GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

TATVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES, MODASA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A Project Report On
"Model of driven bicycle by electricity from solar"
Submitted by:

Sr.No Name of students Enrollment No.

1 Patel Raghav M. 166890319532
2 Rathod Satyajitsinh G. 166890319540
3 Rathod Ravindra B. 166890319539

Head of the
Internal Guide
Department

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 CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is to certify that Diploma Engineering project work in this the

entitled "Model of driven bicycle by electricity from solar” was carried out by
Patel Raghav M (166890319532), Rathod Satyajitsinh G (166890319540), Rathod
Ravindra B (166890319539)at Tatva Institute of Technological Studies, Modasa
(689) for partial fulfilment of diploma in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to be
awarded by Gujarat Technological University. This project work has been carried out
under my supervision and is to the satisfaction of the department.

Guided by:. Head of Department:.

Mr. Mr. Anil M.Chauhan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very much thankful to the head of mechanical engineering department

Mr. Anil M. Chauhan for their kind co-operating and permission to carry out work
being offered to us.
we also gratefully thankful to our best guide Mr. Anil M Chauhan for their
valuable guidance, co-operation and encouragement for implementation of our project
work and successful completion of our project work and the credit for our
encouragement will goes to our guides.
We also wish to thank our work-shop instructor and other polytechnic staff for
their advice, effort and co-operation during our project, which helpful us to
successfully complete the project.

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 INDEX
Sr. No title pg. no
1 Acknowledgement 3
2 Abstract 5
3 Introduction 6
4 objectives 7
5 Literature summary 7
6 What is air powered motorcycle 8
7 Parts of air powered motorcycle 9
8 Details of parts 9
1) High speed dc motor 9
2) Propeller 13
3) Solar panel 16
4) Battery 20
9 Advantages of using air powered motorcycle 25

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Abstract:
Currently in India, there are more than 117.65 million motorcycles, mostly
driven by internal combustion engines, and the pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO) and
unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), generated by motorcycle are responsible for more than
10% of the air pollutants released to the atmosphere.
The studies show that the internal combustion engines of motorcycles may
generate up to two times more pollutants than those of automobiles.
In order to improve the air pollution condition and eliminate the pollutants
exhausting, this paper presents a new idea of using motor air as the power sources for
motorcycles.
Instead of an internal combustion engine, this motorcycle is equipped with an
air motor, which transforms of the mechanical motion energy into air energy.
A prototype is built with a fuzzy logic speed controller and tested on the real
road. The experiment data shows that the speed error is within 1 km/h and the
efficiency is above 70% for this system when the speed is over 20 km/h.

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Introduction:

The air pollution, recently believed as the reason for causing the global
warming and dramatic climate change of the earth, has been a severe problem for
many years. One major source of the air pollutants is generated by burning fossil
fuel through the internal combustion engines for transportation vehicles. There are
basically three forms of pollutants produced from vehicles: unburnt
hydrocarbons(HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx).As a
notorious example, the motorcycles are the most popular transportation vehicle in
India with total amount more than 13million.
The pollutants, unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO),
produced by motorcycles are responsible for more than 10% of the air pollutants in
India. According to the studies of ISRO, the 50 cc scooter (two-stroke engine)
emits 2.7 times as mass of carbon monoxide (CO) and 6.7 times as much unburnt
hydrocarbons as automobile produced in grams per kilometre 125 cc scooter (four-
stroke engine), it is 2.4 times and 3.1 times as much as automobile produced,
respectively. For the conception of green energy, in this paper, we propose a new
design of motorcycle which uses the compressed air as its power source so that it
will be truly free of pollution for the environment.
The dc motors converted the mechanical transportation energy into air
energy. In general, they are safer, cleaner, cheaper and with higher power-to-
weight ratio compared to electrical motors . The purpose of these engines is trying
to reduce air pollution. In order to improve the air pollution condition and eliminate
the pollutants exhausting to the atmosphere, a prototype motorcycle using a
compressed air as its power source is presented in this paper. A fuzzy logic speed
controller is also developed to maintain the constant speed motion.

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Objectives

These are the list of the objective to be conducted before continuing to

proceed with this project.

 Reduce the pollution.

 Reduce the dependency on fossil fuel
 Easy utilization of Renewable energy
 Sources.
 Environmentally Eco friendly and cheap.

