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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 120 No. 6 2018, 881-893


ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF
PULSATILE FLOW OF COUPLE
STRESS FLUID IN DOUBLY
CONNECTED REGION
Indira R, Rashmi K R
Department of Mathematics
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India
Email: indiradiv@gmail.com
Jayaprakash M C
Department of Information Technology
Al Musana College of Technology
Oman

June 20, 2018

Abstract
In the present study pulsatile flow of of couple-stress
fluid in an eccentric annular region formed by cylinders is
considered. The fourth order partial differential equation
arising due to couple stress from spinning of suspended par-
ticle is solved analytically. Pressure gradient is assumed
to be pulsatile. The region bounded concentric circles in
x-y plane is mapped to concentric circles in plane using a
c
conformal mapping z = . The resulting equations are
1−
analytically solved and a series solution is obtained. Rate
of flow is computed using Greens theorem. Results are nu-
merically computed and graphically depicted. The effect of

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

couple stresses is to decrease pressure gradient for a given


value of rate of flow.

Key Words:Eccentric annulas , pulsatile flow, couple


stress fluid ,pressure gradient , doubly connected;

1 INTRODUCTION
Many researchers have studied and analysed flow problems in dou-
bly connected regions. Laura[1] has considered the region with
circular external boundary and internal boundary which consists
of several axis of symmetry. Narodetskii and Schennan [2] have
discussed mapping of region bounded by ellipse and circle. Shiva
kumar [3] has studied viscous flow in pipes whose cross-sections are
doubly connected regions. Shivakumar and Ji [4] have studied flow
of Newtonian fluid in doubly connected region where boundaries
are eccentric circles. They have obtained solution of Poisson equa-
tion. Solution [5] have discussed flow through doubly connected
ducts considering ducts bounded externally by circle and internally
by regular polygon of various shapes using finite element method.
Luca et. al[6] have discussed flow past and through porous medium
in a doubly connected region.
Catheters are extensively used in modern medicine. Insertion of
catheter will increase frictional resistance through artery and will
modify the pressure distribution .The rate of flow in artery and will
modify the pressure distribution. The rate of flow governed by need
of surrounding tissues for nutrients . As a result pressure gradient
increases. (see[6])
In a series of papers Pettersson and co-workers [7] have stud-
ied extensively the hydrodynamic effect of catheterization of vessels
with and without stenosis by the help of various experimental mod-
els. MacDonald [8] studied the pulsatile flow in catheterized artery
and obtained theoretical estimates for pressure gradient corrections
for catheters positioned eccentrically as well as concentrically. Dash
et.al [9] have studied changed flow pattern in a narrow artery when
a catheter is inserted into it and estimated the increase in frictional
resistance. Daripa and Dash [10] have studied pulsatile flow of
blood in a straight eccentric catheterized artery by modeling blood
as incompressible Newtonian fluid using fast algorithm. Indira and

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

Jayapraksh [11] have studied pulsatile flow in eccentric annular re-


gion. It is well known that blood is considered as Non- Newtonian
fluid at low shear rates. Dash et-al has modeled blood as Casson
fluid. Gross [12] have used Casson fluid model to study pulsatile
flow with respect to microcirculation. Chaturani and Upadhaya [13]
have analyzed pulsatile flow of couple stress fluids. Srinivasachary
and Srikanth [14] have studied effect of couple stress on pulsatile
flow . Indira, et.al [15] have studied flow of couple stress fluid in
doubly connected domain. In the present study pulsatile flow of
couple stress fluid flowing in the eccentric annular region is con-
sidered. Pressure gradient is assumed to be pulsatile. Eccentric
annular region is conformally mapped to eccentric circles and ana-
lytical solutions are obtained.

2 MAHEMATICAL FORMULATION
The fluid is considered to be couple stress and flow is assumed to
∂p 2π
be due to a pulsatile axial pressure gradient with period .
∂z ω
The physical configuration is as given in the figure. 1. The velocity
field is given by [0, 0, w(x, y, t)] . It is assumed that the artery and
catheter are infinitely long neglecting end effects. Flow is considered
as |laminar and fully developed.

