Science Buklet

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Total marks contain in board exam 23-25
Chapters include –
1. Chemical reactions and equation
2. Acids , bases and salts
3. Metals and non- metals
4. Carbon and its compound
5. Periodic classification of elements
ACHME TUTORIAL DIRECTED BY: HEMANT SARASWAT (+91-9690038033) SCIENCE: JITENDRA SARASWAT (+91-9690477364)
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1-CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

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REVISED ATA GLANCE
Changes around us
Physical change –No new substance is formed. It is reversible. Melting of ice, lightning of
bulb, sublimation of iodine.
Chemical change – New substance is formed. It is non-reversible. Rusting of iron, cooking
of food, digestion of food , respiration , photosynthesis
Types of chemical reactions –
Combination reactions – 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Decomposition reaction –
∆
i. Thermal – CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠
ii. Electrical – 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
iii. Photochemical- 2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl2
Displacement reaction – Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Double displacement reaction – FeS + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2S
Chemical equation
Skeletal equation- Equation which is not balanced
H2 + O2 → H2O , N2 + H2 →NH3
Balanced equation – Equation which is balanced
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O , 3N2 + H2 → 2NH3
Oxidation – Addition of oxygen , removal of hydrogen , loss of electron
2Mg + O2  2MgO , Fe2+  Fe3+ + e-
Reduction – removal of oxygen , addition of hydrogen , gain of electron
2Na + H2  2NaH , Fe3+ + e-  Fe2+
Redox reaction – Reaction in which both oxidation and reduction takes place.
MnO2 + 4HCl  MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
MnO2  MnCl2 -: Reduction HCl  Cl2 -: Oxidation
MnO2 – Oxidising agent HCl - Reducing agent
Oxidising agent - It can add oxygen or electronegative element , can remove hydrogen
or electropositive element , can gain electrons.
Reducing agent – It can add hydrogen or electropositive element , can remove oxygen or
electronegative element , can lose electrons
Corrosion – Surface of metal is attacked by air , water and other substances. It is redox
reaction
Rust Fe2O and xH2O. Silver turns black due to Ag2S. Copper turns green due to
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
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Prevention – Painting , oiling , greesing, Galvanisation, Electroplating

Condition of rusting – Presence of water , oxygen and acid (H+)
Rancidity – The spoilage of food by oxidation. It smell ,taste changes called rancidity.
 PREVIOUS YEAR BOARD QUESTIONS

1 mark questions
1. Hydrogen being a highly inflammable gas and oxygen being a supporter of combustion,
yet water which is a compound made up of hydrogen and oxygen is used to extinguish
fire why ?
2. What happens chemically when quicklime is added to water filled in a bucket?
3. On what basis is a chemical equation balanced?
4. What change in colour is observed when white silver chloride is left exposed to
sunlight? state the type of chemical reaction in this change .
5. Name the process in which gain of electrons takes place.
6. How will you define a reducing agent ?
7. Why do gold and platinum not corrode in moist air?
2 marks question
1. What is observed when a solution of potassium iodide solution is added to a solution
of lead nitrate? Name the type of reaction. Write a balance chemical equation to
represent the above chemical reaction.
2. Consider the following chemical reaction
X + Barium chloride  Y + Sodium chloride
Identify X and Y and the type of action.
3. Identify the type of reaction from the following equations:
a) CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
b) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI  PbI2 + 2KNO3
c) CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
d) CuSO4 + Zn  ZnSO4 + Cu
4. balance the following chemical equations:
a) BaCl2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + HCl
b) Ca(OH)2 + HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
c) Pb(NO3)2  PbO + NO2 + O2
d) MnO2 + HCl  MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
5. A solution of substance X is used for white washing. What is the substance X? State the
chemical reaction of X with water
Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in
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it?
6. A white salt on heating decomposes to give brown fumes and a residue is left behind.
a) Named the salt
b) Write the equation for the decomposition reaction
7. What happens when an aq. solution of sodium sulphate reacts with an aq. solution of
barium chloride? State the physical conditions of reactants in which the reaction
between them will not take place. Write the balanced chemical equation for the
reaction and name the type of reaction.
8. What is the redox reaction? When a magnesium ribbon burns in air with a dazzling
flame and forms a white ash, is magnesium oxidized or reduced? Why?
3 marks question
1. Write the chemical equation of the reaction in which the following changes have taken
place with an example of each:
a) change in colour
b) change in temperature
c) formation of precipitate
2. Write chemical equation for the reactions taking place when
a) iron react with steam
b) magnesium react with dilute HCl
c) copper is heated in air
3. 2 gram of ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry boiling tube.
a) list any two observations
b) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
c) Write the chemical equation for the reactions
4. 2 gram of lead nitrate powder is taken in a boiling tube. The boiling tube is heated over
a flame. Now answer the following.
a) State the colour of the fumes evolved and the residue left.
b) Name the type of chemical reaction that has taken place stating its balanced
chemical equation.
5. A reddish brown coloured metal, used in electrical wires, when powdered and heated
strongly in an open china dish, its colour turns black. When hydrogen gas is passed
over this black substance, it regains its original colour. Based on the above information
answer the following questions.
a) Name the metal and the black coloured substance formed.
b) Write balanced chemical equations for both the reactions.
5 marks question
1. Define a balanced chemical equations. Why should an equation be balanced?
Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reaction :
a) phosphorus burns in presence of chlorine to form phosphorus pentachloride
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b) burning of natural gas

c) the process of respiration
2. Write one example for each of decomposition reaction
(i) electricity (ii)heat (iii)lights
which of the following statement is correct and why copper can displace silver from
silver nitrate and silver can displace copper from copper sulphate solution
3. A metal nitrate A on heating gives yellowish brown coloured metal oxide along with
brown gas B and a colourless gas C. Aq. solution of A on the reaction with potassium
iodide forms a yellow precipitate of compound D. Identify A B C D . Also identify the
types of both the reactions. Metal present in A is used in alloy which is used for
soldering purposes.
4. Explain two ways by which food industries present rancidity.
Discuss the importance of decomposition reaction in metal industry with three points.
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2 - ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

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REVISEED AT A GLANCE
Acids Bases
1. Turn blue litmus red 1. Turn red litmus blue
2. Turn methyl orange 2. Turn methyl orange yellow
3. Sour in taste 3. Turn phenolphthalein pink
4. Give H+ in aqueous solution 4. Bitter in taste
5. pH<7 5. Soapy touch
6. They conduct electricity in aqueous 6. Give OH- in aq. Solution
solution 7. pH>7
7. Liberate CO2 with carbonates and 8. They also conduct electricity in aq. Solution
bicarbonates 9. Liberate H2 with some metals blue Zn and Al.
8. React with base to form salt 10. React with acids to form salts
9. Liberate H2 gas with reactive metals
Strong acids Strong base
Those acids which completely ionize called Those base which gives large amount of OH- in
strong acids aq. Soln
e.g., H2SO4 , HNO3 , HCl , HI , e.g., NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 , Ba(OH)2
Weak acids Weak base
Those acids which does not completely Those base gives small amount of OH- in aq.
ionize called weak acids Soln
e.g., H2CO3 , CH3COOH, citric acid , oxalic e.g., NH4OH , Mg(OH)2 , AL(OH)3 , Cu(OH)2 ,
acid , formic acid, boric acid Fe(OH)3
Add acid to water and not water to acid Soluble bases are called alkalies.
to get dilute acid
Salts
Acidic salts Basic salts Neutral salts

-They turn blue litmus -They turn red litmus blue & -These are salts of strong
red phenolphthalein pink acid and strong base or
-pH <7 -pH > 7 weak acid and weak base
-These are salts of -These are salts of weak acid and -pH=7
strong acid and weak strong base e.g., NaCl , KNO3 , Na2SO4 ,
bases e.g., CH3COONa , Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 , BaCl2 , NaNO3
e.g., CuSO4 , FeCl3 , CuCO3
NH4NO3 , NH4Cl , FeSO4
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Washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O) Common salt (NaCl) Sodium hydrogen

-basic salt -Formed by reaction of NaOH carbonate (NaHCO3)
-transparent crystalline solid and HCl -Obtained by passing CO2
-forms alkaline solution in -Rock salt into aq. Na2CO3
water -Neutral on large scale -alkaline in nature
-used in manufacture of glass , obtained from sea water -white crystalline solid
soap , paper , borax, caustic -used in daily food -sparingly soluble in water.
soda. -used as preservative -decomposes to form
-used in softening hard water -used in manufacture Na, Cl2 Na2CO3, CO2, H2O
-cleansing agent. , NaOH -used as antacid, in fire
extinguisher, as baking
soda.
Bleaching powder (CaOCl2) Plaster of paris (CaSO4.1/2H2o) Hydrated salts

-Obtained by reaction of dry -Obtained by heating gypsum at -CuSO4.5H2O (blue vitriol)
slaked lime with Cl2. 1200C. -Na2CO3.10H2O(washing
-Pale yellow powder -white powder soda)
-Soluble in water -sets into hard mass on adding -Na2SO4.10H2O(glauber’s
-Loses chlorine on exposure water . salt)
to air -loses water of crystallization at -CaSO4.2H2O(gypsum)
-used as oxidising agent , as 473K -FeSO4.7H2O(green vitriol)
bleaching agent -used for plastering fractured -ZnSO4.7H2O(white vitriol)
-in manufacture of CHCl3 bones -MgSO4.7H2O(epsom salt)
-makes wool unshrinkable -used for making toys ,
decorative materials
-used for casts for statues, toys ,
surgical instruments
-used for blackboard chalk
 PREVIOUS YEAR BOARD QUESTION

1 mark question -
1. How will you test for the gas which is liberated when hydrochloric acid reacts with an
active metal?
2. Which bases are called alkalies? give an example of Alkalies.
3. Why does 1M HCl solutions have a higher concentration of H+ ions than 1M CH3COOH
solution ?
4. What would be the colour of red lets in a solution of sodium carbonate
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2 marks question -
1. Name the natural source each of the following acids
(a) Citric acid (b) Oxalic acid (c) Lactic acid (d)Tartaric acid
2. Explain how an antacid works.
3. What is observed when sulphur dioxide is passed through
(a) water (b) lime water?
Also write chemical equations for the reaction that takes place .
4. Classify the following salts into acidic, basic and neutral:
potassium sulphate, ammonium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride.
5. The soil in a field is highly acidic. list any two materials which can be added to this soil
to reduce its acidity. Give the reason for your choice.
6. What happens when chlorine is passed over slaked lime at 313K? Write chemical
equation of the reaction involved and state two uses of the product obtained.
3 marks question -
1. Explain the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on the following with chemical equations:
(a) magnesium ribbon (b) sodium hydroxide (c)crushed egg shells.
2. Write the name given to the bases that are highly soluble in water. give an example.
How is tooth decay related to ph? how can it be prevented?
Why does bee sting cause pain and irritation? Rubbing of baking soda on the sting area
gives relief. How?
3. A white powder is added while baking breads and cakes to make them soft and fluffy.
Write the name of the powder? Name its main ingredients. Explain the function of
each ingredient. Write the chemical reactions take place when the powder is heated
during baking.
4. On passing excess carbon-dioxide gas through lime water, it first turns milky and then
becomes colourless. Explain why? Write all the chemical equations of the reactions
involved .
5. Name the compound which is obtained from baking soda and is used to remove
permanent hardness of water.
Write its chemical formula.
What happens when it is recrystallised from its aqueous solution?
6. Answer the following questions:
I. State the colour of phenolphthalein in soap solution.
II. Name the by product of chlor- alkali process which is used for the manufacture of
bleaching powder.
III. Name one indicator which specifies the various levels of hydrogen ion concentration
7. Name the products formed in each case when
a) hydrochloric acid reacts with caustic soda.
b) Granulated zinc react with caustic soda
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c) carbon dioxide is passed into lime water

5 marks question -
1. State the reasons for the following statements:
I. Stain of curry on a white cloth becomes reddish brown when soap is scrubbed on it
and turns yellow again when the cloth is washed with plenty of water
II. tap water conducts electricity whereas distilled water does not
III. ammonia has a base but does not contain hydroxyl group
2. Explain why is hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and acetic acid, a weak acid. How can it
be verified? Explain why aq. solution of an acid conducts electricity.
3. Dry pellets of a base X when kept in open absorbs moisture and turns sticky. The
compound is also formed by chlor- alkali process. Write chemical name and formula of
X. Describe chlor-alkali process with balanced chemical equation. name the type of
reaction that occurs when X is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. Write the
chemical equation.
While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water
and not water to the acid?
4. The pH of soil A is 7.5 while that of soil B is 4.5. Which of the two soils A or B should
be treated with powdered chalk to adjust its pH and why?
Name the chemical which is injected into the skin of a person
a) During an ant’s sting
b) During the nettle leaf sting
How can the effect of these stings be neutralised
Explain how the pH change in the river water can endanger the lives of aquatic animals
like fish ?
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3- METALS AND NON – METALS

