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University of
University of Sulaimani
Sulaimani
College of Science
Physics Department
Ionic Conduction in
Polymers Composite
Polymers Composite
Omed Gh
Omed Gh. Abdullah
. Abdullah
STUDY THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND
FREQUENCY ON THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF
SOME COMMERCIAL POLYMERS
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
SCIENCE IN PHYSICS
BY
SHUJAH‐ALDEEN BAKIR AZIZ
B.Sc. IN PHYSICS‐2003
(Sulaimani University)
UNDER SUPERVISION OF:
Prof. Dr. HAMEED MAJID AHMED
September Gelawezh
2007 2707
1
10/30/2010
OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF
SEMICONDUCTING OXIDE GLASSES
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICS
BY
DANA ABDULLA TAHIR
(M. Sc.) in physics
Salahaddin University‐1995
UNDER SUPERVISION OF:
MANAF ABD HASSAN AHMAD AL‐ANI
Assistant Professor Lecturer
September Galawezh
2007 2707
2007 2707
Dielectric analysis of Polystyrene
polymer film
Dana A. Tahir, Omed Gh. Abdullah, and Shuja‐Aldeen B. Aziz
Department of Physics, College of Science, Sulaimani
D f Ph i C ll fS i S l i i University
U i i
Abstract
In this work an attempt has been made to study the various dielectric
parameters of polystyrene film. The dielectric constant , dielectric loss and
loss tangent have been determined in the frequency range (1‐000)KHz at
different temperatures. The frequency dependent conductivity was also
measured to characterize the polymer. The complex impedance plot (cole‐
cole plot) was used to calculate the static dielectric constant , infinitely large
frequency dielectric constant and relaxation times. Finally the results are
analyzed in terms of different parameters.
Key words: polymer film, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, relaxation, activation energy
polymer film, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, relaxation, activation energy
2
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Optical and Electrical Properties of
Polyvinyl‐‐chloride (PVC) films
Polyvinyl
Omed Gh. Abdullah, Dana A. Tahir, and Shuja‐Aldeen B. Aziz
Department of Physics, College of Science, Sulaimani
Department of Physics College of Science Sulaimani University
Abstract
The optical properties of the polyvinyl‐chloride thin films were studied which
include their absorbance, transmittance, reflectance spectra, band gap, and refractive
index, before and after annealing at T=75oC for 24hrs. The films were found to exhibit
high transmittance, low absorbance and low reflectance in the visible, and near
infrared region up to 1100nm. However, the absorbance of the films was found to be
high in the ultra violet region with peak around 306nm. The dielectric constant,
dielectric loss, and ac conductivity of polyvinyl‐chloride were obtained at different
f
frequencies
i andd temperatures. Theh experimental
i l results
l show
h h ’’ and
that d ””
decreased with increasing frequency, which indicates that the major contribution to
the polarization comes from orientation polarization. The value of ’ increased with
increasing temperature, which is due to great freedom of movement of the dipole
molecular chains at high temperature.
Key words: thin film, optical properties, electrical properties, complex permittivity.
Key words: thin film, optical properties, electrical properties, complex permittivity.
Debye behavior
0.45
0.4 T=25 C
0.35 T=50 C
Dielectric loss
0.3 T=75 C
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Dielectric constant
Cole‐Cole plot for Polystyrene at different temperatures.
3
10/30/2010
International Journal of Materials Science
ISSN 0973‐4589 Volume 5, Number 4 (2010), pp. 537–545
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com/ijoms.htm
Physical Properties of Pure and Copper Oxide Doped
Polystyrene Films
Polystyrene Films
Omed Gh. Abdullah and Dana S. Muhammad
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq
Abstract
The UV/VIS optical absorption for difference compositions copper oxide doped
polystyrene thin films were studied in the wavelength 200‐1000 nm. It was found that
the optical absorption is due to direct allowed transitions, and the energy gaps shows
nonlinear behavior with copper oxide concentration, optical energy gap showed a
decreasing trend with increased dopant concentration up to 10% of the dopant, for
further increase in dopant concentration this value started increasing again due to
segregation effects. The annealing of the samples at temperature 90oC for 4 hr, caused
the decrease in energy gaps. The studies of the real and imaginary parts of the
dielectric constants showed that they are also affected by copper oxide concentration.
Key words: optical properties, polymer composite, doping, complex dielectric constant.
4
10/30/2010
Absorption Spectrum
0.5
0.45 PS--0%CuO
PS
Absorbance 0.4 PS--5%CuO
PS
0.35 PS--10%CuO
PS
0.3
PS--15%CuO
PS
0.25
PS--20
PS 20%CuO
%CuO
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
265 285 305 325 345 365
Wavelength (nm)
Optical absorption for PS with different CuO content, as a
function of wavelength.