The battery and, we use solar and wall charge the battery when the bicycle
is in motion. When there is no sunlight the battery provides for recharging gusing
the wall charger by plugging into ordinary wall outlets, usually taking about three
hours to recharge. The battery gives the required voltage to the hub motor mounted
on the front wheel to run the bicycle.
 To upgrade a conventional air-bicycle to Solar-Powered Electrical Bicycle
that can be used for leisurely rides.
 To design and develop Solar-Powered Electrical Bicycle which gets its
supply by using solar energy from photovoltaic panels and wall charger.

Literature summary
To perform this project, literature review has been made from various
sources like journals, Book, article and other After going to the number of
above literature survey as to be drawn out the main objective of this survey is to
drive the bicycle using renewable energy sources such as solar and wall charger
use to charge the battery using electrical energy.
The main aim of this survey is to run the bicycle using solar power. A
pair of dynamo will be fixed on the rear wheel without using peddling dynamo
charge the battery and produced electricity and stored in battery and battery
supply power to the hub motor of the front axle and bicycle run on the road.

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What Is Air Powered Motorcycle?

 Air powered motorcycle is a type of device that will work by solar energy
 The solar plate absorb solar energy and charge the battery.
 Motor rotate through this energy.
 The wings on the motor will rotate and the air will travel in one direction so
the bicycle goes forward.
 This instrument uses solar energy as fuel, it is completely pollution free.
 By which the pollution will decrease in the atmosphere will become pure and
pollution free.
 This motorcycle has "40 W" solar plate which works to charge the battery
during the day.
 Solar energy is natural resource, there is no need to any value in getting it, so
the cost is also reduce.

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Parts of air powered motorcycle:

 12w 21000 rpm high speed motor (4pcs)

 4pcs × propeller CW & CCW 10×4
 Solar plate
 Bicycle
 5pcs battery 12w
 Wall charger
 Switch
 DC motor stand
 Wires

DETAILS OF PARTS:

High Speed DC Motor:

DC motors are electric motors that are powered by direct current (DC), such
as from a battery or DC power supply. Their commutation can be brushed or
brushless. The speed of a brushed DC motor can be controlled by changing the
voltage alone. By contrast, an AC motor is powered by alternating current (AC)
which is defined by both a +voltage and a frequency. Consequently, motors that
are powered by AC require a change in frequency to change speed, involving more
complex and costly speed control. This makes DC motors better suited for
equipment ranging from 12VDC systems in automobiles to conveyor motors, both
which require fine speed control for a range of speeds above and below the rated
speeds.

When selecting DC motors, industrial buyers need to identify the key

performance specifications, determine design and size requirements, and consider
the environmental requirements of their application. This selection guide is
designed to help with this process.

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Performance Specifications
Speed, torque, and operating voltage are the most important performance
parameters for DC motors. Supplier datasheets list these specifications as
numerical values.

Application Requirements

Buyers should compare what's listed on a DC motor's datasheet to their own

application requirements. Because the motor's output parameters are
interdependent, a Global spec user may define one or two specifications. The other
specifications depend upon these selections.

Shaft speed: A DC motor applies a voltage (V) to rotate a shaft at a

proportional rotational speed (ω). Shaft speed specs generally refer to the no-load
speed, which is the maximum speed the motor can reach when no torque is
applied. Typically, shaft speed is given in rotations or revolutions per minute
(rpm). These rotations or revolutions can be related to the number of radians to
express the motor speed in radians per second (rad/s). For numerical calculations,
this unit of rotational speed is more convenient. The following formula describes
the relationship between radians per second and rotations or revolutions per
minute.

ωrad/s = ωrpm · (2π/60)

For an ideal DC motor, the rotational speed is proportional to the supplied voltage,
or

ω=j·V

where j is the constant of proportionality, with units rad/(s-V).

Output torque: Shaft rotation generates a rotational force called torque (τ) in
the motor. This is the load the motor can generate or handle. Torque is given in
force-distance units (lb-ft, oz-in, N-m, etc.). Torque specs generally refer to the
stall torque and the continuous torque. Stall torque is the τ at which the shaft speed
is zero, or the motor stalls. Continuous torque is the maximum τ at normal running
conditions. Note that the torque (τ) of a DC motor is proportional to the armature
current (I), and the constant of proportionality is the torque constant (k). The
following equation describes the relationships between torque and current.

τ=k·I
or

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 I = τ/k

The importance of the torque constant is evident from the above equation.
For a given torque, a high value of k limits the current to a low value. This is a
measure of efficiency, since lower current consumption means lower power (heat)
dissipation. The torque constant and the torque produced by the rotor allow us to
calculate the current through the armature, which is used to calculate temperature
ratings (as shown later).