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REVISED AT A GLANCE
Metals – Those elements which form positive ions by losing electrons are called
metals. e.g., copper, iron, aluminium, sodium etc.
Physical properties of metals Chemical properties of metals
1. They are Strong , hard to cut except Na, 1. They react with oxygen to form oxides.
K 2. Metallic oxides are mostly basic
2. They are Malleable, beaten into sheets 3. Metals can lose electrons to form
3. They are Ductile, can be drawn into positive ions .
wires 4. Transition metals show variable valency ,
4. They are Sonorous , produce sound e.g., Cu+, Cu+, Fe+2, Fe+3
when strike them 5. Some metals react with cold water ,
5. They are Lustrous (shiny) some with hot, some with steam to form
6. They are Good conductor of heat and oxides or hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
electricity 6. Metals react with dil acids to form salt
7. They have high MP and BP except Na, K. and hydrogen gas except with dil HNO3
8. They are solid except mercury. which is oxidising agent.
9. They have high density except Na, K, Li 7. Metals are good reducing agents
etc. 8. More reactive metals can displace less
reactive metals from its salt solution .
Non – metals -: Those elements which form negative ions by gaining electrons are
called non – metals , e.g., carbon , iodine , sulphur , oxygen, hydrogen, etc.
Physical properties of Non - metals Chemical properties of Non - metals
1. They are brittle. 1. They form acidic oxides.
2. They exist as solid ,liquid and gas 2. They gain electrons to form negative
3. They are non – lustrous except diamond ions
and iodine 3. They are good oxidising agent
4. They are not conductors of heat and 4. Their oxides dissolve in water forming
electricity except graphite. acids
5. Low MP and BP except diamond and 5. They do not react with dil acids because
graphite. they cannot lose electrons
6. Low density 6. More reactive non-metals can displace
less reactive non-metals from their salt
solution.
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Properties of ionic compound- They are solids and have high melting points. Most ionic
compounds are soluble in water. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid
state but conduct electricity in molten state or in aq. Solution.
Extraction of metals ( Metallurgy ) - Getting metal out of the ore is

called extraction of metal .
The various steps involved in the extraction of metal from its ores followed by refining of
the metal is called metallurgy.
Steps of metallurgy
1. Concentration of ore or enrichment of ore
2. Extraction of metal from concentrated ore
3. Refining of impure metals
Concentration of ore – the first step of metallurgy is to remove the unwanted

impurities from the ore so that the concentration of the metal in the ore increase
I. Gravity separation
II. Froth floatation process
III. Electromagnetic separation
IV. Chemical separation
Extraction of metal from the concentrated ore – the method used for
extraction of the metal from the concentrated ore depends upon the nature of the metal.
Based on their reactivity , the metal have been grouped into the following three
categories :
1. Extraction of metals low in the activity series (Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au)
As these metals have low reactivity , their oxides can be reduced to metals by the action
of heat alone. Roasting can be done in this process.
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
2HgS + 3O2 → 2HgO + 2SO2 2HgO → 2Hg + O2
2. Extraction of metals in the middle of the activity series (Fe, Zn, Pb, etc)
These metals are found in nature in the form their oxides , sulphide or carbonates ores.
The metal can be extracted by two process –:
a) Calcination ( for carbonate ores ) – It is the process of heating the ore strongly in the
absence of air.
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 (𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓)
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
b) Roasting (for sulphide ores) – It is the process of heating the ore strongly in the
presence of excess of air .
𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 (𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓)
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
Smelting – The reduction of metal oxides by heating with coke is called smelting .
Aluminothermy – the reduction of metal oxides to metal using aluminium as the
reducing agent is called aluminothermy .
3. Extraction of metal high up in the activity series (K, Ca, Na, Mg and Al)
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The highly reactive metals are obtained by the electrolysis of their molten or fused oxides
or chlorides. The method is called electrolytic reduction
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡
I. Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride - NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡
II. Electrolysis of molten alumina - Al2O3 → 2Al+3 + 3O-2
Refining of impure metals – The process of purifying the impure metal is called
refining of metal .
At anode - M  Mn+ (aq) + ne_
At cathode - Mn+(aq) + ne_  M
 Previous year board questions

1 mark question
1. A non metal X exists in two different forms Y and Z. Y is the hardest natural substance,
whereas Z is the good conductor of electricity. Identify X, Y , Z.
2. Name a non metal which is lustrous and a metal which is non - lustrous .
3. Why does calcium float in water.
4. Name the metal which react with dilute HNO3 to evolve hydrogen gas.
5. What is the valancy of an element with atomic number 35.
6. A green layer is gradually formed on a copper plate left exposed to air for a week in a
bathroom. What could this green substance be?
2 marks question
1. Name the following
a) a metal which is preserved in kerosene
b) a lustrous coloured non metal
c) a metal which can melt while kept on palm
d) a metal which is a poor conductor of heat
2. Give two examples each of the metals that are good conductors and poor conductors
of heat respectively.
3. Name a metal or a non battle
a) which makes iron hard and strong
b) which is alloyed with any other metal to make an amalgam
c) which is used to galvanise iron articles
d) whose articles when exposed to air form a black coating.
4. Explain why calcium metal after reacting with water starts floating on its surface. Write
the chemical equation for the reaction. Name one more metal that starts floating after
sometime when immersed in water.
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5. The way, metals like sodium, magnesium and iron react with air and water is an
indication of their relative positions in the reactivity series. Is this statement true?
Justify your answer with examples.
6. Which of the following listed metals can displace zinc from its salt solution? Give
reason of your answer along with chemical equations
copper , lead , magnesium , silver
7. When a metal X is treated with cold water, it gives a base Y with molecular formula
XOH (mol mass = 40) and liberates a gas Z which easily catches fire . Identify X, Y and Z
8. Mention the names of the metals for the following:
a) two metals which are alloyed with iron to make stainless steel.
b) two metals which are used to make jewellery.
9. What is an alloy? state the constituents of solder. Which property of solder makes it
suitable for welding electrical wires?
3 marks question
1. You are given samples of three metals : sodium , magnesium and copper. Suggest any
two activities to arrange them in order of decreasing activity.
2. Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:
a) Dil. Sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
b) Dil. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate.
c) Carbon dioxide is passed through lime water.
3. What are amphoteric oxides ? Choose the amphoteric oxides from amongst the
following oxides : Na2O, ZnO, Al2O3, CO2, H2O . Why is the non-metals do not displace
hydrogen from dil. Acids?
4. Write the electron dot structure for potassium and chlorine. Show the formation of
KCl by the transfer of electrons. Name the ions present in this compound, KCl.
5. Explain the formation of ionic compound CaO with electron dot structure. Atomic
number of calcium and oxygen are 20 and 8 respectively. Name the constituent metals
of bronze.
6. (a) Show the formation of Na2O by the transfer of electrons between the combining
atoms.
(b) Why are ionic compounds usually hard ?
(c) How is it that ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity but they
do so when in molten state ?
7. Suggest a method of reduction for the following metals during their metallurgical
processes:
(a) metal ‘A’ which is one of the last second or third position in the reactivity.
(b) metal ‘B’ which gives vigorous reaction even with water and air.
(c) metal ‘C’ which is kept in the middle of activity series.
8. What is cinnabar ? How is metal extracted from cinnabar ? Explain briefly.
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9. Write one example of each of the following :

(a) Most malleable metal and most ductile metal.
(b) The best conductor of heat and the poorest conductor of heat .
(c) A metal with highest melting point and a metal with lowest melting point.
10. A metal ‘X’ acquires a green colour coating on its surface on exposure to air.
(a) Identify the metal ‘X’ and name the process responsible for this change .
(b) Name and write chemical formula of the green coating formed on the metal .
(c) List two important methods to prevent the process.
11. Write one example of each of the following :
(a) A metal and a non-metal which are liquids at room temperature .
(b) A metal which is very soft and a non-metal which is very hard.
(c) A metal which has very low melting point and a non-metal which has very high
melting point.
12. Explain the following statements :
(a) Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but some of these dissolve in water .
What are these oxides and their solutions in water called?
(b) At ordinary (b)At ordinary temperature the surface of metals such as magnesium,
aluminium , zinc , etc is covered with a thin layer. What is the composition of this
layer? State its importance.
(c) Some alkali metals can be cut with a knife.
(d)Highly reactive metals can not be obtained from their oxides by heating them with
carbon.
5 marks question
1. (a) Define activity series of metals. Arrange the metals gold, copper, iron, and
magnesium in order of their increase in reactivity.
(b) What will be you observe when :
I. Some zinc pieces are put in copper sulphate solution.
II. Some silver pieces are put into green coloured ferrous sulphate solution.
2. A metal (E) is stored under kerosene. When a small piece of it is left open in the air, it
catches fire. When the product formed is dissolved in water , it turns red litmus blue.
a. Name the metal (E).
b. Write the chemical equation for the reaction when it is exposed to air and when the
product is dissolved in water.
c. Explain the process by which the metal is obtained from its molten chloride.
3. (a) Write electron dot structure for chlorine and calcium. Show the formation of
calcium chloride by the transfer of electrons.
(b) Identify the nature of the above compound and explain three physical properties of
such compounds.
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4. (a) In the formation of compound between two atoms A and B , A loses two electrons
and B gains one electron.
I. What is the nature of bond between A and B?
II. Suggest the formula of the compound formed between A and B.
(b) on similar lines explain the formation of MgCl2 molecule.
(c) common salt conducts electricity only in the molten state. Why?
(d) Why is melting point of NaCl high ?
5. Write the names and symbols of two most reactive metals. Explain by drawing
electronic structure how any one of the two metals react with a halogen. State any
four physical properties of the compound formed.
6. (a) An ore on treatment with dil HCl produces brisk effervescence. What step will be
required to obtain metal from the enriched ore.
(b) Copper coin is kept immersed in silver nitrate solution for some time. What change
will take place in coin and colour of the solution? Write balanced chemical equation of
the reaction involved.
7. (a)Differentiate between roasting and calcinations. Explain the two with the help of
suitable chemical equations. How is zinc extracted from its ore ?
(b) Name two metals that can be used to reduce metal oxides to metals.
8. (a) Carbon cannot be used as reducing agent to obtain Mg from MgO. Why?
(b) How is sodium obtained from molten sodium chloride? Give equation of the
reactions.
(c) How is copper obtained from its sulphide ore? Give equations of the reactions.
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4 - CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

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REVISED AT A GLANCE
Versatile nature of carbon –
I. Catenation – The property of self linking of elements mainly C-atoms through covalent
bonds to form long , straight or branched chains and rings of different sizes is called
catenation .
II. Tetravalency of carbon – It has four electrons in the outermost shell . hence , its
valency is four , i.e., it is capable of bonding or pairing with four other carbon atoms or
with the atoms of some other elements .
III. Tendency to form multiple bonds –Due to its small size carbon has a strong tendency
to form multiple bonds by sharing more than one electron pair with its own atoms or
with the atoms of other elements
Difference between covalent compounds and ionic compounds
Covalent compounds Ionic compounds
I. Solids , liquid or gases I. Solids
II. Insoluble in water II. Soluble in water
III. Soluble in organic solvents III. Insoluble in organic solvents
IV. Do not conduct electricity IV. Conduct electricity in aqueous soln
V. Low MP & BP due to weak intermolecular V. High MP & BP due to strong elect. force
forces of attr.
Electron dot structures of covalent molecules Lewis dot structure of ethane
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Lewis dot structure of ammonia
Allotropy – It is the property by virtue of which an element exists in more than one
form and each form has different physical properties but identical chemical properties .
Carbon exists in three different allotropic forms –
Diamond Graphite
1. Hard 1. Soft
2. Non – conductor 2. Conductor
3. Octahedral 3. Hexagonal
4. Colourless , 4. Black , opaque
transparent
Fullerenes – It consist of hollow cage of carbon atoms .They are large spheroidal
molecules of composition C2n
. Two important members of this family are C60 and C70.
Hydrocarbons- The organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen are called
hydrocarbons. E.g. CH4 , C2H6 , C2H4 etc.

They are of two types –
I. Saturated hydrocarbons –
those which have all the C-atoms are linked by only single bonds . These are also called
as Alkanes . The general formula is CnH2n+2 , n= no.of carbon atoms in one molecule of
a hydrocarbon
II. Unsaturated hydrocarbons – Those in which atleast one double or triple bond is
present alongwith single bonds. They are of two types –
18
a) Alkenes – Those which have atleast 1 double bond alongwith single bond . General
Formula – CnH2n
b) Alkynes – Those which have one or more triple bonds alongwith the single bond.
Gen. Formula – CnH2n-2.
Isomerism – Organic compounds with same molecular formula but different chemical
and physical properties are called isomers. This phenomenon is called isomerism.
Functional groups – It may be defined as an atom or a group of atoms which makes a
carbon compound reactive and decide its properties.
Homologous series-
1. Same general formula 5. Same functional group
2. Similar methods of preparation 6. Similar chemical properties
3. Gradation in physical properties 7. Gradation in solubility
4. Successive members differ by CH2 8. Successive members differ by 14u
Ethanol –
- MP 156K, BP 351K 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na  2CH3CH2ONa + H2
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑡 443𝐾
- Soluble in water CH3CH2OH → CH2 = CH2
+ H2O
- Burning taste
𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 KMnO4
Oxidation - CH3CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH
Combustion – CH3CH2OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 3H2O + heat and light
Uses of ethanol –
1. In preparation of soaps, cosmetics.
2. Alcoholic drinks like wine, whisky, beer.
3. As a laboratory reagent.
19
4. In medicines , cough syrups and tonics.

** consumption of alcohol causes series health problems and intake of higher amount
can be fatal.
Ethanoic acid
Physical properties Chemical properties
1. Freezes at 290K, boils at 391K. 1. Turns blue litmus red

2. Pure acetic acid is called glacial 2. pH paper orangish red
acetic acid. 3. 5-8% solution in water is vinegar.
3. Soluble in water. 4. 2CH3COOH + 2Na 2CH3COONa + H2
4. Sour in taste. 5. 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3  2CH3COONa + H2O +
CO2
6. CH3COOH + NaHCO3  CH3COONa + H2O +
CO2
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐.𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
7. CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5
+ H2O
Saponification – CH3COOCH2CH3 + NaOH  CH3COONa + CH3CH2OH
△ 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
Hydrolysis – CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O → CH3COOH + C2H5OH
Soaps Detergents
1. –COONa 1. –SO3Na
2. Ineffective in hard water 2. Effective in hard water
3. Not used for woollen garments 3. Used for woollen garments
4. Biodegradable, do not cause water 4. Some are not biodegradable, cause water
pollution. pollution
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Substitution reaction - CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
△ 𝑁𝑖
Addition reaction - CH2 = CH2 + → CH3 – CH3
Hydrogenation :
Combustion –
20
Previous year board questions

1 mark questions
1. Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell. how does carbon attain stable electronic
configuration.
2. Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of propane.
3. Select saturated hydrocarbons from the following:
C3H6, C5H10, C4H10, C6H14, C2H4
4. Which element exhibits the property of catenation to maximum extent and why?
5. Write the name and formula of the second member of the carbon compounds having
functional group –OH.
6. Write the name and formula of the second member of the series of carbon compounds
whose general formula is CnH2n.
7. Draw the structure of butanone molecule, CH3COC2H5.
8. Write the next homologous of each of the following.
(i) C2H4 (ii) C4H6
9. Write the name and formula of the second member of homologous series having
general formula CnH2n+2.
10. Write the name and formula of the second member of homologous series having
general formula CnH2n-2
11. Name the process by which unsaturated fats are changed to saturated fats.
12. Write the name and structure of an aldehyde with four carbon atoms in its molecule.
13. What is an oxidizing agent? What happens when an oxidizing agent is added to
propanol? Explain with the help of a chemical equation.
14. Name one hydrocarbon which undergoes substitution reaction.
2 marks
15. Explain why carbon generally forms compounds by covalent bonds.
16. Write the name and molecular formula of an organic compound having its name
suffixed with ‘-Ol’ and having two carbon atom in the molecule. With the help of a
balanced chemical equation indicate what happens when it is heated with excess of
concentrated sulphuric acid.
17. What is a homologous series? Which two of the following organic compounds belong
to the same homologous? C2H6, C2H6O, C2H6O2, CH4O.
18. Atom of an element contains five electrons in its valence shell. this element is major
component of air. it exists as a diatomic molecule.
(I) Identify the element.
21
(II) Show the bond formed between two atoms of the element
(III) Write the nature of the bond between the two atoms.
3 marks questn
19. Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which an addition
reaction with hydrogen can take place. Stating the essential conditions required for
an additional reaction to occur. Write the chemical equation giving the name of the
reactants and the product of such a reaction.
20. (a) What are isomers? Draw the structure of two isomers of butane
(b) Differentiate between alkenes and alkynes.
21. Define the term structural isomerism. Explain why propane cannot exhibit this
property. draw the structure of possible isomers of butane
22. Complete the following equations:
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐.𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
(i) CH4 + O2  (ii) C2H5OH → (iii)CH3COOH + NaOH

