Homework #08 (Phy 112) Solutions

2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Homework #08 (phy 112)

Due: 11:00pm on Friday, February 22, 2019
To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment.
A message from your instructor...
Part D will ask you to solve for unknown currents. If you get a negative value make sure to enter it with the minus sign. Please
read the hint for part A. This system (and our textbook) uses a slightly different convention for the current (junction) rule. This
convention says the sums of currents for a node will be zero where currents into a node are positive and currents out of a node
are negative. From the notes for lecture 8 (on slide 6) I would then write the equation for junction C as I1 - I2 - I3 = 0 instead of I1
= I2 + I3. Same equation, but a different way of writing it.
PSS 19.2: Kirchhoff’s Rules
Learning Goal:
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 19.2 Kirchhoff’s rules.
In the circuit shown , find the current in each branch.
Problem-Solving Strategy 19.2 Kirchhoff’s rules
1. Draw a large circuit diagram so that you have plenty of room for labels. Label all quantities, known and unknown,
including an assumed direction for each unknown current and emf. If the actual direction of a particular quantity is
opposite to your assumed direction, the result will come out with a negative sign.
2. Usually, when you label currents, it is best to use the junction rule immediately to express the currents in terms of
as few quantities as possible.
SOLVE
3. Choose any closed loop in the network, and designate a direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to go around the
loop when applying the loop rule. The direction doesn’t have to be the same as any assumed current’s direction.
4. Go around the loop in the designated direction, adding potential differences as you cross them. An emf is counted
as positive when you traverse it from – to + and negative when you traverse it from + to –. An I R product is
negative if your path passes through the resistor in the same direction as the assumed current and positive if it
passes through in the opposite direction. "Uphill" potential changes are always positive; "downhill" changes are
always negative.
5. Apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the potential differences obtained in Step 4: ∑ V = 0.
6. If necessary, choose another loop to get a different relation among the unknowns, and continue until you have as
many independent equations as unknowns or until every circuit element has been included in at least one of the
chosen loops.
7. Finally, solve the equations, by substitution or some other means, to determine the unknowns.
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=7028486 1/18
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
8. You can use this same bookkeeping system to find the potential VAB of any point A with respect to any other point
B. Start at B and add the potential changes that you encounter in going from B to A, using the same sign rules as
in Step 4. The algebraic sum of these changes is VAB = VA − VB .
REFLECT
9. Always remember that when you go around a loop, adding potential differences in accordance with Kirchhoff’s loop
rule, rises in potential are positive and drops in potential are negative.
SET UP
Before writing any equations, organize your information and draw appropriate diagrams.
Part A
The three currents in the circuit are defined in the figure. Which of
the following equations results from correct application of the
junction rule for I1 , I2 , and I3 ?
Hint 1. Junction rule

The algebraic sum of the currents toward any junction is zero:
∑I = 0 .
Currents into a junction are counted as positive; currents out of a junction are negative. For instance, if you had a
junction with current Ia coming into the junction and current I + b coming out of the junction, Kirchhoff's junction
rule would state that Ia − Ib = 0.
ANSWER:
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I1 + I2 − I3 = 0
I1 − I2 + I3 = 0
I1 − I2 − I3 = 0
Correct
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Part B
Which of the following equations results from correct application of the loop rule for the circuit loop containing R1 , R2 , and
R5 ? Refer to this diagram to answer the question.
Hint 1. Loop rule

The algebraic sum of the potential differences in any loop, including those associated with emfs and those of
resistive elements, must equal zero.
Hint 2. Sign of the emf

An emf is counted as positive when you traverse it from – to + and negative when you traverse it from + to –.
Hint 3. Sign of the potential difference across a resistor