FIGURE-
This graph illustrates the relationship between torque and speed,
indicating highest (stall) torque at 0 speed and highest (no-load) speed at 0 torque.

Available voltage: DC motors may be designed to operate at a specified

voltage if only a small or specific range of power supplies is available. The
specified voltage determines the motor's rated speed. Generally, voltage is given in
volts (V).

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Derived Specifications

DC motor datasheets also contain parameters that are derived from or related
to the essential requirements.

Output power:

A regular and important specification, the rated output power (PO) is the
product of the motor's rated torque and speed. In equation form, the output power
is given by PO = τ · ω

Maximum output power occurs at 50% of the no-load speed and 50% of the
stall torque Many suppliers specify the output power in terms of horsepower (hp).
To convert a calculated value of power from units of watts (W) to units of hp,
divide the power in watts by 746.

Power dissipation:

The current produced in a DC motor dissipates power (Pdis) and heats the
motor. Total power dissipation is related to total system resistance (RT), which is
the resistance of the entire motor system including friction losses in the stator
(Rstator) and rotor (R rotor). The motor's current allows us to calculate the power
dissipation and, in turn, the increase in rotor temperature (ΔT) due to the rotation.
From ΔT, the total motor temperature(TM) is calculated by adding
the environmental temperature (Tenv). The following equations illustrate the steps
used to calculate the final motor temperature

Pdis = I2RT

RT = Rrotor + Rstator (except for permanent magnet motors)

ΔT = Pdis(Rtto)

TM = Tenv + ΔT

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PROPELLER

Description

1) Material: Carbon nylon

2) Size: 10 x 4.5"

3) Diameter of Shaft: 6.0mm

4) Thickness of center: 9.7mm

5) Recommended wheelbase: 550mm - 700mm

6) Recommended motor: 800KV - 1100KV

Airplane propellers are typically made from lightweight aluminum or

magnesium alloys, hollow steel, wooden laminates or composites. Ship propellers
have to withstand the corrosive effects of saltwater, so they're typically made
from copper alloys such as brass.

If you want to move forward, you need to push backward; that fundamental
law of physics was first described in the 18th century by Sir Isaac Newton and still
holds true today. Newton's third law of motion (sometimes called "action and
reaction") is not always obvious, but it's the essence of anything that moves us
through the world. When you're walking down the street, your feet push back
against the sidewalk to move you forward. In a car, it's the wheels that do
something similar as their tires kick back against the road. But what
about ships and planes powered by propellers? They too use Newton's third law,
because a propeller pulls or pushes you forward by hurling a mass of air
or water behind you. How exactly does it work? Why is it such a funny shape?
Let's take a closer look!

Propellers, often shortened to "props," are sometimes called screws and it's
easy to see why. To push a screw into the wall, you apply a clockwise turning
force to the head with your screwdriver. The spiral groove (sometimes called a
helical thread) on the screw's surface converts the turning force into a pushing
force that drives the screw into the wall and holds it there. But suppose, for a
moment, that you wanted to keep on going...

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 If you were a beetle and you wanted to move through an infinitely long
wooden wall, you could use a screw thread on the outside of your body to do it.
You wouldn't need a screw running along the whole length of your body: you
could manage with just a little thread on your head—a kind of screw cap—to bite
into the wood in front of you. Now suppose you were a fly, not a beetle, and you
wanted to go through air rather than wood. There's no reason why you couldn't use
a screw thread in exactly the same way to pull you through the sky. In effect, you'd
be a fly with a propeller—and that's pretty much what the first airplanes were.
Planes took to the sky when the Wright brothers figured out how to
combine engine-powered propellers and wings so they could go forward and
upward at the same time.

A propeller is a machine that moves you forward through a fluid (a liquid or

gas) when you turn it. Though it works the same way as a screw, it looks a bit
different: usually it has two, three, or four twisted blades (sometimes more) poking
out at angles from a central hub spun around by an engine or motor. The twists and
the angles are really important.

Why a propeller has angled blades

Propeller blades are fixed to their hub at an angle, just as the thread on a
screw makes an angle to the shaft. This is called the pitch (or pitch angle) of a
propeller and it determines how quickly it moves you forward when you turn it,
and how much force you have to use in the process. Sometimes (and this can be
confusing) the distance a propeller moves you forward as it turns through one
complete revolution is also called its pitch, but it's easy to see that the angle of the
blades and how far they move you forward in a single rotation are related.