23. Under what conditions an oxidation reaction can be called as combustion reaction?
illustrate your answers with examples.
24. Write the structure formula of ethanol and list its two physical properties. What
happens when it is heated with excess of conc. sulphuric acid at 443K ? state the role
of conc. Sulphuric acid in this reaction
25. What happens when:
(a) ethanol is burnt in air,
(b) ethanol is heated with excess conc. H2SO4 at 443K,
(c) A piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?
26. Write the chemical equation to explain what happens when ethanol is heated with
alkaline solution of potassium permanganate. Mentioned two physical properties
and two uses of ethanol.
27. Write chemical equation to describe two examples of different oxidation of ethanol.
list two uses of ethanol
28. Name the oxidising agent used for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid.
distinguish between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of (i) litmus test, (ii)
reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate
29. Out of HCl and CH3COOH, which one is a weak acid and why? describe an activity to
support your answer.
30. Describe two examples of different oxidations of ethanol. Name the products
obtained in each case.
31. Why is scum formed only with hard water? Mention this disadvantages of the
formation of scum.
5 marks questions
22
1. State the reasons for carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4- anions, but forms
covalent compounds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent compounds :
(i) Are bad conductors of electricity?
(ii) Have low MP and BP?
2. Give two examples of covalent compounds which you have studied. State any four
properties in which covalent compounds differ from ionic compounds.
3. Give reason for the following:
(i) Element carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding.
(ii) Diamond has a high melting point.
(iii) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
(iv) Acetylene burns with a sooty flame.
(v) Kerosene does not decolourise bromine water while cooking oils do.
4. (a) What are hydrocarbons? give examples.
(b) Give the structural differences between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated
hydrocarbons with two examples each.
(c) What is a functional group? Give example of two different functional groups.
5. A carbon compound X turns blue litmus to red and has a molecular formula C2H4O2.
Identify X and draw its structure. Write chemical equation for the reaction and name
of the product formed in each case when X reacts with
(i) Ethanol in the presence of conc. H2SO4
(ii) Sodium carbonate
PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

REVISED AT A GLANCE
23
Dobereiner’s law of triads – It Newland’s Law of octaves- It Mendeleev’s periodic law-

states that when elements are states that when elements are The properties of elements
arranged in groups of three such arranged in order of increasing are a periodic function of
that the atomic weight of middle atomic masses and found that their atomic masses.
element is average of the first and every eighth element had Achievements- some gaps
third element . properties similar to that of the for undiscovered elements,
Limitation- All elements first like a musical note . elements with similar
discovered at that time could not Limitation- Applicable up to properties grouped together ,
be classified as triads. calcium. Assumed that there were Noble gases could be placed
only 56 elements existed in nature without disturbing the
and no more elements would be existing order
discovered in the future. He Limitation- No fixed position
adjusted two elements in the same of hydrogen, No place for
slot and also put some unlike isotopes, increasing order of
elements under the same column. atomic masses could not be
maintained
Modern periodic law - The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.
Achievements – isotopes have same position , Increasing order of atomic number is maintained ,
Elements in same group have similar chemical properties.
Limitations- Position of hydrogen is not justified , Lanthenoids and actinoides are placed at the bottom
Trends in modern periodic table
Group Reason Period Reason
Valency Remains same Valence electron first increases then Valence electron
remain the same decreases goes on increasing
Atomic size increases No. Of shells goes Decreases Due to increasing
on increases nuclear effective
charge
Metallic character Increases Tendency to loose Decreases Due to increase in
electron increases effective nuclear
due to decrease in charge , tendency
effective nuclear to loose electrons
charge decreases
Non- metallic Decreases Tendency to gain increases Tendency to gain
character electron decreases electrons increases
due to decrease in due to decrease in
effective nuclear atomic size and
charge as atomic increase in
size increases. effective nuclear
charge

1 mark question
1. Did Dobereiner’s trides also exist in the columns of newland’s octaves?
24
2. State one reason for placing magnesium and calcium in the same group of the periodic table.
3. Name any three metalloids.
4. Out of the three elements P, Q and R having atomic numbers 11, 17 and 19 respectively, which two
elements will show similar properties and why?
5. How does reactivity of metals vary down a group?
6. How does reactivity of non metals vary down a group?
7. Write two reasons responsible for late discovery of noble gases.
8. Give the number of elements in the second and fifth period of modern periodic table.
9. Out of lithium and pottasium which have stronger metallic character and why?
10. Fluorine is more electronegative than iodine. give reason in support of this.
2 marks question
1. An element X has atomic number 13.
a) Write its electronic configuration.
b) state the group to which X belongs.
c) Is X a metal or a non metal
d) Write the formula of its bromide.
2. Choose from the following: 6C, 8C, 10Ne, 11Na, 14Si
a) Elements that should be in the same period.
b) Elements that should be in the same group.
State reason for your selection in each case.
3. An element X belongs to 3rd period and group 17th of the periodic table. state its (a)electronic
configuration (b)valency. Justify your answer.
3 marks question
1. Out of the following elements
H(1); Be(4); Na(11); Mg(12)
a) Write the pair elements having similar chemical properties.
b) state the group number of each pair
c) name one other element belonging to each of these groups.
2. An element X (atomic number 20) burns in the presence of oxygen to form a basic oxide.
a) Identify the element and writes its electronic configuration.
b) State its group number and period number in the modern periodic table.
c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction when this oxide is dissolved in water.
3. Write the number of periods the modern periodic table has. How do the valency and metallic
character of elements vary on moving from left to right in a period? How do the valency and atomic
size of elements vary down a group?
4. An element X (atomic number 17) react with an element (atomic number 20) to form a compound.
a) Write the position of these elements in the modern periodic table.
b) Write the formula of the compound formed.
Justify your answer in each case.
5. Four elements P, Q, R and S have atomic numbers 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively.
Answer the following questions giving reasons:
I. What is the valency of Q?
II. Classify these elements as metals and non metals.
III. Which of these elements will form the most basic oxide?
6. The atomic number of an element is 17. Predict (a)its valency , (b)whether it is a metal or non metal
(c)its relative size with respect to other members of its group. justify your answer in each case.
7. The electronic configuration of an element X is 2,8,8,2. To which (a)period and (b)group of the
modern periodic table does x belong? state its valency. Justify your answer
8. The elements Be, Mg, Ca are placed in the second group of the periodic table. Their atomic numbers
are 4, 12, 20 respectively.
a) Write the electronic configuration of these elements.
b) Write the valency exhibited by them.
c) Which of the three elements will be most reactive?
25
Give reason for your answer.

9. F, Cl and Br are the elements having seven valence electrons. which of these (a)has the largest
atomic radius (b)is most reactive? justify your answer.
10. The atomic number of an element is 16. predict
I. the number of valence electrons in its atom
II. its valency
III. its group number
IV. whether it is a metal or non metal
V. the nature of oxide formed by it
VI. the formula of its chloride
5 marks question
1. Two elements X and Y have atomic number 11 and 16 respectively.
a) Write the electronic configuration of both.
b) Which type of bond will they form?
c) Write the formula of the compound formed by their combination.
2. (a)Name the metals among the first five elements of the modern periodic table.
(b)Write their chemical symbols
(c)Write the formula of their oxides
26
6. LIGHT – REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

7. THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOUFUL
WORLD
8. ELECTRICITY
9. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
10. SOURCES OF ENERGY
27
LIGHT – REFLECTIONS AND REFRACTION

Revised at a glance
LIGHT
-It is the form of energy which brings the sensation of light
-it travels with the speed of 3 x 108 m/s in vacuum in a straight line path
REFLECTION REFRACTION
-It is the phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the -It is the phenomenon of change in the path of
same medium on striking the surface of any object light in going from one medium to another
TYPES OF MIRROR NATURE OF IMAGE LAWS OF REFLECTION

-∠i =∠r
-The incident ray,reflected ray and
PLANE MIRROR normal lie in the same plane at the
same point
SPHERICAL MIRROR
Properties -m=-v/u
-m=+1 1 1 1
- = +
-It is always virtual and 𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 Real image Virtual image
𝑅
erect -f= :Actual :Appear to meet
2
-the size of image is interaction of :Cannot be
equal to that of the light rays formed on
object :can be formed screen
-image is laterally on screen :Always erect
inverted :always inverted
Concave mirror Convex mirror

-Reflecting surface -Reflecting surface
curved inward curved outward
Image formed for different positions of the object

Object position Image position Image size Nature of image
At infinity At focus F Highly diminished Real and inverted
,point sized
Beyond C Between F & C Diminished Real and inverted
At C At c Same size Real and inverted
b/w C & F Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted
At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted
b/w P & F Behind mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect
Uses Rules
: by a dentist :Rays , parallel to principal axis get reflected back through focus .
: in shaving :Rays , passing through the focus will emerge parallel to the principal axis after
mirror reflection.
:in search light :Rays from the centre of curvature get reflected back along its own path
:in headlamps :A ray of light incident obliquely at pole gets reflected at the same angle on the
other side of principal axis into the same medium .
28
Convex mirror
Uses Image formed for different positions of the object

 As a rear view mirror Object Image position Image size Image nature
 At traffic junction position
 To lighten large area At infinity At the F , behind Highly Virtual & erect
the mirror diminished,
point sized
B/w infinity B/w P & F , behind Diminished Virtual & erect
and pole the mirror
New Cartesian sign conventions for reflection of light by spherical mirror
REFRACTION
The deviation in the path of ray of light when it travels from one medium to another
Laws of refraction
sin 𝑖
- Snell’s law of refraction ; sin 𝑟 = constant = 1n2
Where 1n2 = refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1
- The incident ray , the refracted ray and the normal , all lie in the same plane , at the same point.
Causes of refraction
It occurs due to different speeds of light in different medium
Optical density – It is the ability of the medium to refract light rays
When the light rays travel from optically
 Rarer to denser medium
- Slow down - Bend towards normal - ang i > ang r
 Denser to rarer medium
- Speed up -Bend away from normal - ang i < ang r
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒖𝒎 𝒄
Refractive index ‘n’ = 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 = 𝒗
1 𝑛2 𝑣1 𝑛1 𝑣2
n2 = = ; 2n1 = =
𝑛1 𝑣2 𝑛2 𝑣1
Principle of reversibility of light - 1n2 x 2n1 = 1
Refraction through a glass slab
 Emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray
 Angle of emergence (e) = angle of incident (i)
Refraction through spherical lenses

29
There are of two types of lens

: Convex lens – thicker at centre , thinner at edges , converging light rays .
Object Image Size Nature
Uses-
At infinity At F2 Point sized Real & inverted
-magnifying
glass Beyond 2F1 b/w F2 & 2F2 Diminished Real & inverted
-camera
At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real & inverted
-hypermetropic
eye defect b/w F1 & 2F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real & inverted
correction
-projector At F1 At infinity Highly enlarged Real & inverted
-telescope b/w F1 & O On the same side of the lens Enlarged Virtual and erect
:Concave lens – thinner at middle , thicker at edges , diverges light rays.

Uses – Object Image Size Nature
-myopic eye At infinity At F1 Point sized Virtual & erect
defect
correction b/w infinity & O b/w F1 & O Diminished Virtual & erect
-wide angle
spyhole
indoors
Assignment questions -
1. Focal length of a convex mirror is 50 cm . What is its radius of curvature?
2. Radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 25 cm . What is its focal length?
3. A concave mirror produces 10 cm long image of an object of height 2cm . What is the Magnification
produced?
4. An object 1 cm high is held near a concave mirror of magnification 10. How tall will be the image?
5. Find the size, nature and position of image formed by a concave mirror, when an object of size 1cm Is placed
at a distance of 15 cm. Given focal length of mirror is 10 cm.
6. An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 16 cm from a concave mirror , which produces 3 cm High
inverted image.What is the focal length of the mirror? Also ,find the position of the image.
7. An erect image 3 times the size of the object is obtained with a concave mirror of radius of Curvature 36 cm .
What is the position of the object ?
8. A 2.5 cm candle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm . Give the location of the
image and the magnification .
9. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm . The image formed is three times the
size of the object . calculate two possible distances of the object from the mirror ?
10. A concave mirror produces a real image 10 mm tall , of an object 2.5 mm tall placed at 5 cm from the mirror
.calculate focal length of the mirror and the position of the image ?
11. An object is placed at a large distance in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 40 cm . How far is
the image behind the mirror ?
12. An object is placed 15 cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 90 cm . calculate position of image and
its magnification.
13. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm is a quarter of the object . what is the distance of
the object from the mirror?
14. When an object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a convex mirror, the magnification Produced ½ .
Where should the object be placed to get a magnification of 1/3 ?
15. An object is placed 18 cm in front of a spherical mirror the image is formed at 4 cm to the right of the mirror ,
calculate its focal length . Is the mirror convex or concave ? what is the nature of the image ? what is the
radius of curvature of the mirror?
16. A convex mirror used for rear view on an automobile has a radius of curvature of 3 m . if a bus is located At 5
m from the mirror find the position , nature and magnification of the image .
30
17. An object 4 cm in size is placed at a distance of 25 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm .find the
Position , nature and the size of image .
18. An arrow 2.5 cm high is placed at a distance 25 cm from a diverging mirror of focal length 20 cm find the
nature position and size of the image.
19. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 20 cm is the quarter of the object . what is the distance
of the object from the mirror ?
20. An object 5 cm in length is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 30
cm. Find the position of the image , its nature and size.
21. The image obtained with a convex lens is erect and its length is 4 times the length of the object . If The Focal
length of the lens is 20 cm , calculate the object and image distances .
22. A needle placed 45 cm from a lens forms an image on the screen placed 90 cm on the other side of the Lens
.Identify the type of the lens and determine its focal lemgth . What is the size of the image if the Size of
needle is 5 cm ?
23. Calculate the distance at which an object should be placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 10cm to
obtain an image of double is size .
24. The image of a needle placed 10 cm from a lens is formed on a wall 20 cm on the other side of the lens. Find
focal length of the lens and size of image formed , if the size of object needle is 2.5 cm .
25. An object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a concave lens of focal length 30 cm . Find the nature And
position of the image .
26. An objet of height 2cm is placed at a distance of 15 cm in front of a concave lens of power -10 dioptre.Find
the size of the image .
27. A thin lens has a focal length of -25cm . What is the power of the lens ? is it convex or concave ?
28. The power of lens is 2.5 D . What is the focal length ?
29. A convergent lens of power 8 D is combined with a divergent lens of power -10D. Calculate focal length Of
the combination
30. A concave lens is kept in contact with a convex lens of focal length 20 cm . the combination works as A
converging lens of focal length 100 cm . Calculate power of convex lens .
31. Find the focal length and nature of lens which should be placed in contact with a lens of focal length 10cm so
that the power of the combination becomes 5 D.
32. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens . How far is the object Placed from
the lens ? Draw the ray diagram .
33. An object 5 cm in length is held 25 cm away from a converging lens of focal length 10 cm . Draw the Ray
diagram and find the position , size and the nature of the image formed .
34. Calculate the speed of light in water of refractive index 4/3 .
35. When light enters from air to glass , the angle of incidence and refraction in air and glass are 450. And 300
respectively . Find the refractive index of glass .
36. A convex lens of focal length 25cm and a concave lens of focal length 10cm are placed in close contact with
each other . Calculate the lens power of this combination .
37. A 4.5cm needle is placed 12cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15cm . Give the location of the
image and magnification . Describe what happens as the needle is moved farther from the mirror ?
38. The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 30cm from a spherical lens is formed on a screen placed
on the other Side of the lens at a distance of 60cm from the optical centre of the lens . Identify the type of
lens and calculate its focal Length . If the heightof the flame is 3cm , find the height of its image .
39. A 6cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 15cm. The
distance of the object from the lens is 10cm . Find the position , size and nature of the image formed , using
the lens formula .
40. An object is kept at a distance of 18cm , 20cm, 22cm and 30cm respectively from a lens of power +5D.
I) In which case or cases would you get a magnified image ?
II) Which of the magnified image can be got on a screen ?

