Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By
Apitta Kanchanapuping
Vin Phattharasiriroj
Sirada Vitoonvarakorn
Astronomy
Page
Abstract 2
Objective 2
About Mars 3-9
Question to consider 10-19
Model plan 20-22
Materials 23
Model making 24
Product result 25-26
Error and recommendation 27
References 28-29
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Abstract
This Habitat on Mars project will focus on contents solely related to the purpose of building a
temporary-living habitat for humans to be able to live and stay. The pages will cover from the
geography of Mars, questions to consider for a stable building and suitable habitation environment,
model plans, and materials. Procedure for model making will also be shown. Lastly is the reflection
upon errors in which we have found, as well as references for our research as well.
Objective
The objective of this project is created as a purpose for building a temporary-habitat on the
planet of Mars. The project will present the research related to Mars and shows the idea of habitation
which can be further developed into the future, in hopes that one day humanity will be able to
civilize on Mars temporarily until Earth’s condition was restored.
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About Mars
1. General Information
Mars is the 4th planet from the sun. It is a terrestrial planet in which its’ surface is
dry and much of it is covered with a reddish dust and rocks. When viewed from Earth, Mars
appears to be the color red. It often has huge dust storms with high speed winds. These dust
storms are powered by the Sun and can grow to enormous proportions sending dust miles
into the atmosphere and covering much of the planet. Some storms are so big they can be
seen by amateur astronomers on Earth. The Valles Marineris is an extensive canyon system
on the Mars equator. It is 4,200 kilometres long and, in places, is 7 kilometres deep. The
planet has a very primitive form of plate tectonics, and the action of two plates past each
other began splitting the surface some 3.5 billion years ago which initiate the formation of
the Valles Marineris. At the same time, volcanic activity in the Tharsis region put pressure on
the crust as molten lava pushed the region up from below. The combined tectonic activity
further broke the crust into fractures and fault regions. In the valleys, the ground sank, and
underground water escaped, causing the ground to drop further, landslides and erosion
continued to cut away and widen the valley systems. Today, the Valles Marineris canyons
show the marks of ancient floods and continued erosion by the Martian winds.
2. Differences between Mars and Earth
Earth Mars
About 7,926 miles (12,756 kilometers) Roughly 4,222 miles (6,794 kilometers),
Diameter
but growing, at least at the equator or 53% that of Earth
Distance from Ranges from 1.381 AU to 1.666 AU, due
1 astronomical unit (AU)
Sun to non-circular orbit
Too hot in summer or too cold in Cold in most of the time and freezing in
winter, depending on locale, or both. most places. The average temperature
Temperature
The average temperature is 14 ํC and is -55 ํC. but can be shirtsleeve during
the range is -70°C - 50°C. fleeting moments of daytime summer.
3
Cosmic Manageable, protection courtesy a Problematic, due to a weak magnetic
radiation strong magnetic field field
Four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, Cover in dust storms. Dust devils that
winter vary in times in different places. soar higher into the atmosphere than
Weather
There are rain, snow hurricanes, terrestrial tornadoes and hurricane-like
typhoons and tornadoes. storms as big as Texas.
Tilt of
23.5 degrees 25 degrees
rotation axis
Many, and they're great places for Maybe, and they're possible places for
Caves
microbial life to hide humans to hide
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perfect for growing plant. In general, the hottest section of Mars is at the equator which does
not get warmer than about 21 ํC at noon during the summer.
a. Fig. 1: Solar climate zone of mars
Fig.1 shows the solar climate zones of mars. There are three zones: polar,
transitional and equatorial. The dotted line shows seasonal maximum frost extent,
dotted areas show current approximate extent of dark sand cover, low albedo. Linear
features are fossae or valles; and the polar cap’s topographic, not permanent ice,
boundaries. The solar climate zones are moving north/south as seasons progress and
the Thermal Equator moves. North-South seasonal differences caused by orbital
eccentricity make summer and winter different on the two hemispheres, therefore
the two hemispheres’ climate zones are not equivalent; southern hemisphere is more
extreme, sublimating more CO2 during the summer and creating higher pressure,
therefore giving birth to stronger winds are more dust storms. However, southern
winter is colder because of larger distance from the Sun.