Propellers look like screws, so how are the two connected? A screw converts
the turning motion of your hand into forward motion that drives the screw's body
(and anything it's attached to) firmly into the wall. The angle of the thread on a
screw determines how much force you have to use to turn it. A screw with a st eep
thread (and fewer turns along its length) will be harder to turn but will go into the
wall faster, while one with a shallow thread (and more turns along its length) is
easier to rotate but you have to turn it more times to drive it in. If you find scre ws
confusing, think of a screw standing upright on its flat end (like the photo above)
and imagine you're an ant walking up the thread from the bottom the top, so the
thread is like a zig-zag path winding up a hillside. The more gently the path winds
(the shallower the thread), the easier it is to climb (the less force your body needs
to exert), but the further you'll walk and the longer it will take. Like gears, pulleys,
and levers, screws are examples of simple machines—devices that multiply (or
otherwise transform) forces.

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 Propellers are similar to screws but not exactly the same, because they're
doing a totally different job. The purpose of a screw is to hold something like a
shelf to a wall and minimize the amount of force you need to drive it into a so lid
material such as wood or plasterboard; with a screw, the driving force is pretty
much constant. But the purpose of an airplane propeller is to make more or less
thrust (driving force) at different points of a flight (during takeoff, for example, or
steady cruising). The angle of a propeller's blades and its overall size and shape
affect the thrust, and so too does the speed of the engine. Another difference is that
while a screw is moving into a simple, solid material and meeting a more or less
constant force of opposition, a propeller is moving in a fluid airstream and there all
kinds of extra factors to take into consideration. For example, although a propeller
makes thrust to move you forward, it also produces drag that tends to hold you
back and slow you down, and the amount of drag it makes depends on the angle of
the blades. These sorts of things make propellers far more complex than simple
wood screws!

Why a propeller has twisted blades

Another complicating difference between screws and propellers is that

propeller blades are twisted as well as angled: while a screw has a constant pitch,
the pitch of a propeller blade changes along its length. It's steepest at the hub (in
the center) and shallowest at the tip (outer edge). Here's why. Look side on at an
airplane propeller and you'll see it resembles an airfoil (aerofoil), a wing that has a
curved top and flat bottom. An airfoil wing produces lift mainly by accelerating air
downward and it works most efficiently when it's tilted slightly backward to make
what's called an angle of attack with the horizontal. (Read more about this in our
main article on airplanes.) Now suppose you take two airfoil wings, mount them
either side of a wheel and spin it around. Turn fast enough, with the wings at just
the right angle, and instead of generating lift you'll produce a screwing effect and a
backward force that pushes you forward. This is effectively how a propeller works.

Different parts of a propeller move at different speeds: the tips of the blades
move faster than the parts nearest the hub. To ensure a propeller produces a
constant force (thrust) all along its length, the angle of attack needs to be different
at different points along the blade-greater near the hub where the blade is moving
slowest and shallower near the tips where the blade is moving fastest-and that's
why propeller blades are twisted. Without the twist, the propeller would be making
different amounts of thrust at the hub and the edges, which would put it under
great stress.

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Propeller Material

Once laboriously carved from wood, propellers are now more likely to be
made from more predictable materials. Airplane propellers are typically made from
light weight aluminum or magnesium alloys, hollow steel, wooden laminates or
composites. Ship propellers have to withstand the corrosive effects of saltwater, so
they're typically made from copper alloys such as brass. They range in diameter
from about 15cm (6in) on smaller outboard motors to as much as 9m (30ft) on the
world's biggest container ships.

Ship propellers are also designed to minimize a problem called cavitation,

which happens when a propeller working under heavy load (turning too quickly,
for example, or operating too near the surface) creates a region of low pressure.
Bubbles of water vapor form suddenly and then burst next to the propeller blades,
blasting little pits into the surface and wearing it away.

SOLAR PLATE

Why do we waste time drilling for oil and shoveling coal when there's a
gigantic power station in the sky up above us, sending out clean, non-stop energy
for free? The Sun, a seething ball of nuclear power, has enough fuel onboard to
drive our Solar System for another five billion years—and solar panels can turn
this energy into an endless, convenient supply of electricity.