Very Short answer type questions [ 1 marks]
[Cbse2015]
Que-1)What is the magnification of the images formed by plane mirrors and why?
31
Que-2)What is meant by power of a lens ?

[Cbse 2010]
Que-3)What is the nature of the image formed by a concave mirror if the magnification produced by the
mirror is +4?
Que-4) Explain why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, gets
reflected along the same path.
Que-5) Between which two points of a concave mirror should an object be placed to obtain magnification
of -3?
Que-6) ՙ The refractive index of carbon disulphide is 1.63.՚ What is the meaning of this statement in
relation to speed of light?
Que-7) The outer surface of a hollow sphere of aluminium of radius 50 cm is to be used as a mirror. What
will be the focal length of this mirror? Which type of spherical mirror will it provide?
Que-8) How should a ray of light be incident on a rectangular glass slab so that it comes out from the
opposite side of the slab without being displaced?
Que-9) A ray of light enters a rectangular glass slab of refractive index 1.5 . It is found that the ray
emerges from the opposite face of the slab without being displaced. If its speed in air is 3 X 108
ms-1 then what is its speed in glass?
Que-10) The speed of light in a transparent medium is 0.6 times that of its speed in vaccum. What is the
refractive index of the medium?
Que-11) An object is kept at a distance of 4m in front of a spherical mirror which forms its erect image at
a distance of 1.0 m from the mirror. What is magnification? Is the mirror concave or convex?
Que-12) An object is kept at a distance of 3 m in front of a spherical mirror which forms its erect image
at a distance of 0.5 m from the mirror. What is the magnification ? Is the mirror concave or convex?
Short answer type questions [ I ] [ 2 marks]

[Cbse 2016]
Que-1)State two positions in which a concave mirror produces a magnified image of a given object. List
two differences between the two images.
Que-2)A ray of light is incident on a convex mirror as shown. Redraw the diagram and complete the path
of this ray after reflection from the mirror. Mark angle of incidence and angle of reflection on it.
Que-3)What is meant by power of a lens? What does its sign (+ ve or – ve) indicate? State its S.I unit.
How is This unit related to food length of lens?
Que-4)Name the type of the mirrors used in design of solar furnaces. Explain how high temperature is
achieved by this device?
Que-5)The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is – 3.” List four
information you obtain from this Statement about the mirror/image.
Que-6)The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2
and 4/3 respectively. If speed of Light in glass is 2 ×108 m/s, find the speed
of light in water.
Que-7)AB and CD, two spherical mirrors, form parts of a hollow spherical
ball whit its centre a
1
shown in the Diagram. It are AB= 2 are CD, what is the ratio of their focal lengths? State which of the
two mirror will always form virtual image of an object placed in front of it and why?
Que-8)List two properties of the images formed by convex mirrors. Draw ray
diagram in support of
Your answer.
Que-9) The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is +3. Analyse this
value and state the (i) type of mirror and (ii) position of the object with respect to the
32
pole of the mirror .draw ray diagram to show the formation of image in this case.
[Cbse 2015]
Que-10)List four characteristics of the images formed by
plane mirrors.
Que-11)List four specific characteristics of the images of
the object formed by convex mirrors.
Que-12)The absolute refractive indices of glass and water
are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. If the speed of light in glass is 2×108 m/s, calculate the speed of light in
(i)vacuum, (ii)water.
Que-13)Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the path of the reflected ray corresponding to an
incident ray of light parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror and show the angle of incidence and
angle of reflection on it.
[Cbse 2014]
Que-14)List two possible ways in which a concave mirror can produce a magnified image of an object
placed In front of it. State the difference, if any , between these two images.
Que-15)”A concave mirror of focal length 15 cm can form a magnified erect as well as inverted image of
an object placed in front of it,” justify this statement stating the position of the object with respect to the
pole of the mirror in both cases for obtaining the images.
1
Que-16)The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is +3. Analyzing this value, state the
the(i) type of mirror and (ii) position of the object with respect to the pole of the mirror. Draw ray
diagram to justify your answer.
1
Que-17)The linear magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -5, analyzing this value, state the (i)
type of spherical mirror and (ii)the position of the object with respect to the pole of the mirror. Draw ray
diagram to justify your answer.
[Cbse 2013]
Que-18)”A ray of light incident on a rectangular glass slab immersed in any medium emerges parallel to
itself. “ draw labeled ray diagram to justify the statement.
Que-19)A ray of light normally on the surface of a transparent glass slab. Draw a ray diagram to show
its path and also mark angle of incidence and angle of emergence.
Que-20)ՙA convex lens of focal length f can form a magnified erect as well as inverted image .՚ justify this
statement stating the position of the object with respect to the lens in each case for obtaining
these images.
1
Que-21)The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is +4 . Analysing this value, state i) the type
of spherical mirror it is , ii) three characteristics of the image formed by the mirror.
[Cbse 2012]
Que-22) To construct a ray diagram, we use two light rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know
their directions after refraction from the lens. List these two rays and state the path of these rays after
refraction. Use these two rays to locate the image of an object placed between ‘F` and ‘2F` of a
convex lens.
[Cbse 2011]
Que-23) Define and show on a diagram, the following terms relating to a concave mirror:
i) Aperture ii) Radius of curvature.
Que-24) Define the focus of a concave mirror. If the radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 30 cm ,
what would be its focal length?
[Cbse 2010]
Que-25) In an experiment with a rectangular glass slab, a student observed that a ray of light incident at
an angle of 55o with the normal on one face of the slab, after refraction strikes the opposite face of the
33
slab before emerging out into air making an angle of 40o with the normal . Draw a labelled diagram to
show the path of this ray. What value would you assign to the angle of refraction and angle of
emergence?
Short answer type questions [3 marks]
[[Cbse 2016]
Que-1) Draw the following diagram, in which a ray of light is incident on a concave/ convex mirror, on
your answer sheet. Show the path of this ray , after reflection, in each case.
Que-2) If the refractive index of glass for light going from air to glass is 3/2, find the refractive index of
air for light going from glass to air.
Que-3) The image of an object formed by a mirror is real , inverted and is of magnification -1. If the
image is at a distance of 40cm from the mirror, where is the object placed? Where would the image be if
the object is moved 20 cm towards the mirror?
Que-4) If the image formed by a lens for all positions of the object placed in front of it is always virtual,
erect and diminished, state the type of the lens. Draw a ray diagram in support of your answer . If the
numerical value of focal length of such a lens is 20cm, find its power in new Cartesian sign.
[Cbse 2015]
Que-5) To construct a ray diagram we use two rays of light which are so chosen that it is easy to
determine their directions after reflection from the mirror. Chose these two rays and state the path of
these rays after reflection from a concave mirror . Use these two rays to find the nature and positions of
the image of an object placed at a distance of 15 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm.
Que-6) An object of height 5cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal
length 10 cm. If the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens is 20 cm, determine the
position , nature and size of the image formed using the lens formulae.
Que-7) Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the reflected ray in each of the following cases. A ray of
light incident on a convex mirror
a) strikes at its pole making an angle Ɵ from the principal axis. b) is directed towards its principal focus.
c) is parallel to its principal axis.
Que-8) State the laws of refraction of light . If the speed of light in vaccum is 3 X 108 m/s, find the
absolute refractive index of a medium in which light travels with a speed of 1.4 X 108 m/s.
Que-9)A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen 80 cm in front of a mirror by
keeping the candle flame at a distance of 20 cm from its pole.
i) Which type of mirror should the student use?
ii) Find the magnification of the image produced.
iii) Find the distance between the object and its image.
iv) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case and mark the distance between the
object and its image.
[Cbse 2014]
Que-10) A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1 on a screen placed at a distance of 50
cm from the mirror.
i) Write the type of mirror.
ii) Find the distance of the image from the object.
iii) What is the focal length of the mirror?
iv) Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
Que-11) Draw a ray diagram to show the path of the refracted ray in each of the following cases:
A ray of light incident on a concave lens is
i) passing through its optical centre.
ii) parallel to its principal axis
iii) directed towards its principal focus.
Que-12) The image of a candle flame placed at a distance of 40 cm from a spherical lens is formed on a
34
screen placed on the other side of the lens at a distance of 40cm from the lens . Identify the type of
lens and write its focal length. What will be the nature of the image formed if the candle flame is shifted
25 cm towards the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
[Cbse 2013]
Que-13) An object of height 6 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal
length 5 cm . use lens formulae to determine the position , size and nature of the image if the
distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm .
Que-14) An object placed on a metre scale at 8 cm mark was focused on a white screen placed at 92 cm
mark , using a converging lens placed on the scale at 50 cm mark.
i) Find the focal length of converging lens.
ii) Find the position of the image formed if the object is shifted towards the lens at a position of
29.0 cm.
iii) State the nature of the image formed if the object is further shifted towards the lens.
Que-15) State the type of the spherical mirrors used for i) vehicles headlights , and
ii) rear – view mirrors in vehicles. List two reasons to justify the use of these mirrors in each
case.
Que-16) A 4 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length
24 cm at a distance of 16 cm from it . use lens formulae to determine the position , size and nature of the
image formed.
[Cbse 2012 ]
Que-17) The image of a candle flame placed at distance 30 cm from a spherical lens is formed on a
screen placed at a distance of 60 cm from the lens. Identify the type of lens and calculate its focal length.
If the height of the flame is 2.4cm , find the height of its image.
Que-18) A 2.4 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length
18 cm . The distance of the object from the lens is 12 cm . Find the position, size and nature of the image
formed using the lens formulae .
Que-19) A 6 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length
15 cm . The distance of the object from the lens is 10 cm . Find the position , size and nature of the image
formed, using the lens formulae.
[Cbse 2011]
Que-20) a)ՙ The refractive index of diamond is 2.42.՚ What is the meaning of this statement?
b) Name a liquid whose mass density is less than that of water but it is optically denser than
water.
Que-21) What is the principal of reversibility of light ? Show that the incident ray of light is parallel to
the emergent ray of light when light falls obliquely on a side of a rectangular glass slab.
Que-22) With the help of a ray diagram explain why a convex mirror is preffered for rear view mirrors in
motor cars.
Que-23) What is understood by lateral displacement of light? Illustrate it with the help of a diagram . List
any two factors on which the lateral displacement in a particular substance depends.
[Cbse 2010]
Que-24) At what distance should an object be placed from a convex lens of focal length 18 cm to obtain
an image at 36 cm from it? What will be the magnification produced in this case?
Que-25) At what distance should an object be placed from a lens of focal length 25 cm to obtain its image
on screen placed on the other side at a distance of 50 cm from the lens ? What will be the magnification
produced in this case?
Que-26) An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from the optical centre of a convex lens of focal length
30 cm. Find the distance of the image from the lens .What will be the height of the image if the object is 2
cm tall?.
35
Que-27) How far should an object be placed from a convex lens of focal length 20 cm to obtain its image
at a distance of 30 cm from the lens ? What will be the height of the image if the object is 6 cm tall ?
Que-28) The image of an object placed at 24 cm in front of a lens is obtained on a screen at a distance of
72 cm from it .Calculate the focal length of the lens . What would be the height of the image if the object
is 2.0 cm high ?
Human eye question bank