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b. Fig. 2: Mars Global Climate Zones
Fig. 2 shows Mars global climate zones which are impacted by the different
latitudes and altitude in both hemispheres. The colors represent the climate zones
including: A=Glacial (permanent ice cap), B=Polar (covered by frost during the winter
which sublimates during the summer), C=North (mild), D= Tropical, E= Low albedo
tropical, F= Subpolar Lowland, G=Tropical Lowland (chasmata), and H=Subtropical
Highland (Mountain)
The overall temperature in different seasons on Mars show in Fig. 3-5 below.
c. Fig. 3: Spring and Autumn Equinox (Ls = 0, 180)
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d. Fig. 4: North Winter Solstice (Ls = 270)
e. Fig. 5: North Summer Solstice (Ls = 90)
4. Terrain
Mars has some of the most impressive natural geographical
structures in the Solar System. Mars is a rocky planet. Its solid
surface has been altered by volcanoes, impacts, winds, crustal
movement and chemical reactions. Olympus Mons, a now dormant
volcano, is the highest mountain in the Solar System. It is three
times as high as Mount Everest. Another major geographical
structure is the great canyon, Valles Marineris, which is the biggest in the Solar System. It is
4 miles deep in places and stretches for thousands of miles.
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5. Atmosphere
Mars atmosphere is very thin and mainly CO2, Ar, N2, small O2 and water vapor.
Ultraviolet and other forms of intense radiation bathe the surface, because Mars has a thin
atmosphere and no active magnetic field to protect it. Scientists believe that at one time,
Mars had experienced convection currents in its core, creating a dynamo effect that powered
a planetary magnetic field. However, roughly 4.2 billions year ago – either due to a massive
impact from a large object, or rapid cooling in its core – this dynamo effect ceased. As a
result, in the next 500 million years, Mars atmosphere was slowly stripped away by solar
wind. Between the loss of its magnetic field and its atmosphere, the surface of Mars is
exposed to much higher levels of radiation than Earth.
6. Martian Soil and Farming
Martian soil can be considered as the bad condition; plants cannot grow. There are at
least three types of oxidants in the soil –lessen oxidization. Even though there are nutrient in
martian soil including Sodium, Potassium, Chloride and Magnesium, Perchlorates abound in
the uppermost layer of Martian regolith, which potentially lowering the freezing temperature
of water enough to explain some fleeting signs of liquid water activity on Mars. Moreover, it
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is toxic to humans. The process of photosynthesis can be possible since the reactants all met
the requirement. However, the soil is the problem, they need the rest of the nutrients that
the martian soil did not provide. Despite the lack of nutrients, watering plants on Mars could
require less water because the gravity is 38% that of Earth’s, so the soil can hold more water
than on Earth, and water and nutrients within the soil would drain away more slowly.
7. Martian Wind
The average Martian wind speeds varied by season. At the Viking sites, it is 2-7
meters/secs (5-16 mph) during the summer, and increase to 5-10 meters/secs (11-22 mph)
during fall. Across the year, the wind speed averaged 10 meters/secs (or 22 mph)
The diurnal solar tide is the single most obvious feature of the sequence, as indicated by the
brightest red contours following the mid-afternoon meridian. Certain locations show an
accompanying diurnal rotation of the surface wind vector, as in the Tantalus Fossae region to
the north of the Tharsis ridge and the Thaumasia Fossae region to the south of the Solis
Planum. Others exhibit instead a semi-steady flow structure, as in the sinuous core of the
surface westerly at 30°S latitude, apparently strongest between 100 and 200°W longitude,
and in the region extending from Noachis west to the Nirgal Vallis. The meridional flow is
variably northerly at almost every longitude just to the south of the equator, consistent with
a rising branch of the Hadley circulation near the subsolar latitude.
