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Gottfried von Strassburg

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Portrait of Gottfried von Strassburg from theCodex Manesse (Folio 364r).

Gottfried von Strassburg (died c. 1210) is the author of the Middle High Germancourtly
romance Tristan, an adaptation of the 12th-century Tristan and Iseult legend. Gottfried's work is
regarded, alongside Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival and theNibelungenlied, as one of the great
narrative masterpieces of the German Middle Ages. He is probably also the composer of a small
number of surviving lyrics. His work became a source of inspiration for Richard Wagner's
opera Tristan und Isolde.

Contents

[hide]

 1 Life

 2 Style

 3 Sources

 4 Text

 5 Story

 6 Interpretation

 7 Gottfried and his contemporaries

 8 Reception
 9 Editions

 10 Translations

 11 Notes

 12 References

 13 External links

Life[edit source | editbeta]

Other than an origin in or close association with Strasbourg, nothing is known of his life. It would
seem, however, that he was a man of good birth and position, who filled an important municipal office
in his native town of Strassburg,[1] but since he is always referred to asMeister (master) and
not Herr (sir), it seems safe to assume he was not a knight, a conclusion supported by the rather
dismissive attitude toward knightly exploits shown in Tristan.

Tristan ends abruptly,[1] and according to the testimony of Ulrich von Türheim and Heinrich von
Freiberg, two people who provided endings for Tristan, Gottfried died before finishing the work.
References in the work suggest it was written during the first decade of the 13th century, and 1210 is
taken, conventionally, as the date of Gottfried's death.

His thorough familiarity with Latin literature and rhetorical theory suggest someone who had enjoyed
a high level of monastic education. He also shows detailed technical knowledge of music and
hunting, far beyond anything found in the works of his contemporaries. Gottfried draws more on the
learned tradition of medieval humanism than on the chivalric ethos shared by his major literary
contemporaries. He also appears to have been influenced by the writings of contemporary Christian
mystics, in particular Bernard of Clairvaux. Although he was highly educated, it is almost certain that
he was not a priest. Of this his occasional sneers at the clergy are perhaps a better proof than the
morality of much of his work.[1]

That his home was in Strassburg is supported by the fact that the earliest manuscripts of Tristan,
dating from the first half of the 13th century, show features of Alemannic and
specifically Alsatian dialect.

Style[edit source | editbeta]

Gottfried's rhetorical style is very distinct among his contemporaries. It is incredibly complex, marked
by the extensive use ofsymmetrical structure in his organization of Tristan as a whole, as well as in
the structure of individual passages. Gottfried also uses detailed word and sound patterns, playing
with such things as rhyme, alliteration, and assonance. See Batts (1971) for a detailed analysis.

One of the greatest hallmarks of Gottfried's style is his skillful use of irony, to both humorous and
tragic effects. He may also have relied on irony to disguise his criticisms of contemporary society in
order to avoid censure.

Sources[edit source | editbeta]


Gottfried states that the Tristan of Thomas of Britain, an Anglo-French work of around 1160, was the
source of his work. He explains that he bases himself on Thomas because he "told the tale
correctly", distancing himself from the less courtly versions of the story represented by Béroul in Old
French and Eilhart von Oberge in Middle High German.

Unfortunately, Thomas's work, too, is fragmentary and there is little overlap with Gottfried's poem,
making it difficult to evaluate Gottfried's originality directly. However, Thomas's Tristan was the
source of a number of other versions, which makes it possible to get some idea of style and content.
It is clear that while Gottfried's statement of his reliance on and debt to Thomas is correct, he both
expanded on his source and refined the story psychologically. The discovery in 1995 of the Carlise
Fragment of Thomas's Tristan, which includes material from one of the central parts of the story, the
Love Grotto episode, promises a better understanding of Gottfried's use of his source.

Thomas's source, in turn, is a now lost Old French Tristan story, reconstructed by Joseph Bédier,
which derives ultimately from Celtic legend.

Text[edit source | editbeta]

The text of Tristan is 19,548 lines long, and is written, like all courtly romances, in rhyming couplets.

The first section (ll. 1-44) of the prologue is written in quatrains and is referred to as the
"strophic prologue", while pairs of quatrains, of sententious content, mark the main divisions of the
story. The initial letters of the quatrains, indicated by large initials in somemanuscripts, form
an acrostic with the names Gotefrid-Tristan-Isolde, which runs throughout the poem. In addition, the
initial letters of the quatrains in the prologue give the name Dieterich, which is assumed to have been
the name of Gottfried's patron.