1 mark question
1. What will be the colour of the sky, when it is observed from a place in the absence of any
atmosphere.
2. State one function of iris in human eye.
3. State two properties of the image formed by the eye lens on the retina.
4. Give an example of optical phenomena which occurs in nature due to atmospheric refraction.
5. What is the cause of dispersion of white light on passing through a prism.
6. Name the part of our eyes that helps us to focus near and distant objects in quick succession.
7. What will be the observed colour of the sky on a planet where there is no atmosphere. Why?
2 marks question
8. A star sometimes appears brighter and some other times fainter what is this effect called? State the
reason for this effect?
9. What is the colour of the clear sky during daytime? Give reason for it.
10. Explain why the planets do not twinkle but the stars twinkle.
11. Give reasons
a) the extent of deviation of a ray of light on passing through a glass prism depends on its colour.
b) lights of red colour are used for danger signals.
12. In the figure given below a narrow beam white light is shown to pass through or triangular glass prism.
After passing through the prism, it produces a spectrum XY on a screen.
a) state the colour seen at X and Y.
b) Why do different colours of white light bend through different angles with respect to the incident
beam of light?
3 marks question
13. What is meant by scattering of light? the sky appears blue and the sun appears reddish at sunrise
and sunset. Explain these phenomena with reason.
14. With the help of scattering of light, explain the reason for the difference in colours of the sun as it
appears during sunrise/sunset and noon.
15. Why does the sun seem to rise two minutes before the actual sunrise and set two minutes after the
actual sunset? Explain with the help of labelled diagram.
16. When and where do we see a rainbow? How is the rainbow formed? Draw a labelled diagram to
illustrate the formation of a rainbow.
17. What is meant by the term power of accommodation of human eye? how does it help a person to see
nearby as well as distant objects clearly?
18. A person with a myopic eye cannot see objects beyond 1.2 m directly. What should be the type of
corrective lens used? what would be its power?
19. A student has difficulty in reading the blackboard while sitting in the last row. What could be his defect
of vision? Draw a ray diagram to illustrate this defect of vision.
5 marks question
20. What is myopia? list two causes for the development of this defect. How can this defect be corrected
using a lens? Draw ray diagrams to show the image formation in case of defective eye, and
connected eye.
21. (a)list the parts of the human eye that control the amount of light entering into it. Explain how they
perform this function.
36
(b)do you know that the corneal impairment can be cured by replacing the defective cornea with the
cornea of the donated eye how and why should be organized groups to motivate the community
members to donate their eyes after death
ELECTRICITY
Revised at a glance
Charge – It is a fundamental property of matter .
Properties of charge –
1. Unlike charges attract each other and like charges repel each other .
2. Charges are conserved , i.e., it can neither be created nor destroyed .
3. Electric charge is additive , i.e., total charge is the algebraic sum of the individual charges .
4. Electric charge is quantised . Q = ne . n=±1 , ±2 , .... e= 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb .
𝑞1 𝑞2
5. F = K 𝑟 2
𝑸
Electric current – It is the rate of flow electric charge . I = 𝒕
SI unit – ampere (A)
Electric potential – The electric potential energy per unit charge is called electric potential .
Electric potential difference –It is defined as the amount of work done to move a unit charge from A to
𝑾
B V = 𝑸.
Ohm’s law – The electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference applied across its ends, providing the physical conditions remain unchanged.
V∝I OR V= IR OR 𝑽
I= 𝑹
Where R is the constant of proportionality called resistance of the conductor at a given temperature.
Resistance – It is that property of a conductor by virtue of which it oppose the flow of charges through it
. The SI unit of resistance is ohm, it is represented by Ω R = V/I.
Factors on which resistance depends – resistivity, length of the conductor, cross section are of the
conductor , nature of material of conductor and temperature of the conductor
⍴𝒍
R= 𝑨
Where ⍴ is resistivity of resistance , its SI unit is Ωm.
Equivalent resistance in series combination – R = R1 + R2 + R3 ...........+ Rn
1 1 1 1 1
Equivalent resistance in parallel combination – 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 ................ + 𝑅
1 2 3 𝑛
Heating effect of electric current-
- Electric energy- The work done or energy supplied by the source in maintaining the flow of current
of current in an electric circuit is called as electrical energy. It appears as heat and is given by
𝑽𝟐 𝒕
H = VIt = 𝑹 = I2Rt
SI unit of energy is joule (J)
- Joule’s law of heating – The heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional to
H ∝ I2 , H ∝ R , H ∝ t  H ∝ I2Rt  H = KI2Rt  H = I2Rt (K = 1)
- Electric power - It is the rate of doing work by an energy source .
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 (𝑾) 𝑽𝟐
Power , P = = VI = = I 2R
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒕) 𝑹
SI unit is watt (W)
- Commercial unit of energy – Kilowatt hour (KWh)
1 KWh = 3.6 X 106 J
37
Assignment questions
1. An electric bulb draws 1.2A current at 6 V . Find the resistance of the bulb .
2. A given wire is stretched to double its length . How will its resistance change ?
3. A wire of 3 ohm resistance and 10cm length is stretched to 30cm length . Assuming that it has
uniform cross section ,what will be its new resistance ?
4. Calculate the current in a circuit if 500C of charge passes through it in 10 min.
5. calculate the amount of work done in shifting of charge of 2C from a point A to B having potentials
+10V and -5V res.
6. A cylinder of a material is 10cm long and has a cross section of 2cm2 . If its resistance along the
length be 20ohm , what will be its resistivity ?
7. A resistance of 10ohm is bent in the form of a closed circle . What is the effective resistance b/w two
points at the ends Of any diameter of this circle ?
8. The filament of an electric lamp draws a current of0.4 A which lights for 3 hrs. Calculate the amount of
charge that flows through the circuit ?
9. An electric bulb draws a current of 0.2A when the voltage is 220V . calculate the amount of charge
flowing through it in 1 hr.
10. An electric iron draws a current of 0.5A when a voltage is 220V . Calculate the amount of charge
flowing in 1 hour .
11. Calculate the amount of charge that would flow in 1 hr through the element of an electric iron drawing
a current of 0.4A? .
12. A 4ohm wire is doubled on it . Calculate the new resistance of the wire .
13. When two resistors of resistances R1 and R2 are connected in parallel , the net resistance is 3ohm .
When connected in series , its value is 16ohm . Calculate the values R1 and R2 .
14. Define one watt hour ?
15. State which has a higher resistance : a 50W or a 25W lamp bulb and how many times ?
16. There are two electric bulbs (a) marked 60W , 220v and (b) marked 100W , 220 V . Which one of
them has higher Resistance ?
17. Out of two a toaster of 1KW and an electric heater of 2KW , which has a greater resistance ?
18. What is the power of torch bulb rated at 2.5V and 500mA ?
19. Why is much less heat generated in long electric cables than in filaments of electric bulbs?
20. Two bulbs 60W, 220V, and 40 W , 220V are connected in series which of the bulb will glow brighter ?
21. Derive the relation R=R1+R2+R3 when resistors are joined in series ?
22. Two bulbs A and B are rated 100W-120V and 10W-120V respectively . They are connected in parallel
across a 120V source . find the current in each bulb . Which bulb will consume more energy ?
23. Calculate the total power of 5 fans if each of them draws a current of 0.8A at a potential difference of
220 V .
24. A wire whose resistance is 80ohm is cut into three pieces of equal lengths which are then arranged in
parallel .Calculate
the resistance of the
combination
.
25. A parallel combination
of three resistors takes a current of 7.5A from a 30V supply . If the two
resistors are 10ohm and 12ohm , find the third one .
26. 100J of heat are produced each second in a 4ohm resistance . Find the potential difference across
the resistor.
27. An electric refrigerator rated 400W operates 8 hours/day .What is the cost of energy to operate itfor
30 days at a Rs 3.00 per kwh?
28. Find the equivalent resistance across the two ends A and B of the following circuits .
(a)
38
(b)Assume that P and Q are at same potential.
29. Find the equivalent resistance across the two ends A and B of circuits
below :

1 mark questions
1. How is an ammeter connected in a circuit to measure current flowing
through it?
2. What happens to resistance of a conductor when its area of cross
section is increased?
3. A given length of a wire is doubled on itself and this process is
repeated once again. By what factor does the resistance of the wire
change?
4. Resistance of an incandescent filament of a lamp is comparatively much
more than that when it is at room temperature. Why?
2 marks question
1. How much current will an electric bulb draws from 220V source, if the
resistance of the bulb is 1200Ω? if in place of bulb a heater of resistance
100Ω is connected to the sources, calculate the current drawn from it.
2. Out of the two wires X and Y shown below, which one has greater resistance? Justify your answer.
3. The wattage of a bulb is 24W when it is connected to a 12V battery. Calculate its effective wattage if it
operates on a 6V battery.
4. An electric iron has a rating of 750W, 220V calculate the
a) current flowing through it
b) its resistance when in use.
5. Explain the role of fuse in series with any electrical appliance in an electrical circuit. Why should a
fuse with defined rating for an electric circuit not be replaced by one with a larger rating?
3 marks questions
6. Define 1 volt. Express it in terms of SI unit of work and charge. Calculate the amount of energy
consumed in carrying a charge of 1 coulomb through a battery of 3V.
7. Following graph was plotted between V and I values:
what would be the values of V/I ratios when the potential difference is 0.8V, 1.2V and 1.6V
respectively? What conclusions do you draw from these values?
8. A circuit is shown in the diagram given below .
(I)Find the value of R
39
(II)find the reading of the ammeter .

(III)find the potential
difference across the
terminals of the battery.
9. the figure below
shows three cylindrical copper
conductors along with their
face areas and lance discus in which geometrical shape the
resistance will be highest.
10. V-I
graph for two
wires A and B are shown in the figure. If both wires are of the same length and the same thickness,
which of the two is made of a material of high resistivity? Give justification.
11. Study the following electric circuit and find
(i) the current flowing in the circuit and
(ii) the potential difference across 10ohm resistor.
12. Series arrangements are not used for domestic circuits. list any three reasons.
13. Find out the reading of ammeter and voltmeter in the circuit given below
14. Consider the circuit shown in the diagram above. Find the current in 3Ω resistor.
15. Find the current drawn from the battery by the network of four resistors shown in the figure (a).
(a) (b)
16. Find the current flowing through the following above electric circuit (b).
17. Two identical wires one of the nichrome and other of copper are connected in
series and a current (I) is passed through them. State the change observed in
the temperature of the two wires. Justify answer. State the law which explains
the above observation.
18. An electric bulb of resistance 200Ω draws a current of 1 ampere. Calculate
the power of the bulb the potential difference at its ends and the energy in
kWh consumed in burning it for 5h.
5 marks questions
1. Two wires A and B are of equal length and have equal resistance . If the
Resistivity of A is more than that of B which wire is thicker and why ? For the electric circuit given
below calculate :
(a)current in each resistor ,
(b)total current drawn from the battery
40
(c) equivalent resistance of the circuit

2. What is meant by electrical resistivity of a material? Derive its SI unit. Describe an experiment to
study the factors on which the resistance of conducting wire depends.
3. An electric iron of 1KW is operated at 220V. Find which of the following fuses that respectively rated
at 1A, 3A and 5A can be used in it.
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC

CURRENT
REVISED AT A GLANCE
Magnetism – The property of attracting small pieces of iron was referred to as
magnetism .
Magnet – It is a substance which has both attractive and directive properties .
There are of two types of magnet
: Natural magnet – These are weak and often irregular in shape .
: Artificial magnet – When natural magnets are rubbed against iron or steel bars , these are called
artificial magnet
Different types of artificial magnet are - Bar magnet , Magnet needle , Magnet compass .
Magnetic field – The space around a magnet in which the force of attraction and repulsion due to the
magnet can be detected is called magnetic field.
Properties of magnetic field lines
:Directed from north to south outside the magnet
:closed and continuous curve
:never intersect each other
:parallel and equidistant
Right hand thumb rule – when we hold a current carrying conductor , thumb is in the direction of
current , then curling fingers shows the direction of magnetic field
Magnitude of magnetic field due to current carrying straight conductor
𝐼
Bα𝑟
Unit is tesla (T) . cgs unit is gauss (G)
1 T = 10,000 G
Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil
Clock rule
𝑁𝐼
Magnitude of magnetic field – B α 𝑟
Magnetic field due to a current carrying solenoid
41
Solenoid – An insulated copper wire wound on a cylindrical cardboard tube such that its length is
greater than its diameter is called a solenoid .
Properties of magnetic field of solenoid –
1. The magnetic filed inside solenoid is uniform .
2. A current carrying solenoid behaves like a bar magnet with fixed polarities at its end
Magnitude of magnetic field –
B α nI
𝑁
Where n= 𝑙
Electromagnet Permanent magnet
1. It is a temporary magnet as it can readily be 1. It is made from steel . as steel has more
demagnetised by stopping the current retentivity than iron , it does not lose its
through the solenoid . magnetism easily .
2. It produces a strong magnetic filed whose 2. It is comparatively weak and its
strength can be changed by changing the strength cannot be changed .
current through the solenoid .
3. Its polarity can easily be reversed by 3. Its polarity is fixed and cannot be easily
changing the direction of current through reversed
the solenoid .
Force acting on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field

When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field , it experiences a force , except when it
is placed parallel to the magnetic field
Magnitude of magnetic field - F = ILB
Fleming’s left hand rule – Stretch the thumb , the first finger and the central finger of the left hand so
that they are mutually perpendicular to each other . If the first finger points in the direction of the
magnetic field , the central finger points in the direction of current , then the thumb points in the
direction of motion of the conductor .
Force acting on a charge moving in a magnetic field
A charge moving in a magnetic field experiences a force ,
except when it is moving in a direction parallel to it.
Magnitude of force - F = q v B
Electric motor ( DC Motor ) – It is a device for converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy
42
Principle – When a coil carrying current is placed in magnetic filed , it experiences a torque . As a result
of this torque , the coil begins to rotate .
Uses –
1. Used in various toys
2. Used in electric fans
3. Used for puming water
4. Used for tram- cars
Electromagnetic induction – The phenomenon of generation of an electric current in a circuit by

changing the magnetic flux linked with it is called electromagnetic induction.
Fleming’s right hand rule – Stretch the thumb , the first finger and the central finger of the right hand so
that they are mutually perpendicular to each other . If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic
field , the thumb points in the direction of motion of the conductor , then the central finger points in the
direction of induced current.
Alternating current ( AC ) Generator – It converts mechanical energy into electric energy .

Principle – Whenever in a closed circuit , the magnetic field lines change , an induced current is
produced .
Magnitude of induced emf in a generator can be increased by –
1. Increasing the no. of turns of
its armature
2. Increasing area of armature
3. Increasing speed of rotation of
armature
4. Increasing the strength of
magnetic field
Short circuiting - it occurs when

the ends of a circuit are
connected by a conductor of very
low resistance as compared to that of the circuit .
Electric fuse – it is a device which is used in series to limit the
current in an electric circuit so that it easily melts due to
overheating when excessive current passes through it . A fuse is a
wire of a material with very low melting point.

