteresis and saturation. Specification of the hysteresis is done by means of the Hysteresis Design Tool
of the Powergui block. The eddy current losses in the core are modeled by a linear resistance, Rm.
Note Modeling the hysteresis requires additional computation load and therefore slows down the
simulation. The hysteresis model should be reserved for specific applications where this phenomenon is
important.
Saturation Characteristic Without Hysteresis
When the hysteresis is not modeled, the saturation characteristic of the Saturable Transformer block is defined by a
piecewise linear relationship between the flux and the magnetization current.
file:///C:/Program%20Files/MATLAB/R2013b/help/physmod/sps/powersys/ref/saturabletr... 22-Dec-16
Therefore, if you want to specify a residual flux, phi0, the second point of the saturation characteristic should correspond
to a null current, as shown in the figure (b).
The saturation characteristic is entered as (i, phi) pair values in per units, starting with pair (0, 0). The software converts
the vector of fluxes Φpu and the vector of currents Ipu into standard units to be used in the saturation model of the
Saturable Transformer block:
Φ = ΦpuΦbase
I = IpuIbase,
where the base flux linkage (Φbase) and base current (Ibase) are the peak values obtained at nominal voltage power and
frequency:
The base flux is defined as the peak value of the sinusoidal flux (in webers) when winding 1 is connected to a 1 pu
sinusoidal voltage source (nominal voltage). The Φbase value defined above represents the base flux linkage (in volt-
seconds). It is related to the base flux by the following equation:
Φbase = Base flux × number of turns of winding 1.
When they are expressed in pu, the flux and the flux linkage have the same value.
Saturation Characteristic with Hysteresis
The magnetizing current I is computed from the flux Φ obtained by integrating voltage across the magnetizing branch.
The static model of hysteresis defines the relation between flux and the magnetization current evaluated in DC, when
the eddy current losses are not present.
The hysteresis model is based on a semi empirical characteristic, using an arctangent analytical expression Φ(I) and its
inverse I(Φ) to represent the operating point trajectories. The analytical expression parameters are obtained by curve
fitting empirical data defining the major loop and the single-valued saturation characteristic. The Hysteresis design tool
of the Powergui block is used to fit the hysteresis major loop of a particular core type to basic parameters. These
parameters are defined by the remanent flux (Φr), the coercive current (Ic), and the slope (dΦ/dI) at (0, Ic) point as
shown in the next figure.
The major loop half cycle is defined by a series of N equidistant points connected by line segments. The value of N is
defined in the Hysteresis design tool of the Powergui block. Using N = 256 yields a smooth curve and usually gives
satisfactory results.
The single-valued saturation characteristic is defined by a set of current-flux pairs defining a saturation curve which
should be asymptotic to the air core inductance Ls.
The main characteristics of the hysteresis model are summarized below:
1. A symmetrical variation of the flux produces a symmetrical current variation between -Imax and +Imax, resulting in
a symmetrical hysteresis loop whose shape and area depend on the value of Φmax. The major loop is produced
when Φmax is equal to the saturation flux (Φs). Beyond that point the characteristic reduces to a single-valued
saturation characteristic.
2. In transient conditions, an oscillating magnetizing current produces minor asymmetrical loops, as shown in the next
figure, and all points of operation are assumed to be within the major loop. Loops once closed have no more
influence on the subsequent evolution.
The trajectory starts from the initial (or residual) flux point, which must lie on the vertical axis inside the major loop. You
can specify this initial flux value phi0, or it is automatically adjusted so that the simulation starts in steady state.
The Per Unit Conversion
In order to comply with industry practice, the block allows you to specify the resistance and inductance of the windings in
per unit (pu). The values are based on the transformer rated power Pn in VA, nominal frequency fn in Hz, and nominal
voltage Vn, in Vrms, of the corresponding winding. For each winding the per unit resistance and inductance are defined
as
The base resistance and base inductance used for each winding are
For the magnetization resistance Rm, the pu values are based on the transformer rated power and on the nominal
voltage of winding 1.
The default parameters of winding 1 specified in the dialog box section give the following base values:
For example, if winding 1 parameters are R1 = 1.44 Ω and L1 = 0.1528 H, the corresponding values to enter in the
dialog box are
Dialog Box and Parameters
Configuration Tab
Three windings transformer
If selected, specify a saturable transformer with three windings; otherwise it implements a two windings transformer.
Simulate hysteresis
Select to model hysteresis saturation characteristic instead of a single-valued saturation curve.
Hysteresis Mat file
The Hysteresis Mat file parameter is visible only if the Simulate hysteresis parameter is selected.
Specify a .mat file containing the data to be used for the hysteresis model. When you open the Hysteresis Design
Tool of the Powergui, the default hysteresis loop and parameters saved in the hysteresis.mat file are
displayed. Use the Load button of the Hysteresis Design tool to load another .mat file. Use the Save button of the
Hysteresis Design tool to save your model in a new .mat file.
Measurements
Select Winding voltages to measure the voltage across the winding terminals of the Saturable Transformer
block.
Select Winding currents to measure the current flowing through the windings of the Saturable Transformer
block.
Select Flux and excitation current (Im + IRm) to measure the flux linkage, in volt seconds
(V.s), and the total excitation current including iron losses modeled by Rm.
Select Flux and magnetization current (Im) to measure the flux linkage, in volt seconds (V.s),
and the magnetization current, in amperes (A), not including iron losses modeled by Rm.
Select All measurement (V, I, Flux) to measure the winding voltages, currents, magnetization
currents, and the flux linkage.
Place a Multimeter block in your model to display the selected measurements during the simulation.
In the Available Measurements list box of the Multimeter block, the measurements are identified by a label followed
by the block name.
Measurement Label
Winding voltages Uw1:, Uw2:, Uw3:
Winding currents Iw1:, Iw2:, Iw3:
Excitation current Iexc:
Magnetization current Imag:
Flux linkage Flux:
Parameters Tab
Units
Specify the units used to enter the parameters of the Saturable Transformer block. Select pu to use per unit. Select
SI to use SI units. Changing the Units parameter from pu to SI, or from SI to pu, will automatically convert the
parameters displayed in the mask of the block. The per unit conversion is based on the transformer rated power Pn
in VA, nominal frequency fn in Hz, and nominal voltage Vn, in Vrms, of the windings.
Nominal power and frequency
The nominal power rating, Pn, in volt-amperes (VA), and frequency, in hertz (Hz), of the transformer. Note that the
nominal parameters have no impact on the transformer model when the Units parameter is set to SI.
Winding 1 parameters
The nominal voltage in volts RMS, resistance in pu or ohms, and leakage inductance in pu or Henrys for winding 1.
Set the winding resistances and inductances to 0to implement an ideal winding.
The nominal voltage in volts RMS, resistance in pu or ohms, and leakage inductance in pu or Henrys for winding 2.
Set the winding resistances and inductances to 0to implement an ideal winding.
The Winding 3 parameters are not available if the Three windings transformer parameter is not selected. The
nominal voltage in volts RMS, resistance in pu or ohms, and leakage inductance in pu or Henrys for winding 3. Set
the winding resistances and inductances to 0 to implement an ideal winding.
Saturation characteristic
Specify a series of magnetizing current (pu) - flux (pu) pairs starting with (0,0).
Core loss resistance and initial flux
Specify the active power dissipated in the core by entering the equivalent resistance Rm in pu. For example, to
specify a 0.2% of active power core loss at nominal voltage, use Rm = 500 pu. You can also specify the initial flux
phi0 (pu). This initial flux becomes particularly important when the transformer is energized. If phi0 is not specified,
the initial flux is automatically adjusted so that the simulation starts in steady state. When simulating hysteresis, Rm
models the eddy current losses only.
Advanced Tab
Break Algebraic loop in discrete saturation model
When you use the block in a discrete system, you will get an algebraic loop. This algebraic loop, which is required in
most cases to get an accurate solution, tends to slow down the simulation. However, to speed up the simulation, in
some circumstances, you can disable the algebraic loop by selecting Break Algebraic loop in discrete saturation
model. You should be aware that disabling the algebraic loop introduces a one-simulation-step time delay in the
model. This can cause numerical oscillations if the sample time is too large.
Limitations
Windings can be left floating (that is, not connected by an impedance to the rest of the circuit). However, the floating
winding is connected internally to the main circuit through a resistor. This invisible connection does not affect voltage
and current measurements.
Example
The power_xfosaturable example illustrates the energization of one phase of a three-phase 450 MVA, 500/230
kV transformer on a 3000 MVA source. The transformer parameters are
Nominal power and Pn = 150e6 VA fn = 60 Hz