Optical Band Gaps
4.49 0.25
02
0.2
4.48
0.15
Eopt
Et
0.1
4.47
0.05
4.46 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
CuO concentration %
Optical energy gap of direct allowed transition, and tail localized
state energy against copper oxide concentration, of pure and
doped polymer film before (solid line), and after annealing
(dashed line).
5
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Effect of Zirconia concentration on optical
properties of Polystyrene films
Omed Gh. Abdullah and Dlear R. Saber
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq
Abstract
Optical properties of prepared Polystyrene (PS) films with different filling levels of
Zirconia have been investigated in the visible and ultraviolent wavelength regions. It
was found that the optical absorption is due to direct‐allowed transitions, and the
energy gaps decrease with increasing Zirconia content for all transitions, while the
width of the tail localized states increase with increasing Zirconia content. The band
gap of all films shows to be decrease after thermal treatment. The optical constants
refractive index n, extinction coefficient K, have been also calculated. The refractive
index increased in the composite
p samples
p as compared
p with the ppure PS sample p
prepared by the same method.
Key words: polymer, optical properties, filler, extinction coefficient, annealing.
PACS: 78.20.Ci
Refractive index
3
PS‐‐20% ZrO2
PS
ex)
n (Refrective Inde
25
2.5
PS‐‐15% ZrO2
PS
PS‐‐10% ZrO2
PS
2
PS‐‐5% ZrO2
PS
1.5
PS‐‐0% ZrO2
PS
1
250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050
Wavelength (nm)
Refractive index as a function of wavelength for PS for different
Zirconia content.
6
10/30/2010
Refractive index Since the
refractive
index of this
3 composite
was
PS‐‐20% ZrO2
PS controllable
ex)
n (Refrective Inde 25
2.5
b
it can be
PS‐‐15% ZrO2
PS
used to
2
PS‐‐10% ZrO2
PS fabricate
waveguides
PS‐‐5% ZrO2
PS with the
1.5 desired
PS‐‐0% ZrO2
PS
refractive
1
index
250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 contrast
contrast
between
Wavelength (nm)
the core and
the cladding
Refractive index as a function of wavelength for PS for different
Zirconia content.
Optical band Gap
4.48 0.4
0.35
4.46
0.3
4.44
0.25
Eopt (eV)
Et (eV)
4.42 0.2
0.15
4.4
0.1
4.38
0.05
4 36
4.36 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
ZrO2 %
The optical gap, and tail localized state as a function of Zirconia
content, before (solid line) and after annealing (dashed line).
7
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Variation of Optical Band Gap Width of PVA films
Doped with Aluminum Iodide
Omed Gh. Abdullah and Sarkawt Abubakr Hussen
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq
Abstract
Polymer composite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Aluminum Iodide have been prepared by solution cast
method for different doping concentrations.
concentrations The absorption of pure and doped films have been
investigated in the visible and ultraviolent wavelength regions. It was found that the optical absorption
is due to direct and indirect transitions, and the optical energy gaps values shifted to lower energies on
Aluminum Iodide doping concentration for all transitions, while the band edge width of the tail localized
states increase with increasing Aluminum Iodide concentration. The band gap of all films shows to be
decrease after thermal treatment. The optical constants refractive index n, extinction coefficient K, the
complex dielectric constant have been also calculated. The dielectric constant increased in the
composite samples as compared with the pure PVA sample prepared by the same method.
Key words: polymer composite, optical properties, doping, complex dielectric constant.
Absorption Spectrum
0.45
PVA-0%AlI
PVA‐‐0%AlI3
PVA
a.u.)
0.4
PVA‐
PVA
PVA ‐5%AlI
5%AlI
PVA-5%AlI
Absorbance (a
0 35
0.35
3
0.3 PVA‐‐10%AlI
PVA
PVA-10%AlI
3
0.25 PVA‐‐15%AlI3
PVA
PVA-15%AlI
0.2 PVA‐‐20%AlI3
PVA
PVA-20%AlI
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
200 220 240 260 280 300
Wavelength (nm)
Optical absorption as a function of wavelength for PVA at
different Aluminum Iodide content.
8
10/30/2010
Direct Optical Band Gaps
100
hv2 (1004) 90 PVA--0%AlI
PVA
80
PVA-5%AlI
PVA-
70
60 PVA--10%AlI
PVA
50 PVA--15%AlI
PVA
40
PVA--20%AlI
PVA
30
20
10
0
5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5
hv (eV)
Direct optical band gaps for PVA with Aluminum Iodide content.