Solar power might seem strange or futuristic, but it's already quite
commonplace. You might have a solar-powered quartz watch on your wrist or a
solar-powered pocket calculator. Many people have solar-powered lights in their
garden. Spaceships and satellites usually have solar panels on them too. The
American space agency NASA has even developed a solar-powered plane!
As global warming continues to threaten our environment, there seems little doubt
that solar power will become an even more important form of renewable energy in
future. But how exactly does it work?

How much energy can we get from the Sun?

Solar power is amazing. On average, every square meter of Earth's (surface)

receives 164 watts of solar energy (a figure we'll explain in more detail in a
moment). In other words, you could stand a really powerful (150 watt) table lamp

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on every square meter of Earth's surface and light up the whole planet with the
Sun's energy! Or, to put it another way, if we covered just one percent of the
Sahara desert with solar panels, we could generate enough electricity to power the
whole world. That's the good thing about solar power: there's an awful lot of it
much more than we could ever use.

But there's a downside too. The energy the Sun sends out arrives on Earth as
a mixture of light and heat. Both of these are incredibly important—the light
makes plants grow, providing us with food, while the heat keeps us warm enough
to survive—but we can't use either the Sun's light or heat directly to run
a television or a car. We have to find some way of converting solar energy into
other forms of energy we can use more easily, such as electricity. And that's
exactly what solar cells do.

What are solar cells?

A solar cell is an electronic device that catches sunlight and turns it directly
into electricity. It's about the size of an adult's palm, octagonal in shape, and colored
bluish black. Solar cells are often bundled together to make larger units called solar
modules, themselves coupled into even bigger units known as solar panels (the black-
or blue-tinted slabs you see on people's homes—typically with several hundred
individual solar cells per roof) or chopped into chips (to provide power for small
gadgets like pocket calculators and digital watches).
Just like the cells in a battery, the cells in a solar panel are designed to generate
electricity; but where a battery's cells make electricity from chemicals, a solar panel's
cells generate power by capturing sunlight instead. They are sometimes
called photovoltaic (PV) cells because they use sunlight ("photo" comes from the
Greek word for light) to make electricity (the word "voltaic" is a reference to Italian
electricity pioneer Alessandro Volta, 1745–1827).
We can think of light as being made of tiny particles called photons, so a beam
of sunlight is like a bright yellow fire hose shooting trillions upon trillions of photons
our way. Stick a solar cell in its path and it catches these energetic photons and
converts them into a flow of electrons—an electric current. Each cell generates a few
volts of electricity, so a solar panel's job is to combine the energy produced by many
cells to make a useful amount of electric current and voltage. Virtually all of today's
solar cells are made from slices of silicon (one of the most common chemical elements
on Earth, found in sand), although as we'll see shortly, a variety of other materials can
be used as well (or instead). When sunlight shines on a solar cell, the energy it carries

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blasts electrons out of the silicon. These can be forced to flow around an electric
circuit and power anything that runs on electricity. That's a pretty simplified
explanation! Now let's take a closer look...

How are solar cells made?

Photo: A single solar cell. Picture by Rick Mitchell, courtesy of US Department of

Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL).

Silicon is the stuff from which the transistors (tiny switches) in microchips
are made—and solar cells work in a similar way. Silicon is a type of material
called a semiconductor. Some materials, notably metals, allow electricity to flow
through them very easily; they are called conductors. Other materials, such
as plastics and wood, don't really let electricity flow through them at all; they are
called insulators. Semiconductors like silicon are neither conductors nor insulators:
they don't normally conduct electricity, but under certain circumstances we can
make them do so.

A solar cell is a sandwich of two different layers of silicon that have been
specially treated or doped so they will let electricity flow through them in a
particular way. The lower layer is doped so it has slightly too few electrons. It's
called p-type or positive-type silicon (because electrons are negatively charged and
this layer has too few of them). The upper layer is doped the opposite way to give
it slightly too many electrons. It's called n-type or negative-type silicon. (You can
read more about semiconductors and doping in our articles
on transistors and integrated circuits.)

When we place a layer of n-type silicon on a layer of p-type silicon, a barrier is

created at the junction of the two materials (the all-important border where the two
kinds of silicon meet up). No electrons can cross the barrier so, even if we connect
this silicon sandwich to a flashlight, no current will flow: the bulb will not light

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 up. But if we shine light onto the sandwich, something remarkable happens. We
can think of the light as a stream of energetic "light particles" called photons. As
photons enter our sandwich, they give up their energy to the atoms in the silicon.
The incoming energy knocks electrons out of the lower, p-type layer so they jump
across the barrier to the n-type layer above and flow out around the circuit. The
more light that shines, the more electrons jump up and the more current flows.

