Writing Skills For Uni Studies U2

UNIT 2 i
Different types of texts
Unit 2
WUC 203/03
Writing Skills for
University Studies
Different Types of
Texts
ii WAWASAN OPEN UNIVERSITY
WUC 203/03 Writing Skills for University Studies
COURSE TEAM
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Ms. Jasmine Emmanuel
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UNIT 2 iii
Contents
Unit 2 Different Types of Texts
Unit overview 1
Unit objectives 1
2.1 Discussion essays 3
Objectives 3
Introduction 3
Features of discussion essays 5
Writing the discussion essay 6
Suggested answers to activities 15
2.2 Argumentative essays 19
Objectives 19
Introduction 19
Features of argumentative essays 20
Writing the argumentative essay 21
2.3 Cause and effect essays 33
Objectives 33
Introduction 33
Features of cause and effect essays 34
Writing the cause and effect essay 35

iv WAWASAN OPEN UNIVERSITY
2.4 Compare and contrast essays 47
Objectives 47
Introduction 47
Features of compare and contrast essays 48
Writing the compare and contrast essay 51
2.5 Definition essays 59
Objectives 59
Introduction 59
Features of definition essays 59
Writing the definition essay 61
2.6 Classification essays 71
Objectives 71
Introduction 71
Features of classification essays 71
Writing the classification essay 73
2.7 Problem-solution essays 81
Objectives 81
Introduction 81
Features of problem-solution essays 81
Writing the problem-solution essay 86

UNIT 2 v
2.8 Evaluation essays 95
Objectives 95
Introduction 95
Features of evaluation essays 95
Writing the evaluation essay 98
2.9 Narrative essays 111
Objectives 111
Introduction 111
Features of narrative essays 111
Writing the evaluation essay 117
Summary of Unit 2 127
Suggested Answers to Self-tests 129
References 133
vi WAWASAN OPEN UNIVERSITY
UNIT 2 1
Unit Overview
I n this unit, you will have ample opportunity to practise writing different types of
texts i.e., persuasive, compare/contrast, definition, problem-solution, evaluation,
cause-and-effect, narrative and classification. It is important that you acquire these
skills as you may have to write these types of texts in the course of your learning in
university. For instance, you will learn in persuasive writing how to use the language
of persuasion to convince people into action with what you say. In addition, you
will also learn how to analyse, organise and also state similarities and differences
in comparison and contrast type of essays. Furthermore, you will learn to use the
definitive essay to your advantage and much more. You will also learn how to write
classification and narrative essays.
Unit Objectives
By the end of Unit 2, you should be able to:
1. Recognise the characteristics and keywords in different types of texts.
2. Communicate ideas effectively and coherently in a variety of texts.
3. Write ideas effectively in the various types of essays.

2 WAWASAN OPEN UNIVERSITY
UNIT 2 3
2.1 Discussion Essays

Objectives
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
1. Identify the features of discussion essays.
2. Prepare an outline for discussion essays.
3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for discussion essays.
4. Write a discussion essay.
Introduction
While studying for your degree or diploma at WOU, you will need to do a lot of
writing  especially writing a variety of essays for the various courses you are taking
up. It is important to know the features of these different essays and how to go about
writing them if you are to progress in your studies.
Do you think it is better to have a

small family or a large family?
It is better to live in the

country than in the city.
Discuss.
In Unit 1, you learnt about the writing process  from choosing a topic, writing
your first draft, to submitting your essay. In this section, you learn to write the first
of your many essays  the discussion essay.
In class, as well as away from the classroom, you have often engaged in oral discussions
on certain issues with friends, coursemates, tutors, and even family members. In
these sessions, you discussed, gave your opinions, and even argued to assert your
point. From your discussions, you would be aware that views varied  while many
held views that were similar to yours, there were just as many with opinions that
differed greatly from yours. The discussions were enlightening as they sometimes
made you see things from other angles you had not thought of. Some even won you
over to their side with their convincing opinions and arguments.
The discussions were mainly oral. Eventually some of these discussions will take a
written form  you will have to write them down as essays what you have discussed
orally. One of the most common academic essays you will be writing will be the
discussion essay. Before you proceed to write such essays you need to be able to
recognise their features. In this section, you will learn about the characteristics of
discussion essays and how to write them.
As far as working people are

concerned, the benefits of
distance learning far outweigh
studying full-time. What do you
think?
UNIT 2 5
Features of discussion essays