Fig.1. Physical configuration


The governing equations are given by
 2   2 
∂w ∂p ∂ w ∂ 2w ∂ ∂2
ρ =− +µ + − η0 + w, (1)
∂t ∂z ∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
 2 
∂ ∂2
andw = 0, + w = 0 on C1 and C2 . (2)
∂x2 ∂y 2

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

n
X
T herateof massf lowisassumedtobeof thef orm Qj ei (γ 2 t − ψj )
j=0
(3)
T hevaluesof 0 γj0 andψj aresame.W isexpressedasthesumof n+1componentvelocities0 Wj0 =
0, 1, 2, 3......nthej t hvelocitycomponent0 Wj0 satisf iesequation(2.1)and

ZZ
wj dxdy = Qj ei (γj2 t − ψj ) (4)
R

Assumingwj = Wj (x, y)ei (γj2 t) (5)


and dimensionalising the equations we get
( 2  2  )
∂2 ∂2 ∂ ∂2 γj2
+ −η + − w = −pj (6)
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 µ

( 2   )
∂2 ∂2 2 ∂2 ∂2 γj2
2
+ 2 −η 2
+ 2 − w = −pj f orj = 1, 2, ........n
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y µ
" # (7)
2 2
2 2 2

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ − η2 + w0 = −p0 .F orj = 0 (8)
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
The equations are expressed in complex coordinates z=x+iy and
z=x-iy as
" 2 #
2
∂2 ∂ γj
4 − 4η 2 + wj = pj f or j = 1, 2......n (9)
∂z∂ z̄ ∂z∂ z̄ µ
  2
∂2 ∂
4 − η2 w0 = p0 f or j = 0 (10)
∂z∂ z̄ ∂z∂ z̄
The boundary conditions become

∂ 2 wj
wj = 0, = 0 on C1 and C2
∂z∂ z̄
Equation (10) is solved following Indira et.al [15], The solution for
velocity component given by
A1 √  A2 √  P
w0 = 2
I0 η z z̄ + 2 K0 η z z̄ + z z̄ + ω(z) + ω(z) (11)
η η 4µ

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue


X
W here ω(z) = Alogz + an z n (12)
n=−∞

The equation (9) is solved using separation of variables technique


and Wj is expressed as

wj = fj (z z̄) + gj (z + z̄) can be obtained as


√  √  √  √ 
fj (z z̄) = A1j I0 2α1 z z̄ +B1j I0 2α1 z z̄ +A21 I0 2α1 z z̄ +B2j K0 2α1 z z̄
(13)
gj (z + z̄) = C1j coshα1 (z+z̄)+D1j sinhα1 (z+z̄)+C2j coshα1 (z+z̄)+D2j sinhα2 (z+z̄)
(14)
Pj
andwj = fj (z z̄) + gj (z + z̄) − 2 2 (15)
α1 α2
c
The mapping z = where z=x+iy,ζ = ζ + iη transforms
1−ζ
conformably the ring space enclosed by two concentric circles with
radius (|ζ| = ρ2 )ρ1 andρ2
Using conformal mapping and applying boundary conditions , the
velocity component becomes
Pj X X X X
wj = − 2 2
{ Aij φij (ζ, ζ)+ Bij φij (ζ, ζ)+ Cij Θij + Dij Θij }f orj > 0
α1 α2
(16)

 
P0 c2 X 1 1 X n ρ2n
andw0 = − Ai0 φi0 (ζ, ζ)+ + ζ + n +ω(ζ)+ω(ζ)
4µ 1 − ρ2 1 − ρ2 ζ
(17)

X
W hereω(ζ) = Blogζ + bn ζ n (18)
n=−∞

H H 3 tanh(ηH)
As Aij , φij , Bi j, Θij are listed in the appendixB1 = − −
η2 3 η3
A. Rate of flow
Using complex form of Greens theorem
ZZ Z
∂F 1
ds = F dz (19)
R ∂Z 2iC2−C1

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

Z  r r  
1 2A1 z z√ √2A2 P z̄
F orj = 0, R0 = I0 (η z z̄) + 3
K1 (η z z̄) + z z̄ − ω(z) dz
2iC2−C1 η3 z̄ z̄ η 8µ
(20)
Using conformal mapping and integrating the rate of flow be-
comes


  2n
P πc X
2
ρ22 (2 + ρ22 ) ρ21 (2 + ρ22 ) ρ22 − ρ21 H0 1 − H0 2 X ρ1
R0 = Ai0 Hi + 2
− 2
+ 2 2 ρ + nb−n +
4µ   (1 − ρ2 ) 4 (1 − ρ1 ) 4 (1 − ρ1 )(1 − ρ2 ) log( ) 1 1 − ρ21 1
ρ2
 r (21) r
Z
−Pj 1 z √  √  1 z √ 
Rj = 2 2
A1j I1 2α1 z z̄ + A2j K1 2α1 z z̄ + A3j I1 2α2 z z̄ + A4j K1 2α
8iα1 α2 c2−c1 α1 z̄ α2 z̄
(22)
Using conformal mapping, completing the integration and simpli-
fying we get
 