This is what we mean by photovoltaic—light making voltage—and it's one

kind of what scientists call the photoelectric effect.

How do Solar cells works?

A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type silicon (blue) and p-type silicon (red). It
generates electricity by using sunlight to make electrons hop across the junction
between the different flavors of silicon:

a) When sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light particles) bombard the upper surface.
b) The photons (yellow blobs) carry their energy down through the cell.
c) The photons give up their energy to electrons (green blobs) in the lower, p-type layer.
d) The electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the upper, n-type layer and
escape out into the circuit.
e) Flowing around the circuit, the electrons make the lamp light up.

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Battery
What is a battery?
A battery is a self-contained, chemical power pack that can produce a limited
amount of electrical energy wherever it's needed. Unlike normal electricity, which
flows to your home through wires that start off in a power plant, a battery slowly
converts chemicals packed inside it into electrical energy, typically released over a
period of days, weeks, months, or even years.

The basic idea of portable power is nothing new; people have always had ways
of making energy on the move. Even prehistoric humans knew how to burn wood to
make fire, which is another way of producing energy (heat) from chemicals (burning
releases energy using a chemical reaction called combustion). By the time of the
Industrial Revolution (in the 18th and 19th centuries), we'd mastered the art of burning
lumps of coal to make power, so fueling things like steam locomotives. But it can take
an hour to gather enough wood to cook a meal, and a locomotive's boiler typically
takes several hours to get hot enough to make steam. Batteries, by contrast, give us
instant, portable energy; turn the key in your electric car and it leaps to life in seconds!

What are the main parts of a battery?

The basic power unit inside a battery is called a cell, and it consists of three
main bits. There are two electrodes (electrical terminals) and a chemical called
an electrolyte in between them. For our convenience and safety, these things are
usually packed inside a metal or plastic outer case. There are two more handy
electrical terminals, marked with a plus (positive) and minus (negative), on the outside
connected to the electrodes that are inside. The difference between a battery and a cell
is simply that a battery consists of two or more cells hooked up so their power adds
together.

When you connect a battery's two electrodes into a circuit (for example, when
you put one in a flashlight), the electrolyte starts buzzing with activity. Slowly, the
chemicals inside it are converted into other substances. Ions(atoms with too few or too
many electrons) are formed from the materials in the electrodes and take part in
chemical reactions with the electrolyte. At the same time, electrons march from one
terminal to the other through the outer circuit, powering whatever the battery is
connected to. This process continues until the electrolyte is completely transformed.

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At that point, the ions stop moving through the electrolyte, the electrons stop flowing
through the circuit, and the battery is flat.

How does a battery really work?

Where does the power in a battery actually come from? Let's take a closer look!

Here's my battery hooked up to a flashlight bulb to make a simple circuit. I've

unwrapped a paperclip to make a piece of connecting wire and I'm holding that
between the bottom of the battery and the side of the bulb. If you look closely, you can
see the bulb is shining. That's because electrons are marching through it!

Anode and cathode?

Now here's what's going on inside. The battery's positive terminal (shown just
above my left thumb in the photo and colored red in the artwork below) is connected
to a positive electrode that's mostly hidden inside the battery. We call this the cathode.
The outer case and the bottom of the battery make up the negative terminal, or
negative electrode, which is also called the anode and colored green in the artwork.
The paperclip wire is represented in the art by the blue line.

Let's quickly clear up one point of confusion. At school, you may have learned
that the cathode is the negative electrode and the anode the positive electrode?
However, that really applies only to things like electrolysis (passing electricity through
a chemical to split it up). Batteries are like electrolysis going backwards (they split up
chemicals to make electricity) so the terms anode and cathode are switched around.
Okay? To avoid confusion, I suggest it's best not to use the terms anode and cathode at
all. It's better to say "positive terminal" and "negative terminal" and then it's always
clear what you mean, whether you're talking about batteries or electrolysis—or
anything else with a cathode.

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Chemical reactions
Now back to our battery. The positive and negative electrodes are separated by
the chemical electrolyte. It can be a liquid, but in an ordinary battery it is more likely
to be a dry powder.