What is a discussion essay?
Basically, a discussion essay is just that  a discussion. However, instead of being

an oral discussion, it is a written discussion  a discussion where you decide what
information to present. A discussion essay is almost similar to an oral discussion 
where you hear the various views expressed by your tutors and coursemates  and
they get to listen to your point of view as well. All sorts of opinions are voiced 
including the occasional digression from the topic. However, in a written form, a
discussion essay is more organised  only the ideas related to the topic find their
way into the essay, and the various ideas are put into their respective paragraphs.
What do you write in a discussion essay?
The keyword in such essays is “discuss.” In a discussion essay, you write about the
varying views on a particular topic. So whose views should we accept for inclusion
in such essays? In the discussion essay, you may discuss:
1. A single view.
2. Two views  one view for, and the other view against.
3. Your view.
It is preferable that you discuss the two different views, and then give your opinion.
Here is an example of a topic for a discussion essay:
Some people believe that advertising is useful and informative. Others believe it
gives false information and increases the prices of goods. Discuss both these views
and give your opinion.
The above question clearly states that you have to:
1. Discuss the first view.
2. Discuss the second view.
3. Give your opinion.
This topic will be examined in greater detail later and you will see how an outline
is prepared from this topic.
Here is another example of a topic for a discussion essay:
Do professional athletes deserve their million-dollar salaries? Discuss.
When a question requires you to “discuss,” you write as much as you know about
the topic. The question does not ask if you agree or disagree with the statement.
Therefore, you discuss the views of both sides, and include your opinion:
1. Yes: Professional athletes deserve their million-dollar salaries.
2. No: Professional athletes do not deserve their million-dollar salaries.
3. Give your opinion (optional).
Writing the discussion essay

Planning the essay
You would have learnt in Unit 1 the importance of planning your essay. So before
you begin writing your discussion essay, plan the three parts of your essay  i.e.,
the introduction, the body, and the conclusion.
Begin by brainstorming for ideas or researching for information. Next, organise your
ideas and supporting information in the form of an essay outline. You can refer to
the blank outline provided in Unit 1. Use this outline to plan your thesis statement,
topic sentences, supporting sentences, and other sentences you plan to use in your
essay. As it is just an outline, you need not write in complete sentences  just the
points or main ideas will do.
Most importantly, your outline will also let you check to see if you have answered
the question, or if you are off-topic.
In some discussion essays, you examine the two views of an issue before giving your
opinion. Of course, it is easier for you to plan your essay if the question explicitly
states exactly what you have to do. Here is an example of such a topic:
Some people believe that advertising is useful and informative. Others believe it
gives false information and increases the prices of goods. Discuss both these views
and give your opinion.
UNIT 2 7
The above question clearly states that you have to:
1. Discuss the first view: “Some people believe that advertising is useful and
informative.”
2. Discuss the second view: “Others believe it gives false information and increases
the prices of good.”
3. Give your opinion: “Give your opinion.”
Reminder
“Failing to plan is planning to fail.”
 Anon
Essay patterns
You need to plan how you are going to organise the essay for this topic. Here is one
possible pattern:
Pattern 1:
1. Body paragraph 1: First view
2. Body paragraph 2: Second view
3. Body paragraph 3: Your opinion
Alternatively, you may decide on two body paragraphs  with each paragraph
presenting each view together with your opinion:
Pattern 2:
1. Body paragraph 1: First view and your opinion
2. Body paragraph 2: Second view and your opinion
You may wish to discuss each view followed by your opinion in separate paragraphs.
This plan requires four body paragraphs:
Pattern 3:
1. Body paragraph 1: First view
2. Body paragraph 2: Your opinion of the first view
3. Body paragraph 3: Second view
4. Body paragraph 4: Your opinion of the second view
The essay outline
Here is an outline, complete with an introduction and conclusion, based on Pattern 1:
Introduction
Opening sentence/Hook:
“It used to be that people needed products to survive. Now products need people to
survive.” (The hook makes use of a quotation.)
General/Background Information:
Information on advertising being useful and informative (Background information on

the first view). Information on advertising giving false information and increasing the
prices of goods (Background information on the second view).
Thesis statement:
This essay will discuss the two views (as mentioned in the background information)
as well as my personal view on advertising.
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence: Some people believe that advertising is useful and informative.
Supporting sentence 1
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence: Other people believe advertising gives false information and increases
the prices of goods.
UNIT 2 9
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence: In my opinion, advertising…
Conclusion
Restatement/Summary:
While some people think that advertising is helpful and enlightening (the first view),
others believe it misleads and raises the prices of goods (the second view). As for me, I
personally feel that there is truth in the two opposing views.
Closing statement:
Whether we like it or not, advertising is here to stay.
Introduction
Opening sentence: Begin your outline by drafting your opening sentence  will it be
an announcement, refutation, question, quotation, or a definition? Refer to Unit 1
for the various strategies on writing the hook.
Background information: Next, decide what background information you want to