2 marks questions
1. The given magnet is divided into three parts A, B and C. Name
the parts where the strength of magnetic field is: (i) maximum
and (ii) minimum. A B C How will density of magnetic field lines differ at these
parts?
43
2. (a)Two magnets are lying side by side as shown below. Draw magnetic field lines between poles P
and Q
S N S N
P Q
(b)what does the degree of closeness of magnetic field lines near the poles signify?
3. The magnetic field associated with a current carrying straight conductor is in anticlockwise direction. If
the conductor was held along the east west direction, what will be the direction of current through it?
Name and state the rule applied to determine the direction of current.
4. A compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire. State your observation for the following
cases and give reasons for the same in each case
a) Magnitude of electric current in the wire is increased.
b) The compass needle is displaced away from the wire
5. How is the strength of the magnetic field near straight current conductor
a) related to the strength of current in the conductor?
b) is affected by changing the direction of flow of current in the conductor?
6. Why and when does a current carrying conductor kept in a magnetic field experience force? list the
factors on which direction of this force depends?
7. What is meant by the term frequency of an alternating current? What is its value in India? Why is an
alternating current considered to be advantageous over direct current for long range transmission of
electrical energy?
3 marks questions
1. How will the magnetic field produced at a point due to current carrying circular coil changes if we:
(a) increase the current flowing through the coil?
(b) reverse direction of current through the coil?
(c) increase the number of turns in the coil?
2. For the current carrying solenoid as shown below, draw magnetic field lines and giving reasons
explain that out of the three points A, B and C at which point the field’s is maximum and at which point
it is minimum.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
A source of energy – it is that whichis capable of providing enough useful energy at a steady rate over a
long period of time .
Properties of a good source of energy-
 It should be safe and convenient to use
 It is easy to store and transport
Classification of sources of energy –
a) Renewable source of energy – these are those which are inexhaustible , i.e., which can be replaced
as we use them and can be used to produce energy again and again
Example – solar energy , wind energy , water energy , geothermal energy , ocean energy , biomass
energy
b) Non – renewable source of energy – these are those which are exhaustible and cannot be replaced
once they have been used.
Example – coal , oil and natural gas
c) Conventional source of energy – these are those which are used extensively and meet a major
portion of our energy requirement.
Example- fossil fuels , hydro energy
d) Non- conventional source of energy - these are those which are not used as
extensively as the conventional ones and meet our energy
requirement only on a limited scale
Example – solar energy , ocean energy , geothermal enrgy , nuclear energy
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Fossils fuel – These are the remains of prehistoric plants and animals which got buried deep inside the
earth millions of years ago due to some natural processes.
Coal – It is the most abundant fossils fuel on the earth . It is essentially carbon and is mainly used as
combustion fuel.
Varieties of coal - Lignite(28% - 30% carbon) , Bituminous( 78% - 87% carbon ) , Anthracite(94%- 98%
carbon)
Coke – When coal is heating strongly in the absence of air, it changes into coke. Coke is better fuel than
coal as it does not produce smoke on burning .
Uses of coal –
i. Used as a fuel for heating purposes in homes and in industry .
ii. Used as a fuel in thermal power plants for producing electricity .
Petroleum – It means rock oil. It is a complex mixture of many compounds of hydrogen and carbon
which are called hydrocarbons.
Uses -
in transportation for running the vehicles
for heating and lighting purposes
in power stations to produce electricity
as lubricants for smooth running of all types of machines
Natural gas - it is a source of heat energy it mainly consists of methane and small quantity of ethane
and propane
Uses -
it is used as a fuel in thermal power plant to generate electricity
it is used as a domestic and industrial fuel
it has been a source of hydrogen in the manufacture of fertilizers
Thermal power plant - it generates electric power from heat produced by burning fossil fuels
Energy from flowing water - Hydro power plant
the electricity produced from the kinetic energy of flowing water is called hydro electricity and a plant
which generates electricity on a large scale from flowing water is called hydro power plant
Principle of generating electricity -
the water flowing in a river is collected in a high rise dam constructed on the river to obstruct the flow of
water and thereby collect water in large reservoirs in this way the kinetic energy of flowing water is
converted into potential energy of water stored behind the then this potential energy of stored water in a
dam is converted into kinetic energy of flowing water the water from the high level is carried through the
pipes to turbine located near the bottom of the dam which is connected to the electric generator when
the water turbine rotates then the armature of the generator also rotates rapidly and produce electricity
Advantages -
it doesn’t cause any environmental pollution
it has a very low generation and maintenance cost
the construction of dams on rivers helps in controlling flood and also an irrigation
Disadvantage -
the initial investment is very high and the gestation period is very long
it decreases the fertility of the soil in the downstream area and effects crop
dams can be constructed in limited number of places
Biomass - it is defined as living matter or its residues and is a renewable source of energy
Bioenergy - it is the energy obtained from biomass
Biogas - it is a mixture of methane hydrogen sulfide carbon dioxide and hydrogen it is produced by the
decomposition of animal waste like animal dung or plant waste in the absence of oxygen
Composition of biogas -
Methane (65-75%) , carbon dioxide (20-30%) , hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen (5-10%) , nitrogen (2-6%)
Bio gas plant -
the set up used to produce biogas is known as biogas plant this plant has a dome like structure built with
bricks .
The main component of biogas plant are as follows -:
45
Outer chamber - it is an outlet to take out the leftover salary this salary is used as a manure as it is rich
in nitrogenous compounds .
Mixing tank - in mixing tank the mixture of animal dung and water is prepared called salary in mixing
tank it is fed into the digester
Gas tank - it is stored in the gas tank just above the digester tank from which it is drawn out through
pipes for use
Inlet chamber - it connects the mixing tank and the digester tank it is having a slope to ensure smooth
flow of slurry into the digester .
Digester tank - it is sealed chamber in which there is no oxygen here the anaerobic bacteria in the
presence of water decomposes or break down complex compounds of the cow dung salary and biogas
is formed this process takes a few days to complete .
Advantages of biogas-
it burns without smoke therefore causes less pollution
its calorific value is high and also used for lighting
it is convenient to use and leave no residue
Uses -
it is used as a domestic fuel for cooking as well as in industries
it is used to run engines and pumping sets
it is used for generating electricity
Wind energy - moving air is called wind. The kinetic energy possessed by air due to its velocity is called
wind energy.
Windmill - It is a machine which converts the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical
energy. The wind rotates the blades of a wind turbine which in turn rotates the armature or coil of a small
electric generator to produce electricity.
Wind energy farm - a cluster of windmills is called a wind energy farm
Advantages of wind energy -
it requires no recurring expenses for the production of electricity
it does not cause any pollution
it is an environment friendly and efficient source of renewable energy
Limitation of wind energy -
it can be established only at those places where wind blows for most of the time of a year
the cost of construction of a wind energy farm is high
wind energy farm requires quite a large area of land
Non-conventional sources of energy
Solar energy -
it is the energy obtained from the sun it provides us heat and light the nuclear fusion reactions take place
inside the sun keeps on liberating huge amount of heat and light energy
Advantages -
it does not cause any pollution it is available in abundance in a hot country it is available free of cost it
can be put to practical applications
Limitation -
it is not available uniformly all the time and at all the places it is not available at night it is not available on
a cloudy day energy reaching the surface is very much diffused so direct utility is limited
Green house effect -
the hitting of atmosphere due to the infrared radiation trapped by co two is called greenhouse effect the
sun is very hot so it emit infrared radiation of very short wavelength the earth absorbs the radiation and
then remits but the earth being cooler emits radiation of longer wavelength these are absorbed by certain
gases like carbon dioxide water vapor methane at sector this a fact is called greenhouse effect and the
gases are called greenhouse gases
Solar energy devices -
the various devices which are commonly used for harnessing sun’s energy are called solar energy
devices example solar cooker solar panel and solar cells.
Solar cooker -
46
it is the device used to cook food utilising the energy radiated by the sun it consists of an insulated metal
blocks or a wooden box which is painted black from inside so that it can absorb maximum solar radiation
the box has a thick glass sheet as a cover over the box the reflector is a plain mirror which is attached to
box
Working - whenever the food is required to be cooked the solar cooker is kept in the sun it is so
adjusted that its reflector receives a strong beam of light and reflect it in the solar cooker the reflected
rays pass through the glass sheet cover and gets absorbed by the black surface in the box more and
more solar radiation get trapped in the box due to greenhouse effect which increase the temperature to
about 100C - 140C
Advantages -
it saves fuel it doesn’t cause air pollution it can cook for food items at a time since the food is good
slowly in the solar cooker , the nutrients do not get destroyed
Limitation -
it cannot be used to cook food on cloudy days and during night it cannot be used to cook chapati and for
frying the direction of solapur has to be changed from time to time to enable it to keep facing the sun
Solar cell - it is a device to convert solar energy into electrical energy these sales are made up of
semiconductors like silicon gallium germanium these are also known as photovoltaic cells.
Construction- silicon is the most commonly used material to manufacture solar cells it has the
advantage that it is evening environment friendly silver used for interconnection of the cells in the panel
Uses - it provides electricity to light houses situated in c it provides radio and tv transmission to remote
areas it is used to operate electronic watches and calculators it provides electricity in artificial satellites
and space probes like mars orbiter use solar cells in the main source of energy
Solar panel – when solar cells are arranged side by side, connecting each other in such a way that the
total potential difference and the total capacity to provide electric current is much increased, then this
arrangement is called solar panel.
Energy from the sea – Sea acts as a renewable source of energy.
Tidal energy – Due to attraction of moon on sea water, water surface rises and falls, thus the waves are
formed. These waves are called tidal waves and energy possessed by rising and falling water tides is
known as tidal energy. The tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a tidal dam across a narrow
opening to the sea.
Wave energy – Due to blowing of wind on the surface of ocean very fast sea waves are generated,
which have a lot of kinetic energy in them. This energy with the help of various devices can be used to
rotate the turbine of generator and electricity is generated.
Ocean thermal energy – The water at the surface of the sea or ocean is heated by the sun, while the
water in deeper sections is relatively cold. This difference in temperature is exploited to obtain energy
and is known as ocean thermal thermal energy. The devices used to harness this form of ocean energy
are known as ocean thermal energy conversion.
Geothermal energy – The heat from interior of the earth can be utilised as a source of energy under
certain favourable conditions that are created by natural processes. This is known as geothermal energy.
It is one of the sources of energy which do not come directly or indirectly from solar energy.
Nuclear energy – Energy contained in the nucleus of atom is called nuclear energy. It is related during
nuclear reaction.
Nuclear fission – The reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, with the
evolution of large amount of energy when it is bombarded with slow moving neutron is called nuclear
fission reaction.
Nuclear fission of U-235 as follows :
𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
235
U92 + 1n0 → 139
Ba56 + 94Kr36 + 3 1n0 + Q
Heavy thermal fussion products product Huge amount of energy
nucleus neutron neutron (220 MeV)
energy released in fission reactions (Einstein’s mass energy relation) – In all fission reactions, a
small quantity of matter is lost. This lost matter gets converted into energy which is released in any
nuclear fission reaction.
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The energy obtained due to loss of matter of mass (△m) is given by the famous Einstein’s equation in
1905,
E=△mc2
Where , c= velocity of light = 3 x 108 m/s
Nuclear fusion – A reaction in which two or more lighter nuclei fuse to form a heavy nucleus and large
amount of energy is released is called nuclear fusion reaction.
Condition for fusion reaction to take place are as given below :
(i) High temperature (4-15 million kelvin)
(ii) High pressure (1 million atmospphere)
Because these reactions require a very high temperature , therefore they are called thermo nuclear
reactions.
The cause of high heat energy on the sun is due to fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium nuclei.
2
H1 + 2H1  3He2 + 1n0
Such nuclear fusion reactions are the source of energy in the sun and other stars.
Hazards of nuclear power generation –
The major hazards of nuclear power generation are as follows:
(i) Storage and disposal of spent / used fuels and the uranium continuously decaying into
harmful subatomic particles is a big problem.
(ii) Improper nuclear – waste storage and disposal may lead to environmental contamination.
(iii) There is also a risk of nuclear accidents causing due to leakage of nuclear radiation.

1 mark questions
1. name any two fossil fuels.
2. What is acid rain?
3. Name the part for biogas plant where reactions take place in the absence of oxygen.
4. Biogas is also known as gobar gas. Justify.
5. list two nutrients that the slurry left behind in the biogas plant contain.
6. Why a solar cooker painted black from outside?
7. Name any two elements that are used in fabricating solar cells.
8. Write the name of the substance whose vapours are used to run the turbine of the generator of ocean
thermal energy plant.
9. Mention the minimum temperature difference required between the surface water and water at a
depth of upto 2km in an ocean thermal energy plant.
2 marks question
1. Define fuel. list any two characteristics that you would look for in a good fuel.
2. Why ideal fuel should have a proper ignition temperature?
3. Distinguish between renewable and non renewable sources of energy. Also give a example of each of
these sources.
3 marks questions
1. State any three reasons to justify that LPG is considered an ideal fuel.
2. State any three advantages of charcoal over wood.
3. Out of two elements A and B with mass number 2 and 235 respectively. which one is suitable for
making
a) a nuclear reactor
b) a hydrogen bomb
Name the nuclear reactions involved in each case Write one difference between the two types of
nuclear reactions.
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49
1. LIFE PROCESS
2. CONTROL AND COORDINATION
3. HOW DO ORGANISM REPRODUCE?
4. HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
5. OUR ENVIRONMENT
6. MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
LIFE PROCESS.
REVISION NOTES
● Constantly exhibit the function of maintenance and repairing in living organisms.
● Some example- digestion,excretion, transportation ,respiration.
NUTRITION-Process of taking nutrient from the environment.
TWO TYPE- Autotrophic(self sufficient for food),heterotrophic(dependent on another for food)
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION-synthesis of food in green plants by photosynthesis.
6CO2+6H2O gives C6H12O6+6O2
Events in photosynthesis-
1. Absorption of light energy.
2. Splitting of water molecule
3. Reduction of carbon dioxide
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION-take energy from plants directly or indirectly.
● Its of three types-holozoic,parasitic,and saprophytic.
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● Human digestive system consist of long alimentary canal that include

mouth,pharynx,oesophagus,stomach,small intestine,large intestine,rectum and anus.
● Other organs such as liver and pancreas also required.
● Salivary amylase break down the carbohydrate in Mouth.
● the food from.mouth goes through oesophagus to the stomach.movement in oesophagus known
as peristalsis.
● stomach mixes the food.and secrete gastric juice which contain HCL,PEPSINOGEN,MUCUS.
● the food move from stomach to small intestine.the bile juice from liver and pancreatic juice from
pancreas comes into the intestine and help along with intestinal juice to Complete the digestion.
● Undigested food then moves to the large intestine,where water is absorbed.and the waste
material passess to the rectum.
● human and amoeba show holozoic mode.of nutrition.
RESPIRATION.
● Its of two types aerobic and anaerobic.
● AEROBIC
● breakdown of food material by oxygen.
● Produce 36 ATP
ANAEROBIC-
● breakdown of food material without utilising oxygen.
● produce 2 ATP
● two conditions lack of oxygen,complete absence of oxygen.
HUMAN RESPIRATION-
It consist of nose,pharynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,and alveoli.
-alveoli are the main area for the exchange of gases.
-Oxygen rich blood from alveoli reaches to the body tissue and carbon dioxide remove from the tissues.
-Heamoglobin is the red pigment present in the blood helps to transport oxygen.
TRANSPORTATION-
● a liquid medium is required for the

transportation,in human it is blood and lymph.
● -components of blood are RBC,WBC,PLASMA,PLATELETS.
● -in humans double circulation is occur i.e the blood goes through the heart twice during each
cardiac cycle.
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● three types of blood vessels- arteries(carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary

artery),veins(deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein) and capillaries.
● human heart is divided into 4 chambers-right auricle,right ventricle,left auricle and left ventricle.
● the right side of the heart gets deoxygenated blood from different cells of the body.whereas left
side get the oxygenated blood from the lungs.
● TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS- Transportation of water through xylem,it occur due to the