When you connect the battery to a lamp and switch on, chemical reactions start
happening. One of the reactions generates positive ions (shown here as big yellow
blobs) and electrons (smaller brown blobs) at the negative electrode. The positive ions
flow into the electrolyte, while the electrons (smaller brown blobs) flow around the
outside circuit (blue line) to the positive electrode and make the lamp light up on the
way. There's a separate chemical reaction happening at the positive electrode, where
incoming electrons recombine with ions taken out of the electrolyte, so completing the
circuit.

The electrons and ions flow because of the chemical reactions happening inside
the battery—usually two of them going on simultaneously. The exact reactions depend
on the materials from which the electrodes and electrolyte are made. (Some examples
are given further on in this article where we compare different types of batteries. If
you want to know more about the reactions for a particular battery, enter the type of
the battery you're interested in followed by the words "anode cathode reactions" in
your favourite search engine.) Whatever chemical reactions take place, the general
principle of electrons going around the outer circuit, and ions reacting with the
electrolyte (moving into it or out of it), applies to all batteries. As a battery generates
power, the chemicals inside it are gradually converted into different chemicals. Their
ability to generate power dwindles, the battery's voltage slowly falls, and the battery
eventually runs flat. In other words, if the battery cannot produce positive ions because
the chemicals inside it have become depleted, it can't produce electrons for the outer
circuit either.

Now you may be thinking: "Hang on, this doesn't make any sense! Why don't
the electrons just take a short cut and hop straight from the negative electrode through
the electrolyte to the positive electrode? It turns out that, because of the chemistry of
the electrolyte, electrons can't flow through it in this simple way. In fact, so far as the
electrons are concerned, the electrolyte is pretty much an insulator: a barrier they
cannot cross. Their easiest path to the positive electrode is actually by flowing through
the outer circuit.

Page:22
Lead-acid
Tried, tested, and trusted, lead-acid batteries have been with us since the middle
of the 19th century. With an overall rating of 12 volts, they have six separate cells,
each producing 2 volts. Crudely reduced to its basic components, each cell has a
"spongy" lead metal electrode (negative), a lead dioxide electrode (positive), and a
sulfuric acid electrolyte. As the battery discharges, both electrodes become coated
with lead sulfate and the sulfuric acid is largely converted into water, while electrons
flow out around the external circuit to provide power.

Lead-acid batteries made it possible to start cars without the help of a dangerous
and dirty hand crank. Normally, you never have to recharge them—because your car
does that automatically. The battery discharges (gives up a little of its energy) to help
the car's gasoline engine start up, and recharges (gets energy back again) when the
engine begins generating electrical energy through a device called an alternator. As for
disadvantages, lead-acid batteries are relatively big, surprisingly heavy (try lifting
one!), expensive, and can't be fully charged and discharged too many times. Another
problem is their use of toxic lead metal, which can cause environmental problems
when they're dumped in landfills

Use of this air powered motorcycle:

An air-powered motorcycle with fuzzy logic controller has been proposed
and tested. The experiment data shows that the speed error of the motorcycle is
within 1 km/h and the efficiency is above 70% for this system when its speed is
over 20 km/h. The power consuming for this prototype is about 0.073 kw-hr per
kilometer compared to 0.127 kw-hr per kilometre for a commonly used internal
combusting engine motorcycle. Although the efficiency is higher for the prototype,
the transportation distance is not enough at the current stage. The future research
will be focused on improving the efficiency and extending the transportation
distances for the air-powered motorcycle.

Principle of air powered motorcycle:

There is a rotational drive shaft with four slots, each of which is fitted with a
freely sliding rectangular vane. When the drive shaft starts to rotate, the vanes tend
to slide outward due to centrifugal force and are limited by the shape of the rotor
housing. Depending on the flow direction, this motor will rotate in either
clockwise or counter clockwise directions.

Page:23
 The difference of air pressure at the inlet and outlet will provide the torque
required to move the shaft. Hence, the higher flow rate and the larger pressure
difference will provide larger toque on the shaft and higher rotational speed. The
airflow path starts from the air tank through the filter, control valve and finally
enters the air motor. The airflow entry into motor will be determined by the valve
position, which is controlled by externally applied voltage, denoted by v.

When v equals 5 voltage (V), the valve will stay at the middle and both left
and right entries will be closed. The valve will move to a right position when v is
above 5 V and fully open when v is equal to 10 V. Similarly, the valve will move
left if v is less than 5 V and will be fully opened at 0 V.