Indirect Optical Band Gaps
40
PVA--0%AlI
PVA
35
PVA--5%AlI
PVA
30 PVA--10
PVA 10%AlI
%AlI
hv1/2
25 PVA--15%AlI
PVA
20 PVA--20%AlI
PVA
15
10
0
5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5
hv (eV)
Indirect optical band gaps of PVA with Aluminum Iodide content.
9
10/30/2010
Band tails of localized states
Band tails of localized states
6
PVA-0%AlI4
PVA-
5.5
PVA--5%AlI
PVA %AlI44
5
PVA--10%AlI4
PVA
4.5 PVA--15%AlI4
PVA
4
ln
PVA--20%AlI4
PVA
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.4
hv (eV)
Natural logarithm of absorption coefficient as a function of
photon energy.
Dielectric properties of Polyester
reinforced with Carbon black particles
Omed Gh. Abdullah, Gelas M. Jamal, Dana A. Tahir, and Salah Raza Saeed
D
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani
t t f Ph i C ll fS i U i it f S l i i ‐ Iraq
I
Abstract
Dielectric constant and conductivity of Polyester doped with carbon black
are investigated in the frequency range (0.5‐1000) KHz and within the
temperature range (28‐80)oC. Dielectric permittivity and loss tangent are
found to be decrease with increasing frequency and increase with increasing
temperature. The ac conductivity is found to be frequency‐independent for
q
low frequency y however varyy with frequency
q y as ws, beyond
y a critical value. The
frequency exponential factor was estimated and it was found to vary between
0.63 and 0.77, indicating a dominant hopping process at low temperatures.
From the temperature dependence of dc conductivity, the increase of
activation energy was observed with carbon black concentrations.
Key words: ac conductivity, polyester, carbon black, dielectric constant.
10
10/30/2010
Complex Dielectric Constant
At high frequencies
dipoles cannot return
Permittivity rapidly enough - charging
cannot occur/dielectric
or ’ At low frequencies constant is low
Dielectric dipoles can align --
dielectric constant
Constant is high Frequency at
which dipoles
log f respond to
the field
At high
frequencies, dipoles
Losses ” cannot move rapidly
fmax enough to respond –
losses
are low
log f
Permanent dipoles FOLLOW
variations in the AC field – ’ and ” as a function
hence current and voltage of frequency – at constant
out of phase – losses low temperature
Frequency at which permittivity drops and losses increase is where the polymer is said to show dispersion
ac conductivity virus concentration
70
t=26 C
60 t=40 C
t 60 C
t=60 C
50
t=80 C
ac (s/m 10‐6)
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
BC % Concentration
ac conductivity dependence on black carbon concentration at
different temperatures
11
10/30/2010
ac conductivity virus frequency
-4
T=26 C
-4.5
4.5 T=40 C
T=60 C
log(ac)
T=80 C
-5
-5.5
-6
,
-6.5
3.25 3.75 4.25 4.75 5.25 5.75 6.25 6.75
log(w)
Dependence of frequency on the ac conductivity at different
temperatures of Polyester film doped with of Carbon black
12
10/30/2010
ac conductivity virus frequency
,
ac conductivity virus temperature
‐5.00
‐5.50
‐6.00
log(dc)
‐6.50
‐7.00
‐7.50 0%CB
6%CB
‐8.00
12%CB
‐8.50
18%CB
‐9.00
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
1000/T (1/K)
Semilogarithmic plots of dc conductivity against reciprocal of
temperature at different Carbon black concentrations
13
10/30/2010
ac conductivity virus temperature
Conclusion
The main observation in this study worth to
be mentioned relates to the relative value of
electrical conductivity versus the carbon black
contents; it was observed that even low
amount of carbon black able to maximize the
conductivity of the composite up to three
orders of magnitude, we conclude that
polyester carbon black composite is a good
candidate and alternative way for obtaining
conducting organic composites at low cost.
14
10/30/2010
Optical absorption of polyvinyl alcohol films
doped with Nickel Chloride
Omed Gh. Abdullah, and Dlear R. Saber
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq
Abstract
Films of pure and doped Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different concentration of
Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) were prepared using the casting technique, in order to
investigate effect of NiCl2 additions on the optical properties of PVA host. The
dispersion studies of pure PVA film and PVA films doped with NiCl2 were investigated
using complex refractive index in the wavelength range 190‐1100 nm. The absorption
spectral analysis showed that the optical band was from the direct and indirect
allowed optical transitions. The optical band gap of the films decreases with
increasing NiCl2 contents, while the Urbach energy called the width of localized states
in the optical band gap decreases from 0.7414 to 0.1891 eV. Consequently, the optical
constants and optical band gap of the samples change with the annealing
temperatures.