transpiration ,root pressure.
● Transportation of food through phloem,it occur due to osmotic pressure and it require energy.
EXCRETION
● It involves the removal of harmful metabolic waste from the body.
● Excretion system in humans consist of- A pair of kidney,a pair of ureters,a urinary
bladder and urethra.
● Nephron are the functional and structural unit of kidney.
● Main components of nephron are glomerulus ,bowman's capsule and renal tubule.
● Formation of urine occur by three steps(1)filtration(2)reabsorption(3)secretion.
● The process of removing nitrogenous waste through artificial kidney is known as dialysis.
● Amoeba excrete through diffusion.
● Earthworm through tubular structure called nephridia.
● Plants get rid of gaseous waste through stomata,solid waste by shedding of
leaves,peeling of bark,some waste in the form of gums and resins.
QUESTIONS-
1. name the process of loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant?
2. When we breathe out why does the air passage not collapse?
3. What is translocation in plants?
4. What is meant by double circulation?
5. Give one reason why multicellular organism require special organs for exchange of gases
between their body and their environment?
6. What is the advantage of double circulation?
7. stomata of desert plants remain closed during the
daytime how do they take up current accent
perform?
8. how to the fishes get oxygen from water?
9. How are lungs designed in human beings to
maximize the
area for exchange of
gases?
10. why do aquatic
animal breathe faster
than Terrestrial
animals ,why do
fishes die when taken
out of water?
11. what are the functions
of gastric glands
present in the Wall of
stomach?
12. List the event that
occur during the
process of photosynthesis?
13. difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
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14. explain the process of breakdown of glucose in a cell in presence of oxygen and in absence of
oxygen?
15. What are stomata? What function do they perform? With the help of diagram explain opening
and closing of stomata?
16. what is the role of bile juice in the digestion of food?
17. Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than carnivorous?
18. why Food coming from the stomach is to be made alkaline?
19. Differentiate between blood and lymph?
20. how small intestine designed to absorb digested food?
1. When do the desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis?
2. state the role of the following in digestive system:(1) digestive enzymes (2) hydrochloric acid(3)villi.
3. why do herbivores have longer small intestine than Carnivores?
4. In mammals and birds why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?
5. what would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in your body?
6. (1) what is the role of HCL in our stomach(2) what is the emulsification of fats(3) which protein digesting
enzymes is
present in pancreatic juice.
7. List the differences between arteries and veins?
8. Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label it. and state in brief the functions of renal artery, kidney
ureter,
urinary bladder .
9. State the functions of stomata and explain how do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomatal pore?
10. Draw a systematic representation of transport and gases exchange during transportation of Blood in human
beings and
label it?
11. State the role of liver and pancreas?
12. Explain the process of breakdown of glucose in cell?
13. Draw the structure of nephron and label it and what happened to the glucose that enters the nephron along with
the
filtrate?
14. Define transpiration and translocation in plants?
15. Draw a well labelled diagram of a human digestive and name the gland associated with the digestion of starch
in
humans and mention its role?
16. What is saliva state its role in the digestion of food?
17. Name the acid present in the Tomato, vinegar and tamarind?
18. Write the functions of lymph and blood?
19. State two function performed by bile juice?
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20. Write the balanced chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis and explain how do the desert plant
take up
carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis?
REVISION NOTES
CONTROL AND COORDINATION.
Different organs work together in an organisms to perform different functions this is known as
coordination proper control and coordination is necessary for carrying out the essential life processes.
ANIMAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Animal nerve system consists of specialised nerve cell also known as neurons. A typical neuron
consists of cell body, axon, dendrites and nerve ending.
cell body contain a nucleus and dendrites receives information and generate an electrical impulse which
travel from Dendrites to cell body and to the axon.
REFLEX ACTION
A sudden response to environment stimulus is known as reflex.for example we sudden take off our hand
from the flame without thinking.
REFLEX ARC
Sensory neuron synapse in the spinal cord before it passess the brain.this pathway known as reflex arc.
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
vertebrate nervous system is classified as central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. brain
and spinal cord are the parts of central nervous system.
peripheral nervous system consists of autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system.
HUMAN BRAIN.
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Brain is divided into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

Brain is protected in a bony case known as cranium.cranium also contain fluid filled in it called
CSF(cerebrospinal fluid) which protect brain from mechanical shock and injury. spinal cord is protected
by vertebral column.
FOREBRAIN-consist of cerebrum ,hypothalamus, and thalamus.
Fore brain is specialised for hearing, sight,smell etc.
it also controls voluntary actions of the body such as moving of legs,Center of hunger is also located in
the forebrain.
MIDBRAIN
it is present between forebrain and hindbrain.it control certain involuntary actions on body.
it controls reflex movement of head and neck.
HINDBRAIN
it consists of pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
it helps to maintain body posture and balance of the body and help to make precise and accurate
movements ,control involuntary actions and some reflex actions such as sneezing ,coughing
,swallowing,blood pressure and respiratory center.
HOW NERVE IMPULSE WORK-
information received by nerve tissue then it passes to the brain muscles and then causes the action the
junction between two neurons is known as synapses.
information is passed from one neuro. to another by electrical or a chemical transmission.
ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION
: no need of neurotransmitter
:fast mode of nerve impulse transmission
:impulse are directly transmitted from one neuron to another neuron
COORDINATION IN PLANTS-
plants do not have a nervous system but they also response against stimulus. Regulation of
physiological process in plants is by the means of chemicals called phytohormones or plant hormones.
there are five main type of naturally occurring phytohormones for plant growth regulators-
Hormone Auxin Gibberellins Cytokinins Ethylene

Function Promote cell Cause plant to grow Stimulated mytosis & cell Ripening of
elongation taller division fruits
Auxin,cytokinin and gibberellin are growth promoter and Abscisic acid and ethylene are growth inhibitor.
PLANT MOVEMENT-
plant show two type of Movement in response to external stimulus (1) tropic movement and (2)Nastic
Movement.
1.TYPES OF TROPIC MOVEMENT-
Phototropism geotropism hydrotropism chemotropism
Movement due to light Movement due to gravity Movement due to water Movement due to chemicals
2.TYPES OF NASTIC MOVEMENT-

(1)Photonasty and(2) thigmonasty
CHEMICAL COORDINATION IN ANIMALS-

55
chemical coordination in animals is coordinated through the hormones secreted by are endocrine
glands.
In humans there are several endocrine glands such as hypothalamus, pancreas ,pituitary gland ,ovaries,
testes ,adrenal gland, thyroid gland ,thymus gland, parathyroid gland, pineal gland.
Glands Location Hormones functions
Pituatary Brain Growth hormone Regulate growth, control the functioning of
endocrine gland
Thyroid Throat Thyroxine Control the metabolism rate , also bring about
the balanced growth
Parathyroid Near thyroid Parathromone Control calcium balance of the body
gland
Adrenal Attach to Adrenaline Prepare body for emergency
kidney
Pancreas Abdomen Insulin Control glucose level of the blood
Testes Scrotum Testosterone Control growth and development of male
reproductive system
Ovaries Lower Estrogen and Control growth and development of female
abdomen progesterone reproductive system
1) How do you support the statement that pancreas are overall controller of blood sugar level?
2) Compare and contrast nervous and hormonal mechanisms for control and coordination?
3) Difference between spinal and cranial nerve?
.
QUESTION-
1. name the hormone which help in regulating sugar level in our body and name the gland which
secretes hormone
2. state the main function of abscisic acid
3. write name of three hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
4. mention one example of chemotropism
5. What are hormones?
6. how tendril coil around the support?
7. what happens at the synapse between two neurons?
8. Trace the sequences of event through a reflex arc which occur when a bright light is focused on
your eyes?
9. state the functions of plant hormones name for different type of plant hormones?
10. mention the functions of human hormone -thyroxine ,insulin, adrenaline,growth hormone,
testosterone .
11. what is tropic Movement ,describe the type of tropic movement?
12. what is feedback mechanism?
13. draw a neat labelled diagram of human brain? And explain the function of each part?
14. Name the hormone which is released when the level of sugar rises in the blood and explain how
its work to regulate or control the blood sugar level?
15. state the structural and functional unit of a nervous system and draw the diagram of it?
16. how the brain and spinal cord protected in the body?
17. Name the master gland present in the human body ? and write its secretion?
18. Name the hormone secreted by the human testes and ovary write function of each?
19. Difference between involuntary actions and reflex actions?
20. difference between cerebrum and cerebellum?
21. What are endocrine glands?
22. How does Touch Me Not plant response on touching? what is the movement called?
23. name the receptors for taste and smell?
24. what is neuromuscular junction, draw the diagram of this junction?
25. how does our body respond when adrenaline hormone released in a body?
26. why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?
56
27. why is the use of iodised salt advisable?

28. State the role of brain in reflex action? which part of brain controls these actions?
29. what is Nastic Movement give one example?
30. name the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland?
31. Draw the chart of human gland with their location and secretion.
1. Name two components of central nervous system in humans?
2. Name the hormone which regulate Carbohydrate protein and fat metabolism in human body and which glands
secrete this hormone?
3. Name the hormone required for the following and also mention the name of the endocrine gland from which
that hormone is secreted (1) lowering of blood glucose (2) development of moustaches and beard in human
males (3) metabolism of Carbohydrates fats and proteins?
4. what is synapsis and what is the role of its?
5. explain how concentration of oxygen stimulated the cell to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away
from light?
6. what is meant by reflex action And reflex arc .with the help of labelled diagram trace the sequences of events
which occur when we touch a hot object?
7. Explain one example each of the following tropic movement (1) positive phototropism(2) negative phototropism
(3)negative geotropism(4) positive geotropism(5)hydrotropism(6)chemotropism.
8. state the structural and functional unit of The Nervous system and draw its neat labelled diagram and write its
two function?
9. State the function of gaustatory receptors and olfactory receptors?
10. How brain and spinal cord are protected in humans and name the master gland present in the brain?
11. state the function of plant hormones and name 4 different types of plant hormones?
12. List the difference between the nervous system and endocrine system?
13. How is brain protected from injury and shock and name two main parts of hindbrain with their functions?
14. what are hormones state one function of thyroxine and insulin?
15. mention the function of adrenaline hormone?
16. Name the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland in humans?
HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?

REVISION NOTES
Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce new individuals similar to themselves.it
ensure the continuity of life on the earth.
● DNA is the hereditary material which passes from generation to generation.
● DNA replicate and form new cells causes variations, variations are the useful for the survival of
organism on the earth.
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
● ASEXUAL
A Single individual give rise to the offspring
● SEXUAL-
two individual all required one is male and another is female.
it is useful to generate more variations
MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION-
● BINARY FISSION
● MULTIPLE FISSION
● FRAGMENTATION
● BUDDING
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● REGENERATION
● SPORE FORMATION
● VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION(ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS-
Flower are the reproductive unit of flower.
A typical flower consist of four main whorls namely sepals,petals, stamen and pistil.
TYPES OF FLOWER-
BISEXUAL-mustard,hibiscus
UNISEXUAL-papaya ,watermelon.
SEED FORMATION-
● pollen grains produced in the anther are transferred to the stigma of same flower(self pollination)
or stigma of another flower (cross pollination) Through agents like air,water or animals.
● Pollen grain germinate and form a pollen tube which passess through style to reach upto ovule.
● The fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilisation.
● Zygote divides into embryo,ovule into seed,and ovary into fruit.
REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS.
● Humans are sexually reproducing organisms.
58
● Sexual maturity when production of germ cells take place in the body.
CHANGES AT PUBERTY-
1.Common in male and females-thick hair growth in armpit and genital
areas,skin become oily.
2.IN GIRLS-breast size began to increases,menstruation start.
3.IN BOYS-thick hair growth on hair,voice began to crack.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM-
1.TESTES,
2.VAS DEFERENS,
3.URETHRA,
4.ASSOCIATED GLANDS.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
1.OVARY
2.OVIDUCT/FALLOPIAN TUBE
3.UTERUS.
● WHEN EGG IS NOT FERTILISED-menstruation occur,due to the breaking of uterine wall.
● WHEN EGG IS FERTILISED-zygote is formed,and then embryo,which implant in the uterus.and
get nourishment from the mother through placenta.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH-A total well being in all aspects of reproduction.
-Sexually transmitted diseases are known as STD’S.
(1) BACTERIA-gonorrhoea,syphilis.
. (2) VIRUS-warts and HIV AIDS.
CONTRACEPTION- it's the avoidance of pregnancy , an be achieved by preventing the fertilisation of
ova.
METHODS-
1. Physical barrier
59
2. Chemical methods
3. IUCD
4. Surgical method
FEMALE FOETICIDE-The practice of killing female child inside the mother womb.
Questions-
1. name the part of the Filmfare the birds are produced for vegetative propagation?
2. What are those organisms called which bear both the sex organs in the same individual give one
example of such organisms?
3. State the method used for growing Rose plants and Jasmine plants?
4. two differences between binary fission and Multiple Fission?
5. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
6. define reproduction how does it help in providing stability to the population of species?
7. what are the advantage and disadvantage of vegetative propagation?
8. State the number of male gametes produced by each pollen grain?
9. what are the significances of sexual reproduction
10. What are the functions of prostate gland and seminal vesicles?
11. differentiate between sperm and eggs of humans?
12. State any two changes seen in boys and girls at the time of puberty?
13. Define implantation and fertilization in humans?
14. write the full form of IUCD,STDs,HIV,AIDS.
15. Explain with the help of diagram binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast?
16. draw the diagram of dicotyledonous seed?
17. What are the significances of a sexual reproduction?
18. why variations are beneficial to a species?
19. How do insects help in cross pollination?
20. Explain with an example how fertilization take place in flowering plant?
1. What happens when a mature spirogyra filament attains considerable length?
2. what are those organisms called which beer both the sex organs in the same individual give one?
3. list two functions of(1) ovary(2) testis(3)prostate glands(4)uterus(5)oviduct(5) seminal vesicles of human
reproductive
system?
4. list two unisexual and bisexual flowers?
5. what is Multiple Fission? name one organism which exhibit this type of reproduction?
6. what is pollination? list its two types and write distinguish features between the two?
7. Define reproduction? How does it help in providing stability to the population of a species?
8. List two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction?
9. explain the term regeneration with example?
10. what happens when(1) planaria gets cut into two pieces (2)s on maturation sporangia burst?
11. what is placenta? Describe its structure and state its function in a case of pregnant human female?
12. what is vegetative propagation? advantage of vegetative propagation?explain its natural propagation and
artificial
vegetative propagation?
13. what happens when zygote is not formed inside female body?
14. Explain any four method of contraception used by the humans?