The potential difference across a resistor, which has magnitude I R, is negative if your path passes through the
resistor in the same direction as the assumed current and positive if your path passes through in the opposite
direction as the assumed current.
ANSWER:
I3 R5 + I1 R1 + 10 V + I1 R2 = 0
I3 R5 − I1 R1 + 10 V − I1 R2 = 0
I3 R5 − I1 R1 − 10 V − I1 R2 = 0
−I3 R5 − I1 R1 + 10 V − I1 R2 = 0
I3 R5 − I1 R1 − 10 V + I1 R2 = 0
Correct
Part C
Which of the following equations results from correct application of the loop rule for the circuit loop containing R3 , R4 , and
R5 ? Refer to this diagram to answer the question.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
I3 R5 + I2 R3 + 5 V + I2 R4 = 0
−I3 R5 − I2 R3 + 5 V − I2 R4 = 0
I3 R5 − I2 R3 − 5 V + I2 R4 = 0
I3 R5 − I2 R3 − 5 V − I2 R4 = 0
−I3 R5 + I2 R3 − 5 V − I2 R4 = 0
Correct
SOLVE
Now that you’ve set up the problem, choose appropriate equations and solve for your unknowns.
Part D
Find currents I1 , I2 , and I3 given the following values of resistances in the circuit: R1 = 2.00 Ω , R2 = 3.00 Ω , R3 = 1.00
Ω , R4 = 4.00 Ω , and R5 = 10.0 Ω .
Enter your answers in amperes, separated by commas.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
Use the junction rule to eliminate I3 from the loop-rule equations. Next, substitute numerical values for the
resistances. You will obtain a system of two equations with two unknowns. Solve this system for I1 and I2 . Then,
use the junction rule to calculate I3 .
Hint 2. Write a system of equations for I1 and I2

Write a system of two equations for the unknowns I1 and I2 in the following form:
aI1 + bI2 = 10 V ,
cI1 + dI2 = 5 V .
What are the values of the coefficients a, b, c, and d? Omit the units when you enter your answers.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Enter your answer as a comma-separated list of four coefficients.
ANSWER:
, , , = 15.0,10.0,10.0,15.0
a b c d
Hint 3. Solve the system of equations for I1 and I2

Find I1 and I2 by solving the system of equations
aI1 + bI2 = −10 ,
cI1 + dI2 = −5 ,
where a = 15.0, b = 10.0, c = 10.0, and d = 15.0.
Enter your answers in amperes, separated by commas.
Hint 1. How to solve a system of two equations

There are several ways to solve a system of two equations with two unknowns. One of the methods is to
express one of the variables in terms of the other using the first equation. Then, substitute the expression into
the second equation. You will obtain an equation with a single unknown.
Hint 2. Find I2 in terms of I1
Solve the equation

aI1 + bI2 = 10
for I2 .
Express your answer in terms of I1 , a, and b.

ANSWER:
10−aI 1
I2 =
b
ANSWER:
,
I1 I2 = 0.800,-0.200 ,
A A
ANSWER:
,
I1 I2 I3 , = 0.800,-0.200,0.600 ,
A A A,
Correct
Make sure the direction of each current makes sense to you.
REFLECT
Think about whether your results make sense.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Part E
Notice that your value for I2 is negative, meaning that current I2 actually points in the opposite direction from that indicated
by the arrow in the figure. Which of the following best describes
why you could have anticipated the actual direction of I2 ?
ANSWER:
Consider the 5-V battery in isolation. I2 points in the direction that you would expect it to if you consider the 5-V
battery alone.
In the loop containing resistors R1 , R2 , R3 , and R4 , the 10-V battery overpowers the 5-V battery to determine
the direction of I2 .
Consider the 10-V battery in isolation. I2 points in the direction that you would expect it to if you consider the
10-V battery alone.
In the loop containing resistors R3 , R4 , and R5 , the 5-V battery alone determines the direction of I2 .
Correct
Kirchhoff's Current Rule Ranking Task
The placement of resistors in a circuit is one factor that can determine the current passing through the resistor. You will be given
three circuits, and for each circuit you will be asked to compare the current through the various resistors. In each of the circuits,
all resistors are identical.
Part A
Rank below the three identical resistors (A, B, and C) in on the basis of the current that flows through them.
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Hint 1. Kirchhoff's current rule for circuit junctions
Kirchhoff’s current rule states that the current flowing into a junction (a point at which the number of paths available
for current flow changes) must equal the current flowing out of the junction. The portion of the current that flows
through each available path depends on the resistance of each path. Paths with less resistance will receive a larger
share of the current.
ANSWER:
Reset Help
largest smallest
B
A
C
The correct ranking cannot be determined.
Correct
Part B
Rank below the three identical resistors (A, B, and C) in on the basis of the current that flows through them.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
Reset Help
largest smallest
A
C
B
Correct
Part C
Rank below the four identical resistors (A, B, C, and D) in on the basis of the current that flows through them.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
Reset Help
largest smallest
B
D A
C
Correct
Kirchhoff's Loop Rule Conceptual Question
The circuit shown belowconsists of four different resistors and a battery. You don't know the strength of the battery or the value
any of the four resistances.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Part A
Select the expressions that will be equal to the voltage of the battery in the circuit, where VA , for example, is the potential
drop across resistor A.
Check all that apply.
Hint 1. Kirchhoff's voltage rule for closed circuit loops