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Questions to Consider
1. Preparing for the mission
a. Why are we going to travel to Mars?
There are tons of reason why we might have to travel to Mars such as
escaping the nuclear war, world wide outbreak disease which are undeniable choices
to ensure the survival of humankind. Mars is the best choice among all of the other
planets because it is the closest planet to earth with the most relatable conditions to
Earth’s. Also, with the mission to journey to Mars, it is a chance for massive
development in all areas that we had invented and improving the quality of life on
Earth.
b. When are we going on the mission to Mars?
We cannot really predict when this manned mission or any mission to Mars
will happen due to the fact that Mars is a dangerous to even land on let alone human
needs that needed to be fulfilled. Yet, there is still no advanced resources, food,
suitable technology to support life on Mars presented. Moreover, it will take
numerous times to go and return before human can actually start to colonize Mars.
Perhaps we are not ready to go to Mars at least, not today. We need to first
update our policies on planetary protection and apply them fairly to both public and
private sector entities. We need to understand humans' unique role in exploration,
beyond robots. And we can't lose sight of challenges on Earth, nor use the promise of
Mars as an opportunity to deflect responsibility from Earth. The issue comes down to
timing; the technology will not be ready to send a human to Mars for at least another
10, perhaps even 15 years. Therefore, we should use this time carefully to make sure
that, by the time we can go to Mars, we make it possible.
c. How long do we need to fly there?
Travelling to Mars takes about 300 days on Earth. Nevertheless, for the most
efficiency of the plan, the process of habitat on Mars should be divided into three
phases. First, sent the researcher and investigator astronauts to study the condition
of Mars, then the second team will bring materials needed to build the habitats, and
after everything is prepared, astronauts can go and start the construction.
d. How do we prepare to go into space?
About a month before a mission launches, the food is packaged and stored in
refrigerated lockers, waiting to be loaded two or three days before launch. Meals are
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stored in locker trays inside. The space shuttle carries about 3.8 pounds of food,
including 1 pound of packaging, per astronaut for each day of the mission.
To prepare on going to space, astronauts have to undergo hundreds of hours
of rigorous training in order to survive the immense stress of space travel. Most
prominent examples of astronauts’ training would be spinning in the world’s biggest
and most powerful centrifuge, built to simulate the acceleration of space flight. It
spins so fast that your body gets subjected to several times the g-force, or the
acceleration due to the Earth’s gravity under freefall. The faster it spins, the more
pressure, or tugging, the body feels. After the g-training finishes, then comes flying
real-life fighter jets. The idea was the same, to experience the g-forces. The jets
usually fly high as 24,000 metres, and reached speeds of about Mach 2.5-3, or 2.5 to
3 times the speed of sound. These training will be repeated several times as over so
the body can finally get used to the pressure during the space flight.
e. What kind of food can we take to ensure the health of astronauts?
The biggest differences between space food and regular food are in the
packaging and design. Space food must be carefully contained so it doesn't float
around. Because the environment in space is different than that of Earth, astronauts
need to adjust their intake of certain nutrients. For example, they need less iron than
usual as they have fewer red blood cells in space. Astronauts also need extra calcium
and vitamin D in order to stay strong in the low-gravity environment without
exercising regularly.
Astronauts usually get three meals a day and snacks. Because the space
shuttle doesn't have a refrigerator, foods must stay fresh at ambient temperatures.