give on advertising. Keep it short  just enough so that your readers know what
advertising is.
Thesis statement: Finally, you complete your introduction with a thesis statement that
tells your readers what you intend to discuss in your essay. You can simply state that
you will discuss the two opposing views followed by your own personal view  three
views in all. You will need three body paragraphs for each of the three different views.
Body
Body paragraph 1: In your first body paragraph, your topic sentence will announce
what will be discussed: Some people believe that advertising is useful and informative.
Provide supporting details to support this main idea. Provide facts, evidence, statistics,
or quotations to support the topic sentence.
Body paragraph 2: In your second body paragraph, state in your topic sentence
that you will discuss the other view, i.e. Other people believe advertising gives false
information and increases the prices of goods. Similarly, you provide supporting
sentences to back up why this group of people are of this second view.
Body paragraph 3: In your third body paragraph, you give your opinion. You can
choose to support one of the two views discussed, or agree with both views that
advertising is useful, increases the prices of goods, and informative as well as gives false
information.
Conclusion
The conclusion is almost similar to the introduction. However, you should avoid
repeating the exact words.
Restatement: Restate the thesis statement with different words  consult your
dictionary or thesaurus for synonyms. Your restatement need not be in a single
sentence. It is basically a summary of the thesis statement, or a brief summary of
what were discussed in the body paragraphs.
Summary: Provide a very brief summary of what was discussed, but do not introduce
any new ideas. Any ideas should be in the body paragraphs, not the conclusion. If
your restatement provides a sufficient summary of what your essay is about, it is not
necessary to add any further sentences. The restatement below uses two sentences:
While some people think that advertising is helpful and enlightening, others believe
it misleads and raises the prices of goods. As for me, I personally feel that there is
truth in the two opposing views.
Closing statement: In your final statement, you make a prediction on what advertising
is going to be like in future, or offer advice on how advertising can be improved.
You may even ask a question to get your readers thinking. You can close it with a
thought-provoking quotation if you like. If you need more ideas on how you can
write this last sentence, revisit Unit 1 on the topic “Strategies for writing the closing
statement.”
Activity 2.1
Complete this essay outline on advertising by adding three

supporting sentences to the three body paragraphs.
Activity 2.2
Based on the above outline, write out the essay in 500 – 600 words.
UNIT 2 11
Activity 2.3
Prepare an outline for a discussion essay based on the following

topic:
As far as working people are concerned, the benefits of distance

learning far outweigh full-time study. Discuss.
As far as working people are concerned, the benefits of distance

learning far outweigh full-time study. Discuss.
Introduction
_______________________________________________________
General/Background information:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Thesis statement:
_______________________________________________________
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
Supporting sentences:
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
Conclusion
Restatement:
_______________________________________________________
Summary:
_______________________________________________________
Closing statement:
_______________________________________________________
Activity 2.4
Based on the outline above, write out the essay in 500 – 600 words.
UNIT 2 13
Summary
In this section, you were introduced to your first type of essay 

the discussion essay. You learnt about the features of this essay and
how to plan an outline.
Basically, a discussion essay is just that  a discussion. However,

instead of being an oral discussion, it is a written discussion. A
discussion essay is almost similar to an oral discussion  where
you hear the various views expressed by various people. All sorts
of opinions are voiced  including the occasional digression from
the topic. However, in a written form, a discussion essay is more
organised  only the ideas related to the topic find their way into
the essay, and the various ideas expressed are put into the related
paragraphs.
To discuss is to write about differing perspectives of a concept or

an idea. In general, the questions for discussion essays do not ask
if you agree or disagree with a particular statement. Therefore, you
can discuss the views of both sides, and include your opinion.
You learnt how to write appropriate thesis statements, topic

sentences and the related supporting sentences, and the conclusion
for discussion essays.
Self-test 2.1
Prepare an outline for this topic:
Should we send students abroad for further studies? Discuss.
Then write the essay based on the outline you have prepared.
Introduction
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Thesis statement:
_______________________________________________________
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Conclusion
Restatement:
_______________________________________________________
Summary:
_______________________________________________________
Closing statement:
_______________________________________________________
UNIT 2 15
Suggested answers to activities
Feedback
Activity 2.1
Possible outline:
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence:
Some people believe that advertising is useful and informative.
Supporting sentence 1:
Advertisements and commercials provide information on products

and services.
Informs consumers of features, how to use, and prices of products.
Help consumers to make decisions.

Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence:
Other people believe advertising gives false information and increases

the prices of goods.
Aim of advertising to sell  may make deceptive claims to lure

consumers.
Advertising costs money  costs passed to consumers.
Consumers end up with flawed and costly products.

Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence:
I am all for advertising for the information it provides, but I am aware

that it can be misleading.
I agree with both views.
Informed of the latest products through advertising.
I am aware of its negative side, so careful not to be misled, or overpay.
[Submit your outline to your tutor for evaluation and comments.]
Activity 2.2
[Submit your essay to your tutor for evaluation and comments.]
Activity 2.3
Possible outline:
Introduction
Distance learning can mean learning in places away from the

university campus. (The hook makes use of a definition.)
Distance learning  through correspondence or Internet.

Full-time study  on campus, attending classes, etc.
Thesis statement:
This essay will discuss the benefits of full-time study and distance
learning for working people, and my recommendations.
UNIT 2 17
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence:
Many benefits of full-time study
1. Focus intensively on studies

2. No interruptions and distractions from work
3. Can complete studies faster
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence:
Many benefits of distance learning for working people
1. Can study while working  no loss of income and seniority

2. Can bring working experience to professional studies
3. Can study anytime and anywhere convenient
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence:
As a working professional I choose distance learning  my

recommendations
1. Plan time well

2. Plan daily and weekly schedule to study and complete assignments
3. Discuss with family to get support
Conclusion
Restatement:
After considering the benefits of both full-time study and distance

learning for working people, I recommend the latter.
Summary:
Benefits of distance learning.
Closing statement:
The choice is yours  at the end of the day, you will obtain your degree.

Activity 2.4

UNIT 2 19
2.2 Argumentative Essays

Objectives
1. Identify the features of argumentative essays.
2. Prepare an outline for argumentative essays.
3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for argumentative essays.
4. Write an argumentative essay.
Introduction
In this section, you will learn about argumentative essays. In argumentative writing,
you take a stand either for or against an issue, and convince other people with your
views. Your objective in this type of essay is to win over your readers by providing
arguments to support your proposition. Let us first look at what an argumentative
essay is.
Important: In order to convince the reader, you

need more than opinion; you need facts and/
or examples to back your opinion. So, be sure
to do your research.
In the next section, you will see how your essay

should be organised.
Features of argumentative essays

What is an argumentative essay?
Argumentative comes from the word “argument.” So when you write an argumentative
essay you do just that  argue your case. You state whether you agree or disagree
with an issue. Then you provide reasons, evidence, statistics, and proof to show that
your point of view is right. It is also known as a persuasive essay because you are
trying to persuade your readers to see things your way.
An argumentative essay can also be described as an opinion essay because you

express your opinion on the topic under discussion. Take a look at what you do
daily  you express your opinions about almost everything  from the new office
policy, online distance learning, too many academic assignments, politics, to the
recent increase in the price of petrol.
What do you write in an argumentative essay?
The keyword in such essays is “argue”. Other related keywords are “opinion” and
“persuade.” In such essays, you state whether you agree or disagree with certain
issues. You take a stand and discuss your view  then back it up with reasons. It is
essential you support your reasons with evidence, proof, statistics, and quotations
from other sources. Of course, you may include the views of the other side to point
out why it is faulty.
In an argumentative essay, you may discuss such topics:
1. Do you think euthanasia should be legalised?
2. The Malaysian government provides free primary and secondary education.

Do you think tertiary education should be free too?
3. “I can write whatever I want on my personal Facebook page.” Do you agree

with this statement?
4. Is the death penalty an effective deterrent to crime?
5. Should smartphones be allowed in the classroom?
6. Mathematics and Science should be taught in English. Do you agree?
7. Paper books are better than digital books.
8. Should athletes who fail doping tests be banned for life?