Kirchhoff’s loop rule states that in any closed circuit loop, the voltage supplied by a battery must be used by the
devices in the loop. Therefore, the voltage drop across all of the resistors in a single closed circuit loop must add up
to the voltage of the battery. Carefully identify all of the closed loops in this circuit.
ANSWER:
VA + VB
VA + VC
VB + VC
VA + VB + VC
VA + VB + VC + VD
VA + VD
VD
Correct
Charged Capacitor and Resistor
Learning Goal:
To study the behavior of a circuit containing a resistor and a charged capacitor when the capacitor begins to discharge.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
A capacitor with capacitance C is initially charged with charge q. At time t = 0 , a switch is thrown to close the circuit connecting
the capacitor in series with a resistor of resistance R.
Part A
What happens to the charge on the capacitor immediately after the switch is thrown?
ANSWER:
The electrons on the negative plate of the capacitor are held inside the capacitor by the positive charge on the
other plate.
Only the surface charge is held in the capacitor; the charge inside the metal plates flows through the resistor.
The electrons on the negative plate immediately pass through the resistor and neutralize the charge on the
positive plate.
The electrons on the negative plate eventually pass through the resistor and neutralize the charge on the
positive plate.
Correct
Part B
What is the current I0 that flows through the resistor immediately after the switch is thrown?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the quantities q, R, and C .
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
Find the voltage across the resistor at t = 0 . Then use Ohm's law to find the current I0 through the resistor.
Hint 2. Find the voltage at t = 0
What is the voltage V0 across the capacitor at time t = 0 ?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the quantities q, R, and C .

ANSWER:
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
q
V0 =
C
ANSWER:
q
I0 =
RC
Correct
Note that since current is charge per time, the preceeding formula shows that the units of RC must be time. The
combination of variables τ = RC is called the time constant. It will occur frequently in problems involving a
resistor and a capacitor.
Charging a Capacitor in an R-C Circuit
Learning Goal:
To understand the dynamics of a series R-C circuit.
Consider a series circuit containing a resistor of resistance R and a capacitor of capacitance C connected to a source of EMF E
with negligible internal resistance. The wires are also assumed to have zero resistance. Initially, the switch is open and the
capacitor discharged.
Let us try to understand the processes that take place after the switch
is closed. The charge of the capacitor, the current in the circuit, and,
correspondingly, the voltages across the resistor and the capacitor will
be changing. Note that at any moment in time during the life of our
circuit, Kirchhoff's loop rule holds and, indeed, it is helpful:
E − VR − VC = 0 , where VR is the voltage across the resistor and
VC is the voltage across the capacitor.
Part A
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the voltage across the capacitor?
ANSWER:
1
E
2
zero
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Correct
Part B
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the voltage across the resistor?
ANSWER:
1
E
2
zero
Correct
Part C
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the direction of the current in the circuit?
ANSWER:
clockwise
counterclockwise
There is no current because the capacitor does not allow the current to pass through.
Correct
Although no charge can physically pass through the gap between the capacitor plates, it can flow in the rest of the
circuit. The current in the capacitor can be thought of as a different sort of current, not involved with the flow of
charge, but with an electric field that is increasing with time. This current is called the displacement current. Of
course, when the charge of the capacitor is not changing, then there is no current of any kind.
Part D
After the switch is closed, which plate of the capacitor eventually becomes positively charged?
ANSWER:
the top plate only
the bottom plate only
both plates
neither plate because electrons are negatively charged
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Correct
Part E
Eventually, the process approaches a steady state. In that steady state, the charge of the capacitor is not changing. What is
the current in the circuit in the steady state?
Hint 1. Charge and current

If the charge of the capacitor is not changing, then no charge can be flowing through the circuit.
ANSWER:
R+C
R−C
C−R
zero
Correct
Part F
In the steady state, what is the charge q of the capacitor?
Express your answer in terms of any or all of E , R, and C .
Hint 1. Voltage in the steady state