There are several ways space food can be prepared; Rehydratable or freeze-dried:
water is removed during packaging used for soups, casseroles, scrambled eggs and
cereals; I ntermediate moisture foods: some water is removed but not all used for
dried peaches, pears and apricots; T
hermostabilized foods: heat process to destroy
bacteria used for some fruits and tuna fish. Irradiated foods like meats are cooked
and packaged in foil pouches. Fruits and vegetables are packaged in plastic bags and
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sanitized in chlorine and there is also natural form foods such as granola bars, nuts
and cookies. For water, the space shuttle gets water supply from fuel cells, which
produce electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen. We can also use the process
of wastewater recycling, which including urine, seat or even the moisture of their
breathe. For cooking process, there is a rehydration station that dispenses hot and
cold water for dehydrated foods and drinks. Astronauts use the forced air convection
oven to heat the meals that need warming.
Because today's astronauts usually stay in space for several weeks or months,
they are able to carry all the food. But in the future, space missions could be
significantly extended. To go to Mars and return back again will take roughly two
years. Hence, astronauts will need to carry foods that have a three to five year shelf
life. They will also need to start growing their own foods. NASA plans to grow fruits
and vegetables on space farms – greenhouses that are temperature-controlled and
employ a hydroponic system which uses nutrients instead of typical soil. Crops might
include soybeans, peanuts, spinach, cabbage, lettuce and rice. Wheat berries and
soybeans can be grown and processed into pasta or bread. According to NASA, a
sample Martian dinner menu might include spinach and tomato crouton salad, wheat
pasta with tomato sauce and a chocolate peanut butter soy milk shake.
2. Landing spot (Where should we land?)
Advanced entry, descent and landing techniques that reduce the G-forces on landers
will also be developed for spacecraft and astronaut safety. However, the landing spot must
be safe from the storm or dust devil and not too high. The best & current spot that NASA
had landed and future spot are shown in the picture below.
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3. Habitat
a. Where should we stay?
The depths of Valles Marineris is one of the suggested locations to stay on
Mars. It is known as the Grand Canyon of Mars, stretches 4,000 km (2,485 mi) along
the Martian Equator and is 8 km (5 mi) deep in some places. The temperatures there
in the daytime can get close to a balmy 0° C and it is believed that there may be
spring-like deposits running beneath the deep canyon, where groundwater could
burst through onto the surface. Its low altitude makes for a denser atmosphere,
which means the better radiation shielding.
b. How will the habitat look like?
There are some primary factors that are necessary to be considered before
building the house on Mars. Because of the extreme wind and dust, the house should
be stable and strong. Besides, the habitat’s shape is also an important thing to
consider since the weather on Mars in very windy and dusty. Therefore, we might
examine the hemispherical-top subterranean house or building, the one that has both
ground and underground floor, to prevent the wind from blowing it away.
Moreover, we have to keep in mind about the temperature, radiation regard
to the size of the room. The material or the location should protect us enough from
the radiation and is self-sustaining, sealed against the thin atmosphere, and capable
of supporting life for extended periods without support from Earth. We’ll need things
like environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS), power systems, docking
ports, and air locks so that crew can perform space walks to repair things that break
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or to add new capabilities. In order to protect us the inhabitants from radiation, the
wall must be made from the material that is able to protect the radiation. The best
materials that are able to do that are lead and concrete which can stop the gamma
rays. However, in spite of the fact that only few centimeters of lead is functionable
comparing to a meter of concrete, lead is harmful to human body especially children.
Accordingly, we might select concrete rather than lead for the house material as it is
safer.
.
Using the a meter normal concrete to construct the wall will entirely block
the light into the habitat and hence make it very dark inside without electricity.
Nonetheless, there is a type of concrete called T
ranslucent concrete w
hich can
transmit light. It is produced by mixing 4%-5% (by volume) optical fibers in the
mixture - cement, sand and water. These fibers blend into the concrete like any other
aggregates. Optical fibers can transmit light from natural and artificial sources into
spaces enclosed by the translucent concrete panels. Thickness of the optical fibers
can be varied between 2 µm and 2 mm to suit the particular requirements of light
transmission. The main advantage of transparent concrete is that it can transmit
light, so it saves the huge energy cost. It also weigh less than the original concrete.
4. Food and terraforming
a. Can plants grow with Martian soil?
