Lecture Week 2

ANNOUNCEMENTS
• All the important information will be uploaded to E-class

OUTLINE

• Vector Calculus : Div., Curl

• Maxwell’s equation

Reading: Syllabus

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 1 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Discussions on Previous Lecture
• Electromagnetics : 전하가 서있거나 움직일 때 나타나는
영향(장)을 공부하는 학문
– 전하가 서있는 경우 : 정전계, Electrostatics
– 전하가 등속도로 움직일 때 : 정자계, Magnetostatics
– 전하가 가속도를 가지고 움직일 때 : 전자기파,
Electromagnetics
• Maxwell’s four equations
– 전자기적 현상을 Maxwell이 수학적으로 표현
– Maxwell은 Displacement current를 발견하고 이를
이용해서 전자기파가 빛과 동일함을 증명
• Frequency (f) vs. wavelength (λ) : f x λ=c
• Vector Calculus : Grad., Div., Curl
Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 2 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Maxwell Equation
Maxwell Equation

  D  v Gauss Eq

B  0 Gauss Eq

 B
E   Faraday Eq
t

  D
H  J  Ampere Eq
t
 
 H  B /  : Magnetic field [ A / m]

B 
: Magnetic flux [Tesla  Wb / m 2  10,000 Gauss]
 
 D  E : Electric flux density [C / m 2 ]
 cgs 단위 ↔ MKS 단위
 E : Electric field [ volt / m]
 (cm, g, sec) (m, kg, sec)
7
 0  4  10 [H / m] : Permeability (투자율)
 9
 0  10 / 36 [F / m] : Permittivity (유전율)
 12
  8.854  10 [ F / m]
 J : Current density [A / m 2 ]

  : Volume ch arg e density [C / m3 ]
 v
Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 3 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Gauss’s Law for Magnetic Flux Density
derived from Faraday’s Law
• There are no magnetic charge which results in
• From vector identity, 𝛻 ∙ 𝛻 × 𝑭 = 0
• By taking divergence of the Faraday’s equation,

Therefore

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 4 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Continuity Equation derived from
Ampere’s Law
• From vector identity, 𝛻 ∙ 𝛻 × 𝑭 = 0
• By taking divergence of the Ampere’s equation,

𝜕𝛻 ∙ 𝑫
𝛻∙𝛻×𝑯=0=𝛻∙𝑱+
𝜕𝑡

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 5 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Maxwell’s Equation in Integral Form

• Gauss’s Law on Electric & Magnetic flux density

[Faraday’s Law]
• Faraday’s Law & Ampere’s Law
Lentz’s Law
(basis for KVL)

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 6 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Faraday’s Law : Transformer

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 7 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Time Harmonic Case
• All the field quantities are assumed to be complex vectors
with an implied 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
• Ex. Sinusoidal E-field polarized in the 𝑥 direction

• Above E-field can be expressed in terms of Phasor given by

• Assuming cosine based phasors, conversion from phasor to

real time-varying quantities is expressed as

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 8 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Maxwell’s Equation in Harmonic Case
• A time-harmonic field is one that varies periodically or
𝜕 1
sinusoidally with time (𝜕𝑡 → 𝑗𝜔, → 𝑗𝜔)

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 9 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 E-Fields in Media
• In a dielectric material, E-field causes the polarization of the
atoms or molecules of the material to create electric dipole

• Pe is the electric polarization, χe is electric susceptibility

• Where the dielectric permittivity ϵ is given by

– Where the imaginary part of ϵ represents the loss in the

dielectric which is always negative (energy conservation)
Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 10 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Loss Tangent of the Dielectric Material
• From Ampere’s Law

– Thus total effective conductivity is 𝜔𝜖 ′′ + 𝜎

• Loss tangent of a dielectric material : the ratio of real to
imaginary parts of the total displacement current
=

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 11 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 H-Fields in Media
• In a dielectric material, E-field causes the polarization of the
atoms or molecules of the material to create electric dipole

• Pm is the magnetic polarization, χm is the magnetic susceptibility

• Where the dielectric permittivity ϵ is given by

– Where the imaginary part of ϵ represents the loss in the

dielectric which is always negative (energy conservation)
Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 12 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Tensor Permittivity and Permeability
• Tensor form of the electric flux density
– Anisotropic dielectric example : Crystal, Ionized Gas

• Tensor form of the magnetic flux density

– Anisotropic magnetic material example : Ferrite

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 13 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
Recess for 5 min.
 Boundary Conditions

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 15 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 General Expression of the Boundary Conditions

  
n  ( D2  D1 )   s (1.31)

   
n  B2  n  B1 (1.32)

   
n  ( E2  E1 )   M S (1.36)

   
n  (H 2  H1 )  J S (1.37)
Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 16 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Fields at Dielectric Interface
• Assuming lossless, no charge or surface current densities exists

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 17 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Electric Wall (PEC)
(Perfect conductor at one side)
• Assuming a good conductor with surface charge (𝜌𝑆 ) and
current density (𝐽𝑆 )

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 18 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Magnetic Wall BC (PMC)
• Cannot exists in real world but can be used to approximate
certain condition in practice : corrugated surface

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 19 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Field Illustrations on PMC & PEC

[Field in PEC and Image Area]

[Field in PMC and Image Area]

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 20 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.
 Plane-wave in HFSS
• Simulating the plane-wave propagation in Free space with
HFSS

Microwave Circuit & Design Spring 2019 Lecture week2, Slide 21 Prof. JD Park, Dongguk Univ.