frequency
Winding 1 parameters V1 = 500e3 Vrms/sqrt(3) R1 = 0.002 pu L1 = 0.08 pu

(primary)
Winding 2 parameters V2 = 230e3 Vrms/sqrt(3) R2 = 0.002 pu L2 = 0.08 pu

(secondary)
Saturation characteristic [0 0; 0.0 1.2; 1.0 1.52]
Core loss resistance and Rm = 500 pu phi0 = 0.8 pu

initial flux
Simulation of this circuit illustrates the saturation effect on the transformer current and voltage.
As the source is resonant at the fourth harmonic, you can observe a high fourth- harmonic content in the secondary
voltage. In this circuit, the flux is calculated in two ways:
◾ By integrating the secondary voltage
◾ By using the Multimeter block
The simulation results demonstrate these points:
References
[1] Casoria, S., P. Brunelle, and G. Sybille, "Hysteresis Modeling in the MATLAB/Power System Blockset," Electrimacs
2002, École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, 2002.
[2] Frame, J.G., N. Mohan, and Tsu-huei Liu, "Hysteresis modeling in an Electro-Magnetic Transients Program,"
presented at the IEEE PES winter meeting, New York, January 31 to February 5, 1982.
See Also
Linear Transformer, Multimeter, Mutual Inductance, Powergui, Three-Phase Transformer (Two Windings), Three-Phase
Transformer (Three Windings)
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Saturable Transformer Page 1 of 10

Saturation Characteristic Without Hysteresis

Φbase = Base flux × number of turns of winding 1.

Saturation Characteristic with Hysteresis

The main characteristics of the hysteresis model are summarized below:

The Per Unit Conversion

Dialog Box and Parameters

Three windings transformer

Select to model hysteresis saturation characteristic instead of a single-valued saturation curve.

Hysteresis Mat file

Winding voltages Uw1:, Uw2:, Uw3:

Winding currents Iw1:, Iw2:, Iw3:

Excitation current Iexc:

Magnetization current Imag:

Flux linkage Flux:

Nominal power and frequency

Core loss resistance and initial flux

Break Algebraic loop in discrete saturation model

Nominal power and Pn = 150e6 VA fn = 60 Hz

Winding 1 parameters V1 = 500e3 Vrms/sqrt(3) R1 = 0.002 pu L1 = 0.08 pu

Winding 2 parameters V2 = 230e3 Vrms/sqrt(3) R2 = 0.002 pu L2 = 0.08 pu

Saturation characteristic [0 0; 0.0 1.2; 1.0 1.52]

Core loss resistance and Rm = 500 pu phi0 = 0.8 pu

◾ By integrating the secondary voltage

◾ By using the Multimeter block

The simulation results demonstrate these points:

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