Considering the current condition, plants cannot grow there because of the
lack of light and oxygen. The surface receives less than half the amount of sunlight
that Earth does, and dust in the atmosphere can block it even more. Due to the
absence of an ozone layer, more ultraviolet radiation reaches the ground. As to the
Martian surface itself, the dirt is filled with Perchlorates and iron oxides.
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b. How can we terraforming martian soil?
There are several ways that we can do to terraforming martian suitable for
plants. First choice is adding legumes to fix nitrogen in soil such as coffee grounds.
The filler fluffed the dirt up enough that water could percolate through and reach the
roots. Another way is to rinse the soil so perchlorate dissolves in water. The
perchlorate-eating bacteria, which produce oxygen as a metabolic byproduct, is
possible. Scientists might modify the plants to improve photosynthesis and
photoprotection as well as drought and cold tolerance. engineering high-yield
functional crops. In addition, we also need to modify microbes to detoxify and
improve the Martian soil quality.
c. What can we plant?
The suitable plants for this case should ones that are easily grow and are able
bear and survive in bad conditions as well as providing high nutritions. Some of them
include: banana, potatoes, sweet potatoes, garlic and seaweed. To ensure that the
plants not only can grow but also survive for a long time, the genetically engineered
seeds could be examine to produce a new species of plants for Mars.
d. How can we achieve the photosynthesis
In order to achieve the photosynthesis, we need to adjust and work on the
equipment to help it. We have to make Mars atmosphere more oxygen with the light
reflector so that more sunlight can get to the plant. Plants will grow in the covered
greenhouse with controlled temperature and other conditions. If we want to grow
plant outside, we must modify soil condition for plant and find the location that we
can grow plant. To successfully make Mars Earth-like, we would need to raise
temperatures, have water stably remain in liquid form and thicken the atmosphere.
By using greenhouse gases already present on Mars, we could, theoretically, create
global warming on Mars to raise temperatures and change the atmosphere enough to
make the planet Earth-like. The only greenhouse gas on the Mars that's abundant
enough to provide significant warming is carbon dioxide.
e. How to get water?
On Mars, we can get water by extracting the water from the Martian soil. The
rover will select the location for the settlement primarily based on the water content
in the soil. We expect this to be at a latitude of between 40 and 45 degrees North
latitude. Water extraction will be performed by the life support units. The rover will
deposit soil into a water extractor in the life support units. The water extractor will
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heat the soil until the water evaporates. The evaporated water will be condensed and
stored, the dry soil expelled, and the process repeated to extract more water.
5. Atmosphere (Is it safe enough for human to live?)
Due to how Earth is in the space’s ecosphere, Mars is the nearest and closest to the
ecosphere compare to other planets or satellites which are way too far from the Sun, so it
will be much more colder than Mars and less possibility for life to be able to live or sustain.
Yet, the major problem is that Mars lacks an ozone layer, which on Earth shields us from
lethal doses of solar ultraviolet radiation. Also, we do not have good information about the
amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Martian surface.
a. How can we warm Mars?
The only way that is possible to warm the freezing Mars is to set up the
global warming, similar to what is happening now on earth, using PFCs
(perfluorocarbons). It is a powerful greenhouse gas and is sometimes called
high-global warming potential gases because, for a given amount of mass, it traps
substantially more heat than CO2. Heating Mars causes frozen CO2 to sublime,
thickening atmosphere and melting the ice. Furthermore, it is possible to install
mirrors to orbiting spacecraft to reflect more sunlight onto Mars. There are even
theoretical methods suggested throwing all the nuclear weapons on earth or guiding
asteroids to hit Mars.
b. How can we make the atmosphere thicker?
To build up the atmosphere, we have to increase the pressure of air and
change air chemical composition by adding nitrogen: to make a thick atmosphere like
Earth, importing ammonia, hydrocarbons, hydrogen as well as using fluorine
compounds. As a result of making the atmosphere thicker, it will reduce the amount
of radiation that enters, thus humans can breathe without wearing oxygen helmet.