UNIT 2 21
In an argumentative essay, you have to:
1. Give your opinion: State whether you agree or disagree with the topic.
2. Support your opinion with reasons.
3. Back up your reasons with supporting information.
Writing the argumentative essay

Planning the essay
By now you would be aware of the importance of planning your essay. You need
to know what you are going to write in the three parts of your essay  i.e., the
introduction, the body, and the conclusion. Here is topic for an argumentative essay:
Do you think euthanasia should be legalised?
The above topic asks what you think about euthanasia  which means you have to
give your opinion. In tackling such as essay, you have to do the following:
1. State your stand or opinion in your thesis statement:
“I think that euthanasia should be legalised for three reasons“
(The above statement does not state what the three reasons are.)
“I think that euthanasia should be legalised to fulfil the patient’s wish, to cut the
financial costs, and to end the family’s suffering.”
(The second thesis statement specifies the three reasons.)
2. Support your stand by elaborating the three main reasons in three separate
body paragraphs. Remember that each paragraph discusses one main idea.
3. Back up your three main reasons by writing supporting sentences. These

supporting sentences can be in the form of facts, statistics, examples, evidence,
and other additional information.
Facts / Examples
Main Reason #1 Facts / Examples
Facts / Examples
Facts / Examples
Goal or
Thesis Main Reason #2 Facts / Examples
Statement
Facts / Examples
Facts / Examples
Main Reason #3 Facts / Examples
Facts / Examples
Essay patterns
Before you write your argumentative essay, you need to plan how you are going to
organise the information. In this pattern, you explain what the issue is about and
what your stand is. Then in the body paragraphs, you give your reasons for taking
the stance  devoting each paragraph to a single point:
Pattern 1:
Introduction
Hook
Background information: Explain the issue and your opinion on the issue.
Thesis statement
Body
1. Body paragraph 1: First point on the issue
2. Body paragraph 2: Second point on the issue
3. Body paragraph 3: Third point on the issue

Conclusion
UNIT 2 23
In the second pattern, you discuss the other view, and explain its weaknesses (we call
this a rebuttal). After that, you counter the other view with your own arguments
(we call this counterargument). This pattern is known as a point-by point pattern
because you explain a single point first. Then you rebut its weakness (rebuttal),
and end with your opinion (counterargument).
Pattern 2 (Point-by-Point):
Introduction
Hook
Background information: Explain the issue. Summarise the other view. Your opinion
on the issue.
Thesis statement
Body
1. Body paragraph 1: Discuss the other view’s first point. Rebut. Your
counterargument.
2. Body paragraph 2: Discuss the other view’s second point. Rebut. Your
counterargument.
3. Body paragraph 3: Discuss the other view’s third point. Rebut. Your
counterargument.
Conclusion
In the third pattern, you first discuss the other view in one block Then you discuss
and your view in another block. This is known as the block pattern.
Pattern 3 (Block pattern):
Introduction
Hook
Background information: Explain the issue.
Thesis statement
Body
Block 1: The other view
1. Body paragraph 1: Discuss the other view’s first point. Your rebuttal.
2. Body paragraph 2: Discuss the other view’s second point. Your rebuttal.
3. Body paragraph 3: Discuss the other view’s third point. Rebut. Your rebuttal.
Block 2: Your view
1. Body paragraph 1: Your first counterargument.
2. Body paragraph 2: Your second counterargument.
3. Body paragraph 3: Your third counterargument.

Conclusion
Reminder
“A goal without a plan is just a wish.”
 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
The essay outline
Here is an outline based on Pattern 1:
Introduction
“Should a terminally ill person be allowed to die?” (The hook makes use of a question.)
Information on euthanasia.
Thesis statement:
“I feel that euthanasia should be legalised for three reasons.”
(The three reasons are not specified in this thesis statement.)
“I feel that euthanasia should be legalised because….”
(State the three reasons in the thesis statement, and then elaborate on them in
three body paragraphs.)
“Although many people insist that people should be kept alive as long as possible, I
personally feel that euthanasia should be legalised.”
(This thesis statement gives both sides of the issue. Although the statement does
not usethe words “three reasons” as in the first thesis statement, or lists the three
reasons as in the second thesis statement, it is clear what the stand is  i.e., that
“euthanasia should be legalised.”)
UNIT 2 25
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence: The first reason why euthanasia should be legalised is…
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence: The second reason why euthanasia should be legalised is…
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence: Another reason why euthanasia should be legalised is…
Conclusion
In summary, euthanasia should be legalised because… (State the three reasons here).
(This single restatement summarises the three reasons why euthanasia should be
legalised. Therefore it may not be necessary to write a separate summary.)
Closing statement:
…and Jack Kevorkian once said that “Dying is not a crime.”
(The closing statement makes use of a quotation.)
Activity 2.5
Complete this essay outline on euthanasia by completing the three

body paragraphs. Write three topic sentences with three supporting
sentences for each of the paragraphs.
Activity 2.6
Based on the completed outline, write out the essay in 500-600

words.
Activity 2.7
Prepare an outline for an argumentative essay using the point-by-

point pattern on the following topic:
Some countries have introduced a law to limit the number of hours

that an employer can ask an employee to work. Do you agree or
disagree with such a law?
Introduction
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Thesis statement:
_______________________________________________________
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
1. The other view:

____________________________________________________
2. Rebuttal:
____________________________________________________
3. Counterargument:
___________________________________________________
UNIT 2 27
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
1. The other view:

____________________________________________________
2. Rebuttal:
____________________________________________________
3. Counterargument:
____________________________________________________
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
1. The other view:

____________________________________________________
2. Rebuttal:
____________________________________________________
3. Counterargument:
___________________________________________________
Conclusion
Restatement:
_______________________________________________________
Summary:
_______________________________________________________
Closing statement:
_______________________________________________________
Activity 2.8
Based on the above outline, write out the essay in 500–600 words.
Summary
In this section, you were introduced to your second type of essay

 the argumentative essay. You learnt that you have to take a stand
either for or against an issue, and convince other people with your
views. To win over your readers you have to provide arguments to
support your proposition.
An argumentative essay is also known as a persuasive essay because

you are trying to persuade your readers to see things your way. It
can also be described as an opinion essay because you express your
opinion on the topic under discussion
In an argumentative essay, you have to always give your opinion

 where you usually state whether you agree or disagree with the
topic. You then support your opinion with reasons  which you
back up with supporting information.
You also learnt how to plan your essay by organising the information
by selecting one of the three different patterns.
Self-test 2.2
Our success or failure in life is due to the way we were brought up

by our parents. Do you agree with this statement?
Introduction
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
UNIT 2 29
Thesis statement:
_______________________________________________________
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Conclusion
Restatement:
_______________________________________________________
Summary:
_______________________________________________________
Closing statement:
_______________________________________________________
Feedback
Activity 2.5
Possible outline:
Body Paragraph 1
Topic sentence: Some people believe that advertising is useful and
informative.
Advertisements and commercials provide information on products
and services.
Informs consumers of features, how to use, and prices of products.
Help consumers to make decisions
Body Paragraph 2
Topic sentence: Other people believe advertising gives false
information and increases the prices of goods.
Aim of advertising to sell  may make deceptive claims to lure
consumers
Advertising costs money  costs passed to consumers
Consumers end up with flawed and costly products
Body Paragraph 3
Topic sentence: I am all for advertising for the information it provides,
but I am aware that it can be misleading.
I agree with both views
Informed of the latest products through advertising
I am aware of its negative side, so careful not to be misled, or overpay

UNIT 2 31
Activity 2.6
Activity 2.7
Activity 2.8

UNIT 2 33
2.3 Cause and Effect Essays

Objectives
1. Identify the features of cause and effect essays.
2. Prepare an outline for cause and effect essays.
3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for cause and effect essays.
4. Write a cause and effect essay.
Introduction
One type of essay that you may write at university level is the cause and effect essay.
In such an essay, your task is to explain the causes (reasons), the effects (results), or
the causes and effects of a situation or event. Here are some examples of causes that
we encounter in our daily lives:
Situation (Effect) Cause

The town was flooded this morning. It rained heavily last night.
The dog bit the boy. The boy kicked the dog just now.
James had dengue fever. He was bitten by an infected aedes
mosquito.
Mary’s writing had improved She practised writing daily.
tremendously.
There was traffic chaos. The traffic lights were not working.
Cause and effect are related. Study the effects below and see what caused them:
Situation (Cause) Effect (Result or consequence)

It rained heavily last night. The town was flooded this morning.
The boy kicked the dog. The dog then bit the boy.
An infected aedes mosquito bit James. He had dengue fever.
Mary practised writing daily. Her writing improved tremendously.
The traffic lights were not working. There was traffic chaos.
You will notice in the five examples above that one event is the cause, which resulted
in the effect in the other column.
Features of cause and effect essays