Key words: absorbance, PVA, dopand, optical band gap.
UV/VIS Optical Absorption Spectra
0.05
PVA-0%NiCl2
PVA‐0%NiCl 2
0 04
0.04 PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA‐5%NiCl
PVA-5%NiCl2
Absorbance (a.u.)
PVA‐10%NiCl2
PVA-10%NiCl2
0.03 PVA‐15%NiCl2
PVA-15%NiCl2
0.02
0.01
0
190 240 290 340 390 440 490
Wavelength (nm)
The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of PVA‐NiCl2
composites
15
10/30/2010
UV/VIS Optical Absorption Spectra
0.05
PVA-0%NiCl2
PVA‐0%NiCl 2
Absorbance (a.u.) 0 04
0.04 PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA‐5%NiCl
PVA-5%NiCl2
PVA‐10%NiCl2
PVA-10%NiCl2
0.03 PVA‐15%NiCl2
PVA-15%NiCl2
0.02
0.01
0
190 240 290 340 390 440 490
Wavelength (nm)
The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of PVA‐NiCl2
composites
UV/VIS Optical Absorption Spectra
0.05
PVA-0%NiCl2
PVA‐0%NiCl 2
0 04
0.04 PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA‐5%NiCl
PVA-5%NiCl2
Absorbance (a.u.)
PVA‐10%NiCl2
PVA-10%NiCl2
0.03 PVA‐15%NiCl2
PVA-15%NiCl2
0.02
0.01
0
190 240 290 340 390 440 490
Wavelength (nm)
The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of PVA‐NiCl2
composites
16
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17
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CH n 3x I CH n I 3
2
2- Reduction with alkali metal (called n-doping).
18
10/30/2010
Electrical characterization of polyvinyl alcohol
films doped with sodium iodide
Omed Gh. Abdullah
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films doped with sodium iodide up to (30wt%) were
prepared in order to investigate the effect of sodium iodide additions on the electrical
properties of PVA host. The dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss, electric modulus and
ac conductivity were studied in the frequency range 20KHZ‐1MHz and in temperature
range 300‐350 K. Upon increasing the contents of sodium iodide an increase in the
dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss and ac conductivity of PVA host are observed. The
ac conductivity is found to obey power law Bws. The frequency exponential factor s
was estimated and it was found to vary between 0.92 and 0.34, dependence on
sodium iodide contents. From the temperature dependence of ac conductivity, the
increase of activation energy was observed with dopant concentration.
Key words: ac conductivity, electric modulus, complex dielectric constants, doping.
ac conductivity virus frequency
100
90
80
H H
ac s/m (10-6)
70
PVA-0%NaI
60
50
PVA-10%NaI C C
PVA-20%NaI
40 PVA-30%NaI H OH
30
20
n
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
f (KHz)
Variation of ac conductivity with frequency for PVA‐NaI
composites
19
10/30/2010
Activation Energy
0
PVA-0%NaI
-1 PVA-10%NaI
PVA 10%NaI
log(dc) PVA-20%NaI
-2
PVA-30%NaI
-3
-4
-5
-6
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
1000/T (K-1)
Semilogarithmic plots of dc conductivity against reciprocal of
temperature at different NaI concentrations
Activation Energy
Table(1): Values of activation energy (Ea) and the exponential
factor (s) for PVA‐NaI composites.
Samples ( )
0% . 0.92
10% . 0.87
20% . 0.63
30% . 0.34
20
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Electric Modulus
0.05 0.05
0.045 (a) 0.045 (b)
0.04 0.04
0.035 0.035
M"
M"
0.03 0.03
0 025
0.025 0 025
0.025
T=300 K
0.02 0.02 T=300 K
T=310 K
T=310 K
0.015 T=320 K 0.015 T=320 K
0.01 T=330 K 0.01 T=330 K
T=340 K T=340 K
0.005 T=350 K
0.005 T=350 K
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
M' M'
0.07 0.12
(c) (d)
0.06 0.1
0.05
0.08
M"
M"
0.04
0.06
0.03 T=300
T 300 K
T=300 K
T=310 K
T=310 K 0.04 T=320 K
0.02 T=320 K
T=330 K
T=330 K
0.02 T=340 K
0.01 T=340 K
T=350 K
T=350 K
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
M' M'
Argand plots of (a) pure PVA, (b) 10 wt%, (c) 20 wt% and
(d) 30 wt% NaI‐PVA composites.
21
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22