6. How do we generate electricity?
To get the most efficient electricity generation, we could use both the wind turbines
and solar cell. This method is Hybrid wind-solar system uses solar cells to generate
electricity during sunny periods, and a wind turbine to make electricity during dust storms
For the wind turbine, a carbon composite material that has enormous structural
strength and withstand temperatures as high as 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit can be considered
for use these Wind Turbines on Mars. These material used to make containers to store
nuclear wastes, which can generate high temperatures. Most importantly, it must be placed
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on the area with moderate wind but flow continuously. The maximum wind speeds on Mars
recorded by the Viking Landers in the 1970's were about 30 meters per second (60 miles an
hour) with an average of 10 m/s (20 mph). On Earth about 10 meters (33 feet) per second
wind speed is needed to make electricity with wind turbines. Two types of wind turbine:
vertical and horizontal axis both can be used. The horizontal axis wind turbine is suitable for
the lower altitude as its structure can be positioned sticking to the ground so it is hard be
blown away by the dust devil.
On the other hand the vertical wind turbine will be placed on the high altitude place
such as on the mountain to avoid strong wind and can access the moderate wind blowing up
top. The vertical axis wind turbine does not have to be facing the right wind direction since
air flowing from any direction or speed can rotate the blades. Therefore, the system can be
used to generate power in gusty winds and when they’re blowing steadily. With the major
components closer to the ground, it is safety for maintenance workers as they do not have to
climb as high to reach parts of the tower. It is cheaper to produce than horizontal axis
turbines, transportable from one location to another and more easily installed compared to
other wind turbine types. In extreme weather, it can function in variable winds and even
mountain conditions. Additionally, it is more suited for being installed in denser arrays. Up to
10 times shorter than horizontal models. Although vertical axis wind turbines produce less
energy per tower, they have the potential to generate as much as ten times more power over
a comparative area of land when placed in arrays. Notwithstanding it has a lot of advantage,
there are still disadvantages. Not all of the blades produce torque at the same time, which
limits the efficiency of vertical systems in producing energy. Other blades are simply pushed
along. There is also more drag on the blades when they rotate. Although a turbine can work
in gusty winds, that is not always the case; the low starting torque and dynamic stability
problems can limit functionality in conditions the turbine wasn’t specifically designed for.
Vibration can be an issue at times. Air flow at ground level can increase turbulence, thereby
increasing vibration. This can wear out the bearing. At times, this can result in more
maintenance and therefore more costs associated with it.
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Lastly, the solar cell will be installed on the high place around the vertical axis wind
turbine to avoid the dust that may cover the panel near the ground. A lot of panel are placed
together in a group like solar panel farm. As for both the wind turbine and solar cell, we have
to build the power generating system or powerhouse and connect it to the instruments to
store the energy.
7. Life and Organism (How can we add life there?)
With more warmth and liquid water on Mars, life can grow. The biosphere develops
with climate, from polar/alpine towards temperate/tropical. If it it rains on mars, there is
more chance that life can start there, though it could take years for the process to happen.
What we could do now is building the biosphere by begin with some hardy radiation- and
cold-resistant microbes. As lakes form, add aquatic plants - these convert the atmosphere to
oxygen. Water also provides from UV. Rising oxygen levels cause an ozone (O3) layer to form,
providing UV protection on land. Then plants will be able to grow on land, then animals can
live. Eventually humans can walk around on Mars without a spacesuit.