If Gottfried had completed Tristan it would probably have been around 24,000 lines long.

Story[edit source | editbeta]

The story starts with the courtship of Tristan's parents. Riwalin, King of Parmenie, travels to the court
of King Marke in Cornwall, where he and Marke's sister, Blanschefleur, fall in love. Blanschfleur
becomes pregnant and the couple steal back to Parmenie, but Riwalin is killed in battle. When she
hears the news, Blanschfleur dies, but the baby is delivered and survives. He is named Tristan
because of the sorrowful circumstances of his birth.

Tristan grows up in Parmenie, passed off as the son of Riwalin's marshal Rual li Fointeant, becoming
the perfect courtier. While on board a merchant ship which has docked in Parmenie, Tristan is
abducted by the Norwegian crew. Once at sea, the ship is struck by a tempest, the crew conclude
that they are being punished by God for abducting Tristan, so they set him ashore in a country that
turns out to be Cornwall.

Tristan encounters a hunting party, whom he astonishes with his skill, and he accompanies them to
Marke's court, where his many accomplishments make him popular, particularly with Marke.
Eventually, after years of searching, Rual comes to Cornwall and finds Tristan, who is now revealed
as Marke's nephew. Tristan is knighted.

Cornwall is being forced to pay tribute to the Gurmun, King of Ireland, collected by his brother, the
monstrous Morold. Tristan challenges Morold to a duel and defeats him, though he becomes
wounded by Morold's poisoned sword. In order to seek a cure Tristan travels to Ireland incognito
(under the name Tantris), and contrives to get himself cured by Gurmun's Queen Isolde (Isolde the
Wise). He is struck by the beauty and accomplishments of her daughter, Isolde the Fair, and returns
to Cornwall singing her praises.

Jealous of Tristan, Marke's councillors press him to marry, so that Tristan can be ousted as heir.
Hoping that he will be killed in the process, they suggest Tristan be sent to Ireland to woo Isolde for
Marke. Tristan travels to Ireland (as Tantris) and kills a dragon which has been threatening the
countryside, thus winning Isolde's hand. However, observing that the splinter previously found in
Morold's skull matches Tantris's sword, Isolde realises Tantris is in fact Tristan, and threatens to kill
him as he sits in the bath. Her mother and her kinswoman Brangaene intervene and Tristan explains
the purpose of his journey, which leads to a reconciliation between Ireland and Cornwall. Tristan
leaves for Cornwall with Isolde as a bride for Marke.

Isolde the Wise has given Brangaene a magic potion to be drunk by Marke and Isolde on their
wedding night to ensure their love. On the voyage, however, it is drunk by Tristan and Isolde by
mistake. They avow their love for each other, but know that it cannot be made public, and they enjoy
a brief idyll on board before arriving in Cornwall. This is followed by a series of intrigues in which the
lovers attempt to dupe Marke, starting with the wedding night, when the virgin Brangaene substitutes
for Isolde in the marriage bed. Marke is suspicious but is constantly outwitted by the lovers' guile.

Eventually, Marke resigns himself to their love and banishes them from court. They go off into the
wilderness, to a Love Grotto, where they enjoy an idyllic life away from society. By accident, Marke
discovers the grotto and sees them lying side by side. However, aware of his approach, Tristan had
places his sword between himself and Isolde, duping Marke into believing that perhaps they are not
lovers after all.

With their secret hideaway discovered, the lovers return to court. However, Marke's suspicions return
and finally he finds them together and can no longer doubt their adultery. Tristan flees to Normandy,
where he encounters Isolde of the White Hands, daughter of the Duke of Arundel. Gottfried's poem
ends with Tristan expressing his emotional confusion over the two Isoldes.

In Thomas's poem, which is preserved from around this point, Tristan marries Isolde of the White
Hands, though the marriage is never consummated. Tristan creates a hall of statues, with statues of
Isolde and Brangaene. Tristan is wounded with a poisoned spear by Estult li Orgillus, and sends for
Isolde the Fair, who is the only one who can cure him. It is agreed that the ship sent for her will bear
a white sail if it returns with her on board, but a black sail if not. However, the jealous Isolde of the
White Hands lies about the colour of the sail, and Isolde the Fair arrives to find Tristan dead of grief.
She kisses him and dies.