What is cause and effect essay?
As mentioned earlier, in this type of essay you are required to explain the causes and
effects. There are four types of cause and effect essay that you may write, depending
on the nature of the question:
1. Write only about the causes of a situation or event.
2. Write only about the effects of a situation or event.
3. Write about both the causes and effects of a situation or event.
4. Write about the chain reaction or domino effect.
Here are some examples of cause and effect essays:
1. Discuss the causes and effects of the haze in Malaysia.
2. What are the effects of violence in computer games on children?
3. What do you think would be the effect of the implementation of the MUET
(Malaysian University English Test) requirement on for admission in universities
on students?
4. Explain why students cheat in examinations?
5. Discuss the causes of lifestyle diseases and its effects on people.
6. Why do young people take up the smoking habit even though they know it is
bad for their health?
7. Explain how Ebola is spread and what we can do about it.
8. How will the GST (Goods and Services Tax) affect you?
What do you write in a cause and effect essay?
It goes without saying that in a cause and effect essay you write about causes and
effects. In these types of essays you can organise your essay in two ways:
1. Block organisation
In a block organisation, you discuss all your causes as a single block  i.e.
all your body paragraphs are about only the causes. Of course, all your body
paragraphs can also be about effects only. Your choice of what you write in
a block organisation depends on the question.
UNIT 2 35
Obviously, you can write about both the causes and effects in your essay. You
may write about the causes in several paragraphs in the first block, and the
effects in the following paragraphs in the second block. You decide whether
what you want to discuss first  the causes or the effects.
2. Chain organisation
In a chain organisation, all the causes and effects are linked or connected to
each other. You can have all the linked causes and effects in a single paragraph,
or you can discuss the individual links in separate paragraphs. For example,
you can do this:
• Discuss all the five links in one single paragraph, or
• Discuss all the five links in five separate paragraphs.
You make use of five separate paragraphs if you feel the cause or effect deserves
a lot of elaboration.
Reminder
“By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.”
 Benjamin Franklin
Writing the cause and effect essay

Planning the essay
Before you begin planning your essay, you need to study the question. Are you
required to write only about the causes, or just the effects, or both the causes and
effects? In this topic about the haze, it is stately clearly that you discuss the causes:
Discuss the causes of the haze in Malaysia.
In the topic below, you are required to discuss about the effects:
Discuss the effects of the haze in Malaysia.

The next topic requires you to discuss both the causes and effects:
Discuss the causes and effects of the haze in Malaysia.
This last topic requires more from you, as you not only have to discuss both the
causes and effects, but you have to offer your thoughts on what the government should
do to solve the haze problem:

What do you think the government should do solve the haze problem?
Essay patterns
Before you write your essay, you need to study the question. As you are aware by
now, the type of organisation and essay pattern depends largely on the nature of
the question.
Pattern 1 (Block organisation):
You use this pattern for answering the first and second question:
• Discuss the causes of the haze in Malaysia.
• Discuss the effects of the haze in Malaysia.
Discuss the causes of the haze Discuss the effects of the haze
in Malaysia. in Malaysia.
Introduction Introduction
Hook Hook
Background information: Background information:

What is the haze? What is the haze
Thesis statement Thesis statement

Body Body
1. Body paragraph 1: 1st cause 1. Body paragraph 1: 1st effect
2. Body paragraph 2: 2nd cause 2. Body paragraph 2: 2nd effect
3. Body paragraph 3: 3rd cause 3. Body paragraph 3: 3rd effect
Conclusion Conclusion
In the essay pattern on the left, all the causes are discussed in the body. Although you
may not discuss the effects in the body paragraphs, you may include some background
information about the effects of the haze in the introduction.
UNIT 2 37
As for the essay pattern on the right, all the effects are discussed in the three body
paragraphs. Similarly, in the introduction, you may write something about the
causes of the haze.
Introduction
Hook
Background information: What is the haze?
Thesis statement
Body
1. Body paragraph 1: 1st cause
First block
2. Body paragraph 2: 2nd cause
3. Body paragraph 3: 1st effect
Second block
4. Body paragraph 4: 2nd effect
Conclusion
In this essay pattern, you discuss all the causes in one block of body paragraphs,
and all the effects in another block. Between these two blocks of paragraphs (i.e.,
the cause block of paragraphs, and the effects block of paragraphs), you may want
to add a transition paragraph.
This transition paragraph concludes one block, and introduces the next block. This
transition paragraph is optional. However if you have a very lengthy essay of many
paragraphs, a transition paragraph will be helpful in separating the causes and the
effects. It prepares your readers for the new block.
Discuss the causes and effects of the haze in Malaysia. What do you think the government
should do solve the haze problem?
This question requires you to discuss:
• The causes
• The effects
• The solution (What you think the government should do to solve the haze problem)
Therefore you would require three blocks in your essay. Here is a possible pattern:
Introduction
Hook
Background information: What is the haze?
Thesis statement
Body
1. Body paragraph 1: 1st cause First block
2. Body paragraph 2: 2nd cause (The causes of the haze in Malaysia)
3. Body paragraph 3: 1st effect Second block
4. Body paragraph 4: 2nd effect (The effects of the haze in Malaysia)
5. Body paragraph 5: 1st solution Third block
6. Body paragraph 6: 2nd solution (What the government should do to
solve the problem)
Conclusion
This essay pattern sees the organisation of three blocks  one block for causes,
another block for effects, and the final block for solution. Depending on the amount
of information you want to present, you may add or reduce the number of paragraphs
for the different blocks.
Pattern 4 (Chain organisation):
In a chain organisation, the causes and effects are linked together in a chain. An event
results in a new event, which in turn causes yet another event. A chain organisation
can be shown by the simple illustration below:
Effects (which become the cause