We can modify plants and make them require less light to be able to photosynthesis
due to how the sunlight on Mars is only 50% compare Earth’s sunlight. Another alternative
way for plants is using artificial leaves, designed by scientists at Eindhoven University of
Technology, Netherlands (December 16, 2016) It is made of silicone rubber and uses of
materials like LSC or luminescent solar concentrators. It can take a little bit of sunlight and
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turn it into enough power to fuel the necessary chemical reactions to make medicine and
other compounds, so it is suitable for harvesting solar energy on Mars. The channels inside
the leaf are protected because your device can re-emit the energy it collects at a safer
wavelength, which allows any chemical processes to take place. Right now, methylene blue is
being used as the photocatalyst to produce drugs. A catalyst’s job is to speed up a reaction,
so the methylene blue allows the scientists to produce drugs faster than they could without
it. If we can further develop it, it is possible that we can use it along with the real plants.
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Model Plan
Considering the research, our group has discussed and decide that The Valles Marineris is a
great hotspot to settle on Mars. For the reason that the two sides canyon will act as the barrier for
the radiation, in the crater the wind down there is weaker than the ground level up top. For the city
plan, there will be the main building located in the center with the tunnel extending to surrounding
areas. That building functions as the headquarter; the essential subdivisions including working place
for scientists and astronomers, energy converter, as well as food and supply storage. Around the
command post located greenhouses and human habitats. The greenhouses will be placed in different
areas among houses so that they are quickly accessible.
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For the design of the habitat, the structure will be mostly underground with the curved roo
for the purpose of creating the strong structure, so it will not be blown away by the dust devil and
the wind will swirl passing the house. There is the ground floor and the tube tunnel that connects
the front door to other houses. The house wall is constructed by using translucent concrete which is
able to block radiation while transmitting light inside to reduce the cost of energy as much as
possible. For the window or glasses, we select the type of material similar to the one used for the
spacecraft window.
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The electricity will be generated via wind turbines and solar cell, hybrid wind-solar system,
using solar cell during summer and wind turbine during other windy seasons. The horizontal axis
wind turbine will be placed on or just above ground level as it can endure strong wind. The vertical
axis wind turbine and solar cell will be placed in another spot not nearby the crater which the wind
flows moderately and slowly, with the cord connected to the energy converter for generation.
Electricity generator system
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Materials
23
Model Making
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Product Result
Habitat on Mars
25
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Error and Recommendation
1. When we sticked the acrylic sheet together, we used the acrylic glue at first, but it took very
long to dry so we changed to the TOA glue. Similarly, it still dry slowly and the acrylic sheet
slipped. Therefore, we used the UHU glue lastly as it dried quicker. We should have used the
UHU glue since the beginning.
2. We placed the newspaper under the acrylic dome while we were waiting for the glue to dry.
However, we did not beware of the glue would stick the newspaper to the acrylic dome. As a
result, there is the dried glue and newspaper stain on the dome which we could not remove
all of them.
3. Keep in mind that the although UHU glue seems to be all purpose using, the foam, is an
exception. Therefore, when sticking anything to the foam, use the TOA glue instead.
4. When we poured the plaster onto the foam, we did not shaped the the surface smoothly so
we had to poured it again several times. Although we did not have to buy another plaster, it
wasted time.
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References
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https://www.space.com/16895-what-is-mars-made-of.html
https://mars.nasa.gov/#red_planet/5
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/all-about-mars/en/
https://www.space.com/1582-earth-mars.html
https://bigthink.com/laurie-vazquez/the-2-biggest-challenges-humans-need-to-solve-before-living-
on-mars
https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/some-plants-grow-well-in-martian-soil/
http://theconversation.com/how-to-grow-crops-on-mars-if-we-are-to-live-on-the-red-planet-99943
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/201
6-2017/april-2017/growing-green-on-the-red-planet.html
https://www.popsci.com/climate-change-on-red-planet#page-2
https://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/programmissions/science/goal4/
https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2016am/webprogram/Paper102202.html
https://www.mars-one.com/faq/mission-to-mars/how-safe-is-the-journey
http://espacepourlavie.ca/en/plants-nutrient-requirements
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/preparing-trip-mars
http://www.scienceinsanity.com/2018/09/nasa-has-just-released-2540-stunning.html?fbclid=IwAR3
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