Pj πc2 X X ρ22 ρ22
Rj = 2 2 Aij Γij + Bij λij − +
4α1 α2 (1 − ρ22 )2 (1 − ρ22 )2
(23)
Where the constants Aij , Bij and functions λij , Γij are given in the
appendix.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS


The flow modeling involves usual assumptions that the arterial seg-
ment is straight , the arterial wall is rigid and impermeable, the
artery and catheter are infinitely long. The flux (flow rate) Q(t)
is considered to be a prescribed periodic function of time following
MacDonald [8]
6
X
asQ(t) = Qj cos(ωj tA −ϕj ) where Qj andϕj are given by T able 1.
j=0

Table. 1

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

Figure 2 - 5 show plot of pressure gradient verses time and also rate
of flow verse time. The flow rate and pressure pulse are compared
and shows similar variations at any given time. The pressure gradi-
ent and rate flow show almost similar pattern, but pressure gradient
comparatively higher magnitude. The pressure gradient increases
with increase in couple stress parameter are inversely proportional
to the spin of particle..This indicates as the spin or angular velocity
of suspension increases, the fluid flows faster resulting in decrease
of pressure.

Fig.2. Plot of pressure gradient and rate of flow Vs time for


∈= 0, η = 1

Fig.3. Plot of pressure gradient and rate of flow Vs time for


∈= 0.3, η = 1

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

Fig.4. Plot of pressure gradient and rate of flow Vs time for


∈= 0.3, η = 10

Fig.5. Plot of pressure gradient and rate of flow Vs time for


∈= 0.3, η = 100

Figure 3-5 show variation of pressure gradient verses eccentricity


and couple stress parameter .The pressure gradient decreases with
increase in eccentricity and is more prominent for catheter of higher
radius. The pressure gradient increase with increase in couple stress
parameters. The effect of couple stress is to increase the velocity
thereby decreasing pressure as the flow rate blood has to be main-
tained constant in order to maintain the supply of nutrients to the
surrounding tissue. Couple stress parameter is inversely propor-
tional to spinning of the particle hence there is decrease in velocity
resulting in increase of pressure gradient. Increase in eccentricity
results in creation of larger area for the flow increasing the flow rate
thereby decreasing velocity and increase in pressure.

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

4 CONCLUSION
Insertion of catheter alters the pressure profile which is needed to
supply required amount of nutrients to the surrounding tissues. By
maintaining constant flux, the variations in pressure are estimated.
Couple stress parameter is inversely proportional to the spin of the
particle present as it increases, the Newtonian behavior becomes
prominent and pressure increases indicating the Non-Newtonian
nature will be predominant in the situations like annular flow. As
eccentricity parameters ∈→ 0.The results match eccentric cylinders
couple stress parameter η → ∞ reduces to Newtonian.

Acknowledgement
The authors express sincere gratitude to the management of Nitte
Meenakshi Institute of Technology for their continuous support.

Appendix

1 ρ22 ϕ 1 1 2ρ22 ϕ
2
+ F1 + G1 + 2 2
− 2 2
+ Fn + Gn +
1 − ρ1 (1 − ρ2 ) 1 − ρ2 1 1 − ρ1 (1 − ρ22
B= ϕ ; b 0 = +F1 −Blogρ 1 ; b −n =
logρ1 + − logρ2 1 − ρ21 2nϕ 1
ρz 2n
− 2n
ρ2 ρ2
k
X
1 b−n ηc 1
bn = 2
+Fn − 2n
; S(K) = χ k −log ; χ k = −0.577215666+
1 − ρ1 ρ1 2 m=2
m−1
X∞ X∞
(−1)k (eiπ /2)2k η k C 2k (K!)2 (k + m + n)!(k + m)!
αk = ; β(k, m, n) = ; d 01 = αk β(k, m, 0)ρ2m
01
22k (m + n)!m! k=0 m=0

X ∞
X c2 c2
d02 = αk β(k, m, 0)ρ2m
02 ; g01 = 2
, g02 =
k=0 m=0
1 − ρ01 1 − ρ202

X ∞
X 1 n o X∞ ∞
X 1
2(m+1) 2(m+l)
f01 = αk β(k, m, 0)ρ2m
01 SK − β(k, m, 1)ρ01 + = 2β(k, m, 2)ρ01 −2 = 1 β(k, m, 0)
k=0 m=0
2 l l
n

1n o X

X ∞
X ∞ ∞
X
2(m+1) 2(m+l) 1
f02 = αk β(k, m, 0)ρ2m
02 SK − β(k, m, 1)ρ02 + = 2β(k, m, 2)ρ02 −2 = 1 β(k, m, 0)
k=0 m=0
2 l l
n