Interpretation[edit source | editbeta]

Gottfried's Tristan has proved problematic to interpret, probably in part because it was arguably left
unfinished (citation required). Much of critics' difficulty in interpreting the work was entirely intentional
on the part of Gottfried; his extensive use of irony in the text is clearly the greatest cause of
disagreement over the meaning of his poem.

"Tristan" contrasts significantly with the works of Gottfried's contemporaries in three ways:

 The hero of Tristan is a primarily an artist and trickster rather than a knight, that is, he lives on
his wits rather than his martial prowess. While Tristan has all the accomplishments of a knight,
questions of chivalric ethos are irrelevant to the story and the role of the fighting man in society,
central to the works of Hartmann von Aue and Wolfram von Eschenbach, is never at issue.

 Contemporary heroes fall in love with a lady because of her beauty and her moral worth. Tristan
and Isolde, in spite of their physical beauty and many accomplishments, which cause them to be
generally adored, fall in love not for any such explicable reason, but because the love potion
leaves them no choice.

 Where contemporaries look for balance in life and subordination of the will of the individual
(whether to God, or society, or both), Gottfried appears to exalt love as the supreme value,
regardless of social consequences and heedless of the sinful nature of Tristan and Isolde's
adultery.

This "exaltation of love" has led some critics to see Tristan as effectively heretical, with Tristan and
Isolde as "saints" of a religion of love, though how such a work could have been repeatedly read and
copied at 13th century courts remains puzzling. Does the use of religious language imagery for the
lovers mean that they represent an alternative religion, or is this simply a technique to communicate
their exemplary role and the sublime nature of their love?

Alternatively, some critics see the work not as a pure exaltation of love, but rather as an exploration
of the conflict between passionate love and courtly social order. That Tristan is not knightly
represents a rejection of the norms of feudal society; he allows himself to be guided by love and
physical passion rather than chivalry. The deaths of Tristan and Isolde would then seem inevitable, in
that their love could not overcome the contemporary social order.

The role of the potion remains contentious - is it:

 simply a narrative device, of no import in itself, but required to deflect moral criticism?

 a symbol of their falling in love?

 the cause of their love, indicating love's irrational and irresistible nature?
The story itself also raises problems. If the power of the love potion is irresistible, how can Tristan's
marriage to Isolde of the White Hands be explained? If love is the supreme value, why do Tristan and
Isolde leave their idyllic life in the Love Grotto, to return to a life of occasional secret trysts? Some
have even argued that Gottfried abandoned the work, unable to solve these contradictions.

Gottfried and his contemporaries[edit source | editbeta]

One of the most important passages in Tristan, one which owes nothing to Thomas, is the so-
called literary excursus, in which Gottfried names and discusses the merits of a number of
contemporary lyric and narrative poets. This is the first piece of literary criticism in German.

Gottfried praises the Minnesänger Reinmar von Hagenau and Walther von der Vogelweide, and the
narrative poets Hartmann von Aue,Heinrich von Veldeke and Bligger von Steinach, the former for
their musicality, the latter for their clarity, both features which mark Gottfried's own style. Conversely,
he criticises, without naming him directly, Wolfram von Eschenbach for the obscurity of his style and
the uncouthness of his vocabulary.

Reception[edit source | editbeta]

A page from the Munich MS of Gottfried'sTristan transcription

There are 29 known manuscripts of Gottfried's Tristan, dating from the 13th to the 15th century. Of
these 11 are complete. Full details are provided in the Marburger Repertorium.

The unfinished Tristan was completed by two later poets, Ulrich von Türheim around 1235
and Heinrich von Freiberg around 1290, but their source for the latter part of the story is not
Thomas's Tristan, and is generally thought to be the earlier and less courtly version of the story
by Eilhart von Oberge, written around 1175. All but two of the complete manuscripts of Gottfried's
work include a continuation by Ulrich or Heinrich; one uses the final part of Eilhart's work. Only one
has no continuation at all.

Gottfried's work is praised by a number of later 13th-century writers, including Rudolf von
Ems and Konrad von Würzburg, and was used, together with Eilhart von Oberge's version
and Heinrich von Freiberg's continuation as a source for the Old Czech Tristan, written in the latter
third of the 14th century.

While Gottfried's poem was still being copied in the 15th century, it was Eilhart von Oberge's less
sophisticated narrative of the Tristan story that was the source of the first printed version, the
1484 Tristrant und Isalde, a work in prose which is not to be confused with the French Prose Tristan,
also known as the Roman de Tristan en Prose.

Gottfried's work was rediscovered in the late 18th century, and is the source of Richard
Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde (1865).

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