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Advantages of using air powerd motorcycle:

 Effective method with reduced price tag,

 Pollution free device,
 Easy to implement,
 Simple to manage and repair processes,
 It is a non-flammable device,
 Manufacturing cost is less,
 Operating cost is also very less,
 & many more.,

Methodology
An attempt is made in the fabrication of a solar and charging powered hybrid
bicycle System for a two-wheeler. There are so many vehicles that came to influence
in the existing world. Their operating systems are based on the usual fossil fuel
system. At the present sense the fossil fuel can exceed only for a certain period after
that we have to go for a change to other methods. Thus, we have tried to design and
fabricate solar bicycle, which would produce the cheaper & effective result than the
existing system. This concerns with different parameters like

Design Parameters
The design involves the calculation of driving torque and power requirement to
ride the bicycle,rating of motor, selection of motor, battery capacityand solar panel.
Design of solar power driven bicycle
1. Problem statement
Diameter Of wheel D = 0.62 Meter
Speed V = 10 KM/H
Weight of Bicycle W1 = 40
Weight of Rider W2 = 60
Total Weight W =100
2.Power calculation
1).Normal reaction on each tire N1=W/2=100/2=50Kg=
50*9.81=490.5 N

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2).Friction force acts on each F=u*N1 = 0.3*490.5=147.15N
tire
3.Torque requirement T=F*r=147.15*0.225=33.10NM
Speed calculation W=V/r=10000/0.225*3600=13.34rad/sec.
N=(60*12.34)/2*3.142=117.82 RPM
4.Power requirement P=2*3.142*NT/60
=2*3.142*117.82*33.10/60
=408 W
5.Motor selection
The power required for riding the bicycle is 408 W The solar power is used to assist
the rider Hence a motor of lesser power is used of 300 W and 48 Volt rating standard
motor is selected
6.Battery selection
Since motor selected is of 48V hence batteryvoltage rating should also be 48 V and
the current rating is calculated P= V*I = I= P/V = 300/48 = 6.25 Ah Therefore, we
select four batteries of 12V 7.0 Ah in series combination of getting 48V output.
7.Electrical, Charging time
Time required to charge the battery by P=V*I=48*3=144W
adapter 48 V 3 Ah. t1=48*7/144=2.33 Hours
8.Panel selection
We use two panels of 20 W each having dimension 200mm* 160 mm to develop a
voltage of 336 V Time require to charge the Battery two panel 20 Watt each 20*2 =
40 Watt. 48*7/40 =8.4 Hours.
9.Result
The voltage rating of motor 48 Volt 300 Watt.
Rated speed 10 kmph
Current speed 6.25 Ah
Power rating 408 W
Lead acid battery 48 Volt 7 Ah
Speed in RPM 117.82 RPM
Time required to change the battery using t1=2.33 hours
the electrical charger
Time required to change the battery using t2=8.4 hours
solar panel

Page:26
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF EACH COMPONENTS

Conventional pedal operated bicycle

First of all selected a conventional pedal operated bicycle.

Page:27
Battery

Depending upon design calculation requires voltage to drive a BLDC Motor is

48Volt so we selected four 12Volt maintenance free batteries connected in series.
Chloride safe power sealed maintenance free battery is lead–acid battery was invented
in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planteand is the oldest type of rechargeable
battery.

Page:28
Solar Panels

A solar cell: A solar cell is a solid-state electrical device (p-n junction) that
converts the energy of light directly into electricity (DC) using the photovoltaic effect.
The process of conversion first requires a semiconductor material which absorbs the
solar energy (photon), and then raises an electron to a higher energy state, and then the
flow of this high-energy electron to an external circuit.

Page:29
Wall charger

The electrical energy used to charge the rechargeable batteries usually energy
taken from AC mains electricity and convert into DC using rectifier in battery charger
and store in the battery

Page:30
Switch

The gate switch is the one type of main switch which is used to use to control
the flow of direct current to the motor from the battery. this switch will operate
manually.

Page:31
Motor

12w 21000 rpm high speed motor (4pcs)-

HITSAN DC 24V High Speed Large Torque 775 Motor,21000RPM - one
Piece
https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0742BMMVJ/ref=cm_sw_r_apa_i_Pp2RBbW067T0

Page:32
Propeller

4pcs × propeller CW & CCW 10×4-

eForChina 2 Sets Carbon Nylon 10x4.5 Inch 1045/R CW CCW Green
Propeller, Multi-Copter Clockwise Rotating/Counter (Black)
https://www.amazon.in/dp/B00QAFS3W6/ref=cm_sw_r_apa_i_Sh2RBbDTR1KW
6

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