X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
dn1 = αk β(k, m, n)ρ2m
01 ; dn2 = αk β(k, m, n)ρ2m
02
k=1 m=0 k=1 m=0

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

1n o X

X ∞
X i ∞
X
2(m+1) 2(m+l) 1
fn1 = αk β(k, m, n)ρ2m
01 sk − β(k, m, n + 1)ρ01 + nf tyl=2 β(k, m, n+2)ρ01 −2 =1
k=1 m=0
2 l
n

1n o X

X ∞
X i ∞
X
2(m+1) 2(m+l) 1
fn2 = αk β(k, m, n)ρ2m
02 sk − β(k, m, n + 1)ρ02 + nf tyl=2 β(k, m, n+2)ρ02 −2 =1
k=1 m=0
2 l
n
g02 f01 − g01 f02 g02 fn1 − g01 fn2 g02 d01 − g01 d02 g02 dn1 − g01 dn2
A01 = , An1 = , A02 = , An2 = ,
d01 f02 − d02 f01 dn1 fn2 − dn2 fn1 d01 f02 − d02 f01 dn1 fn2 − dn2 fn1
Fn = A1n dn1 +A2n fn1 ; Gn = A1n dn2 +A2n fn2 ; F1 = A10 d01 +A20 f01 ; G1 = A10 d02 +A20 f02
X∞ ∞ ∞  
(γj c)2n X X  2m+2k 2m+2k
+ 1 − ρ22
Γ1j = α(n, m, k) ρ2 − ρ1 ; Γ2j = log
n=1
(n!)2 m=1 k=0 1 − ρ21

X ∞ ∞
(γj c)2n X X 
Γ02j = α(n, m, k) ρ2m 2 2 2m 2 2
2 (1 + ρ2 )log(1 − ρ2 ) − ρ1 (1 + ρ1 )log(1 − ρ1 )
n=1
(n!)2 m=1 k=0

X ∞ ∞ ∞
(γj c)2n X X X α(n, m, k)  2m+2k
Γ∗2j = 2
ρ2 − ρ2m+2k
1
n=1
(n!) m=1 k=0 l=0 1 + 1
X∞ ∞ ∞ ∞  
(γj c)2n X X X α(n, m, k)  2m+2k
Γ∗∗
2j = ψ1j (n + 1) ρ2 − ρ12m+2k

n=1
(n!)2 m=1 k=0 l=0 1+1
∞ X
X ∞ X
∞ X ∞
0 ∗ ∗∗

Γ2j = Γ+
2j +Γ2j +Γ2j +Γ2j ; α(n, m, k) = ϕ(n, m)ϕ(n, m+k); Γ3j = β2j (l, n, m, k) ρ2m+2k
2 − ρ21
n=0 l=0 m=1 k=1

X 2n ∞ X
X ∞
∞ X
(γj c)
Γ∗2j =
n=1
(n!)2 m=1 k=0 l=0
∞ X
X ∞ X
∞ X


Γ4j = 1 + β2j (l, n, m, k) ρ2m+2k
2 − ρ2m+2k
1
n=0 l=0 m=1 k=1

F21j − F22j F12j − F11j F42j − F41j F31j − F32j


Aj = , Bj = , Cj = , Dj = ,
F11j F22j − F12j F21j F11j F22j − F12j F21j F31j F42j − F32j F41j F31j F42j − F32j F41j
X∞ X
∞ X
∞ X∞ X
∞ X

F31j = 1+ β1j (l, n, m, 0)ρ2m
1 ; F 32j = 1+ βij (l, n, m, 0)ρ2m
2
n=1 l=1 m=1 n=1 l=1 m=1
∞ X
X ∞
∞ X X∞ X
∞ X

F41j = 1+ β2j (l, n, m, 0)ρ2m
1 ; F42j = 1+ β2j (l, n, m, 0)ρ2m
2
n=1 l=1 m=1 n=1 l=1 m=1

10

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

(γj c)2l+2n
βij (l, n, m, k) = {ϕ(1 + 2n, m)ϕ(l, m + k) + ϕ(2n + l, k + m)ϕ(l, m)}
(l + n)!l!
(γj c)2l+2n
β2j (l, n, m, k) = {ϕ(1 + 2n, m)ϕ(l, m + k) + ϕ(2n + l, k + m)ϕ(l, m)}
(l + n)!l!

" ∞ ∞ X ∞
#
X (γj c)2n X 2 2m
X α(n, m, k) 2m+2k
F22j = −0.5772+ =1 ψ1j (n) {ϕ(n, m)} ρ2 − ρ1
n
(n!)2 m=0 m=0 k=1
k

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