If the current is zero, the voltage across the resistor is zero. Using Kirchhoff's loop rule, the magnitude of the voltage
drop across the capacitor must therefore be E .
ANSWER:
q = CE
Correct
Part G
How much work W is done by the voltage source by the time the steady state is reached?
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Express your answer in terms of any or all of E , R, and C .
Hint 1. Charge and EMF
By definition, the EMF of the source is defined as the ratio of the work done by the source "pushing" a charge q
through the circuit and the magnitude of that charge: E = W /q. Initially, the capacitor was uncharged. By the time
steady state has been reached, all of the charge that is on the capacitor (q, in this case) has been pushed through
the circuit.
ANSWER:
W = CE
2
Correct
Note that the work done depends on C , but not on R! This is because it is the capacitor that determines the
amount of charge flow through the circuit. Charge flow stops when qC = E . The resistance does, however, affect
the rate of charge flow (i.e., the current).
Of the total work done by the battery, half is stored as electrostatic energy in the capacitor, while the other half is
dissipated as losses in the resistor. (The high loss percentage of this simple circuit is independent of the value of
the resistance of the circuit.)
Problem 19.50
The batteries shown in the circuit in have negligibly small internal

resistances. Assume that E = 13.0 V and R = 17.8 Ω .
Part A
Find the current through the 30.0 Ω resistor.
Express your answer in amperes to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
I = 0.433 A
Correct
Part B
Find the current through the 17.8 Ω resistor.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
ANSWER:
I = 0.449 A
Correct
Part C
Find the current through the 13.0 V battery.
ANSWER:
I = 0.883 A
Correct
Problem 19.53
In the circuit shown in , assume that I1 = 4.45 A and I2 = 6.50 A .
Part A
Find the current in resistor R.
ANSWER:
IR = 2.05 A
Correct
Part B
Find the value of the resistance R.
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Express your answer in ohms to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
R = 4.15 Ω
Correct
Part C
Find the unknown emf E .
Express your answer in volts to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
E = 46.2 V
Correct
Problem 19.57
A fully charged 5.7 μF capacitor is connected in series with a 2.0×105 Ω resistor.
Part A
What percentage of the original charge is left on the capacitor after 1.5 s of discharging?
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
27 %
Correct
Problem 19.59
A 6.30 μF capacitor that is initially uncharged is connected in series with a 4400 Ω resistor and a 501 V emf source with
negligible internal resistance.
Part A
Just after the circuit is completed, what is the voltage drop across the capacitor?
ANSWER:
VC = 0 V
2/17/2019 Homework #08 (phy 112)
Correct
Part B
Just after the circuit is completed, what is the voltage drop across the resistor?
ANSWER:
VR = 501 V
Correct
Part C
Just after the circuit is completed, what is the charge on the capacitor?
ANSWER:
Q0 = 0 C
Correct
Part D
Just after the circuit is completed, what is the current through the resistor?
ANSWER:
IR = 0.114 A
Correct
Part E
A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants), what are the values of the preceding four quantities?
Answer in the order indicated. Separate your answers with commas.
ANSWER:
VC , VR , Q , IR = 501,0,3.16×10−3,0 V, V, C, A
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 99.7%.
You received 55.82 out of a possible total of 56 points.

Homework #08 (Phy 112) Solutions

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Homework #08 (phy 112)

A message from your instructor...

PSS 19.2: Kirchhoff’s Rules

To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 19.2 Kirchhoff’s rules.

In the circuit shown , find the current in each branch.

Problem-Solving Strategy 19.2 Kirchhoff’s rules

Hint 1. Junction rule

Hint 1. Loop rule

Hint 2. Sign of the emf

Hint 3. Sign of the potential difference across a resistor

Enter your answers in amperes, separated by commas.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. Write a system of equations for I1 and I2

Hint 3. Solve the system of equations for I1 and I2

aI1 + bI2 = −10 ,

Enter your answers in amperes, separated by commas.

Hint 1. How to solve a system of two equations

Hint 2. Find I2 in terms of I1

Solve the equation

Express your answer in terms of I1 , a, and b.

Kirchhoff's Current Rule Ranking Task

Hint 1. Kirchhoff's current rule for circuit junctions

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Hint 1. Kirchhoff's current rule for circuit junctions

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Hint 1. Kirchhoff's current rule for circuit junctions

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Kirchhoff's Loop Rule Conceptual Question

Hint 1. Kirchhoff's voltage rule for closed circuit loops

Charged Capacitor and Resistor

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. Find the voltage at t = 0

What is the voltage V0 across the capacitor at time t = 0 ?

Express your answer in terms of any or all of the quantities q, R, and C .

Charging a Capacitor in an R-C Circuit

VC is the voltage across the capacitor.

the top plate only

the bottom plate only

neither plate because electrons are negatively charged

Hint 1. Charge and current

Express your answer in terms of any or all of E , R, and C .

Hint 1. Voltage in the steady state

Hint 1. Charge and EMF

The batteries shown in the circuit in have negligibly small internal

In the circuit shown in , assume that I1 = 4.45 A and I2 = 6.50 A .

A fully charged 5.7 μF capacitor is connected in series with a 2.0×105 Ω resistor.

Express your answer using two significant figures.

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