60
15. what are sexually transmitted diseases? List two example of each disease caused due to bacterial infection and
viral
infections?
16. List 6 specific characteristics of a sexual reproduction?
17. Draw a longitudinal section of a bisexual flower and label the following parts on it (1)anther (2)stigma(3) ovary
(4) style?
18. Draw a diagram of a longitudinal section of a flower exhibition germination of pollen on stigma and label
(1)ovary
(2) male germ cell (3)female germ cell and (4)ovulel on it?
19. List four modes of Asexual Reproduction with examples?
20. mention the changes of flower undergo after fertilization?
21. Draw sectional view of human female reproductive system and label the part where(1) egg develops(2)
fertilization take
place(3)fertilised egg get implanted?
22. trace the path of sperm from where they are produced in human body to the exterior?
23. Expand AIDS,DNA.
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION

REVISION NOTES
● The transmission of character traits rates from one generation to another generation is known as
heredity.
● variations arises during the process of reproduction in the case of sexual reproduction.
● beneficial variations help the species to survive better in the environment, nature select the
beneficial variation thereby leading to evolution.
● gregor johann mendel carry out several experiment on pea plant ,he carried out large number of
monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using many contrasting characteristics and put forward server
important conclusions .
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● HOMOZYGOUS CONDITION- both are dominant(TT) or recessive alleles(tt).

● HETEROZYGOUS CONDITION- one is dominant and one is recessive(Tt).
● TWO TYPES OF VARIATION-
1. somatic variation(acquired trait)
2. Gametic variations(inherited trait)
● Mendel's give three important laws-
1. Law of dominance,
2.Law of segregation(monohybrid cross)
62
3 Law of independent assortment(dihybrid cross)
● in case of monohybrid cross with pure variety of plant the phenotypic ratio obtain in F2
generation is 3: 1 and the genotypic ratio is 1: 2 : 1.
● in case of dihybrid cross involving two pairs of contrasting characters the phenotypic ratio obtain
in F2 generation is 9: 3 :3 :1 and the genotype ratio is 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1.
● HOW DO THESE TRAITS GET EXPRESSED?

A section of DNA that provide information for one protein is called the gene for that protein,
therefore gene control traits .
Cellular DNA → Protein → work efficiency → more hormone → increase tallness of the plant
BLOOD GROUP-
● blood group system In human is controlled by a gene which has three different forms denoted by
Ia,Ib,Io.
SEX DETERMINATION-
63
● In some organisms like humans sex determined by a pair of chromosome.XX(female),XY(male)

● in some animals comma the temperature at which the fertilized egg are kept decide the
gender.eg turtle.
EVOLUTION-
● Evolution is the sequences of gradual changes that take place in the primitive organisms over
millions of year.,in which species are produced.
SPECIATION-
● The formation of new species,by several factors such as-
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Geographical isolation
EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION-
● evolution and classification are interlinked
● classification of species is a reflection of the revolution
● the more characters two species have common ,the most closely they are related.
● the more closely they are related the more recently they have a common
● ancestor.
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION-
● Homologous
● Analogous
● Fossils.
● Age if the fossils can be determined by how deeper the fossil,the older it is. And detecting the
ratio of different the same element in the fossil material,radiocarbon dating (c-14)
EVOLUTION BY STAGES-
● fitness advantage-evolution of eyes.
● Functional advantage-evolution of feathers
● Evolution by artificial selection-
Vegetable broccoli cauliflower kohlrabi kale
produced
Selected feature Arrested flower Sterile Swollen Larger
development flower parts leaves
●
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY-
● it is based on the idea that changed in DNA sequence during reproduction are the basic events
in evolution.
● organism which are more distantly related will accumulate greater differences in their DNA.
HUMAN EVOLUTION-
● excavating,time dating,fossils and determination of DNA sequences are the tools to study human
evolution.
● All humans comes from africa,the earliest member of the human species can be traced there.
● The resident spread across africa,the migrant slowly spread across the plant from africa to west
asia then to central asia,south asia,east asia.they travelled down the island of indonesia and the
philippines to australia,and they crossed the Bering land bridge to the americans
● They did not go in single line.
● Sometime came to mix with each other.
QUESTIONS-
1. what is gene?
2. How many pairs are present.in human beings?
3. How sex is determined in humans?
4. DIfference between dominant and recessive trait?
5. Why did mendel choose garden pea for his work?
6. How do mendel show traits are inherited independently?
7. How traits get expressed?
8. How does vegetable kale,broccoli,khlorbai,cauliflower obtained from cabbage?
64
9. State two ways for determining the age of fossils?

10. Give two instance of species where geographical isolation does not lead to any speciation?
11. Classification and evolution interlinked,how?
12. How does natural selection differ from genetic drift?
13. List and explain three factor that provide evidence in favour of evolution?
14. Planaria,insects,octopus and vertebrates all have eyes.can we group eyes of these animals
together to establish a common evolutionary origin?
15. Explain vestigial organ?
1. List the difference between acquired traits and inherited traits?
2. what is speciation explain in brief the role of natural selection and genetic drift in this process?
3. Define evolution and how fossils provide the evidence in the support of revolution?
4. How do Mendel experiment show that traits are inherited independently?
5. why DNA copying is important?
6. “Birds have evolved from reptiles” state evidence to prove the statement?
7. define homologous, analogous and with examples?
8. what are chromosomes?
9. How many pair of the chromosomes are present in human beings out of these how many are sex chromosomes
and “The
sex of a newborn child is a matter of chance and none of the parent may be considered responsible for it” draw a
flowchart showing determination of the sex of a newborn you to justify the statement ?
10. what are fossils? How are they formed? Describe the two method of determining the age of fossils and state any
one
role of fossils in the study of evolution?
11. define gene and heredity?
12. “A trait may be inherited but may not be expressed” justify the statement with suitable example?
13. Explain with suitable examples how artificial selection has helped in understanding evolutionary relationships?
65
Our environment
Revision note
● Everything that surrounds us os environment,it includes both living and non living.
● Interaction between biotic and abiotic components are known as ecosystem.
● TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM-Natural(forest,lake)and artificial system(crop field,aquarium)
● ABIOTIC COMPONENTS-All non living components such as

air,water,soil,land,light,temperature,.
● BIOTIC COMPONENTS-All living components such as plant,animals,fungi,algae.
● FOOD CHAIN-is series of which Organism in which organism eats another organisms as food.eg
● In a food chain various steps where transfer of energy take place is called trophic level.
● Flow of energy is unidirectional.
● Green plants captured 1% of sunlight and convert it into food energy.
● 10%LAW-only 10% of energy is transferred to next trophic level,90% used in life process by
present trophic level,due to this there is gradual decreases in energy,the food chain contain 3-4
trophic level.
66
●TROPHIC LEVEL-
●BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION-The concentration of harmful Chemicals increases with every
next trophic level
● maximum concentration accumulates in tertiary consumer.
● FOOD WEB-interconnected food chains in environment.
● OZONE LAYER- protective blanket around the earth, present in the stratosphere and highly
harmful or poisonous at the ground level.
● Protect organisms from harmful uv radiations.
● depletion in Ozone Layer first observed in 1985 over antarctica.
● Its caused by excessive use of CFCs.
● GARBAGE DISPOSAL-two types of garbage-BIODEGRADABLE AND NONBIODEGRADABLE.
● methods of garbage disposal-
● BIOGAS PLANT,SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,LAND FILLINGS,COMPOSTING
,RECYCLING,REUSE, INCERNIATION.
QUESTIONS-
1. why green plants are called producers?
2. Write one negative effect on the environment of affluent lifestyle of a few persons of a society?
3. In a food chain of frog, grass, insect and snake assign trophic level to frog?
4. Name two decomposers operating in our ecosystem?
5. list two reasons to show that the existence of decomposers essential in ecosystem?
6. Write two differences between Food Chain and Food Web?
7. why are only 4 or 5 trophic levels present in each food chain?
8. Calculate the amount of energy available to Lion in the following food chain if plants have 20000
joule of energy available from the Sun?plant eaten by dee,.deer eaten by lion.
9. if the concentration of DDT is 0.2 PPM in water of the lake what would be its likely concentration
in fish in the food chain-plankton -fish-fish eating birds.
10. The depletion of Ozone layer is a cause of concern why?
11. Name the chemical compound which deplete ozone layer?
12. Difference between biodegradable and nonbiodegradable substances?
13. Name any four appliances which releases chlorofluorocarbons in atmosphere?
67
14. How is ozone formed in the upper part of the atmosphere of the earth?
15. Man is only a consumer justify the statement by giving any two reasons?
1. List four stakeholders which may be helpful in the conservation of forest?
2. what is water harvesting how can this technique help in the conservation of water?
3. what was “Chipko Andolan” how did this ultimately benefit the local people and environment?
4. what is sustainable development states its two main objective?
5. The construction of large dams lead to social environment problems list two problems of each category?
6. Why you reuse is better than recycling?
7. List four measures that can be taken to conserve forests?
8. what is meant by biodiversity? List two advantage of conserving forest and wildlife?
9. what is meant by 3 r's to Save the environment?
10. what is watershed management system? List to benefit derived by the community that participate in this
system?
11. what is renewable and nonrenewable source of energy?
12. List any four characteristics of good fuel?
68
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

REVISION NOTES
● Resources provided to us by nature-soil,air,water,wildlife,coal and petroleum used by human for
their survival.
TYPES OF RESOURCES-
● EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES-present in limited quantity,eg coal ,petroleum.
● INEXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES-present in unlimited quantity eg air,water.
WHY WE NEED TO MANAGE NATURAL RESOURCES-
● The resources are limited.
● Proper management ensure equitable division.
THE 3R TO SAVE ENVIRONMENT-
● Reuse
● Recycle
● Reduce.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT-
It is the development which can be maintained for long time without undue damage to the environment.
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT-
Management of resources wisely to make them available for future generation.
STAKEHOLDERS-
● local people
● Forest department
● Industrialist
● Wildlife activist.
WATER-
● Water is basic necessary for all terrestrial forms of life.
● Irrigation methods like dams,tanks and canal have been used in various parts of india.
WATER HARVESTING-collection of rainwater and its utilisation for various purposes.
Advantage of storing ground water-
● It does not evaporate
● It spread out to recharge groundwater.
DAMS
● Generate electricity.
● ensure adequate of water.
● Causes deforestation loss of biological diversity
COAL AND PETROLEUM
● They are called fossil fuel.
● Non renewable form of energy.
● Coal was formed from the remains of trees buried deep inside the earth.
● Petroleum was formed by the decomposition of marine plants and animals.
HARMFUL EFFECT OF USING FOSSIL FUEL-
● combustion of coal and petroleum religious large amount of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
,Sulphur dioxide,nitrogen oxides,these causes air pollution and causes various disease.
● Excessive use of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide causes global warming.
● National award for wildlife conservation-in the memory of Amrita devi bishnoi.
● Chipko andolan-movement originated in garhwal in early 1970s.
QUESTION-
1. Name the group of bacteria that confirms the contamination of water?
2. How solar energy useful to living things.
3. Reuse better than recycle?give reason
4. What is sustainable development
5. Why should we conserve forest?
69
6. What are the causes of deforestation?

7. Write 5 ways in which local tribes are dependent on forest
8. list two causes of pollution in river ganga?
9. Give two uses of coal?
10. Advantage of stored groundwater?
11. Two problems facing with the construction of dams?
12. Diagrammatically represent the khadin system of water harvesting?
13. write any 3 negative effect caused by the deforestation?
14. Name four main components of coal and petroleum?
1. Advantage of properly managed watershed management?
2. What was Chipko Andolan how did this Andolan ultimately benefit the local people and environment?
3. list four stakeholders which may be helpful in the conservation of forest
4. the construction of last 10 days to the social environment problem list two problems of each
5. what is meant by sustainable management and it's advantage?
6. list four measures that can be taken to conserve forests?
7. What is meant by biodiversity list two advantage of conserving forest and wildlife?
8. what is meant by 3 R to save the environment explain with examples?
9. out of the two reuse and recycle which is better and why?
10. List the products of combustion of fossil fuels? what are the adverse effects on the environment?
11. list any four characteristics of a good fuel?
12. What are the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy give two examples of each?

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1

Total marks contain in board exam 23-25

1-CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

Prevention – Painting , oiling , greesing, Galvanisation, Electroplating

 PREVIOUS YEAR BOARD QUESTIONS

b) burning of natural gas

2 - ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Acidic salts Basic salts Neutral salts

Washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O) Common salt (NaCl) Sodium hydrogen

Bleaching powder (CaOCl2) Plaster of paris (CaSO4.1/2H2o) Hydrated salts

 PREVIOUS YEAR BOARD QUESTION

c) carbon dioxide is passed into lime water

3- METALS AND NON – METALS

Extraction of metals ( Metallurgy ) - Getting metal out of the ore is

Concentration of ore – the first step of metallurgy is to remove the unwanted

 Previous year board questions

9. Write one example of each of the following :

4 - CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

Lewis dot structure of ammonia

hydrocarbons. E.g. CH4 , C2H6 , C2H4 etc.

4. In medicines , cough syrups and tonics.

1. Freezes at 290K, boils at 391K. 1. Turns blue litmus red

Previous year board questions

PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Dobereiner’s law of triads – It Newland’s Law of octaves- It Mendeleev’s periodic law-

Previous year board questions

Give reason for your answer.

Total marks contain in board exam 23-25

6. LIGHT – REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

LIGHT – REFLECTIONS AND REFRACTION

TYPES OF MIRROR NATURE OF IMAGE LAWS OF REFLECTION

Concave mirror Convex mirror

Image formed for different positions of the object

Uses Image formed for different positions of the object

New Cartesian sign conventions for reflection of light by spherical mirror

Refraction through spherical lenses

There are of two types of lens

:Concave lens – thinner at middle , thicker at edges , diverges light rays.

Previous year board questions

Que-2)What is meant by power of a lens ?

Short answer type questions [ I ] [ 2 marks]

Human eye question bank

(b)Assume that P and Q are at same potential.

Previous year board questions

(II)find the reading of the ammeter .

(c) equivalent resistance of the circuit

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC

Electromagnet Permanent magnet

Force acting on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field

Electromagnetic induction – The phenomenon of generation of an electric current in a circuit by

Alternating current ( AC ) Generator – It converts mechanical energy into electric energy .

Short circuiting - it occurs when

Previous year board questions

Previous year board questions

Total marks contain in board exam 20-22

● Human digestive system consist of long alimentary canal that include

● a liquid medium is required for the

● three types of blood vessels- arteries(carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary

● TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS- Transportation of water through xylem,it occur due to the

● Nephron are the functional and structural unit of kidney.

3. why do herbivores have longer small intestine than Carnivores?

5. what would be the consequences of deficiency of haemoglobin in your body?