Causes
of a new event)
A man kicked a dog. The dog bit the man
The dog bit the man. The man’s leg hurt and it bled.
The man’s leg hurt and it bled. The man’s leg was infected.
The man’s leg was infected. The man went to the hospital
You can see the first event (A man kicked a dog) caused the second event (The dog bit
the man). The second event (The dog bit the man) caused the third event (The man’s
leg hurt and it bled) which in turn caused another event, and so on.
The above cause-and-effect links can be written as a single paragraph. However, if

the individual links are complex, you may want to devote a paragraph discussing
an individual link.
If the causes and effects are closely related, use a chain organisation.
UNIT 2 39
The essay outline
The outline below for a single paragraph is based on Pattern 4 which is a chain
organisation. Note how the causes and effects are connected for this topic:
The link between computer games and violence
Introduction
Hook: Is there a link between computer games and violence?
Thesis Social scientists believe that there is a close connection between

statement: computer games and violence.
Body
Cause: Social scientists theorised that computer games that promote fighting
and killing are very addictive.
Effect: This addiction causes many young people to be glued to the computer
screen.
Cause: Young people are glued to the computer screen.

Effect: Being glued to the computer screen the young people focus their entire
energies and thoughts onto the violent content of the games.
Cause: The young people focus their entire energies and thoughts onto the
violent content of the games.
Effect: This strong focus may blur the boundary between reality (their real
life environment) and fantasy (the virtual world created by computer
games).
Cause: The blurred boundary between reality and fantasy.

Effect: As a result of the blurred reality between reality and fantasy, violent
behaviour may occur.
Conclusion
It is important to focus on games that are non-violent such as chess and monopoly.
Activity 2.9
Based on the above outline, write out the introduction, conclusion,

and the linked causes and effects as a single paragraph.
This outline based on Pattern 2 which is a block organisation answers this question:

Introduction
Information on the haze
Thesis statement:
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence: The main cause of the haze is…
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence: Another major cause of the haze is…
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence: The most obvious effect of the haze is…
Body Paragraph 4:
Topic sentence: Another effect of the haze is…
Conclusion
Closing statement:
UNIT 2 41
Activity 2.10
Complete the above outline on the causes and effects of the haze.
Activity 2.11
Based on the completed outline, write out the essay in 500 – 700
words.
Study the question below and think about how you would plan your outline. Which
organisation would be most suitable for this question  block or chain organisation?
Recent surveys show that Malaysians are living longer. Why do you think that
Malaysians are living longer? What are the implications of a longer lifespan for the
individual and society?
1. The block organisation is most suitable for answering the above question.
2. The first block will discuss the causes (Why do you think that Malaysians are
living longer?).
3. The second part of the question will discuss the implications (What are the
implications of a longer lifespan for the individual and society?). Implications
here mean the effects and consequences that may take place in future.
4. You may want to discuss the implications in two different blocks:
• The implications of a longer lifespan for the individual
• The implications of a longer lifespan for society
The topic for the two blocks above is “The implications of a longer lifespan.”
The controlling idea (Do you still remember what a controlling idea is?) of
the topic sentence for the first block is the individual, while the controlling
idea for the next block is society.
In the first block, you write about the implications of a longer lifespan for the individual.
You can write about several implications in a single paragraph, or devote the
different implications in several paragraphs  discussing each implication in a
different paragraph.
Example:
1. One implication of a longer lifespan for the individual who has stopped working is
financial. (The controlling idea is financial. Discuss only the financial aspect in
this paragraph.)
2. An aging individual suffers from deteriorating health. (The controlling idea is

deteriorating health. Discuss the deteriorating health aspect in this paragraph.)
3. Another implication of a longer lifespan for the senior citizen is loneliness. (The
controlling idea is loneliness. Discuss the loneliness aspect in this paragraph.)
Activity 2.12
Complete the outline for a cause and effect essay using the block
organisation for the following topic:
Recent surveys show that Malaysians are living longer. Why do you
think that Malaysians are living longer? What are the implications
of a longer lifespan for the individual and society?
Introduction
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Thesis statement:
_______________________________________________________
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence: Malaysians are living longer because…
1.
2.
3.
UNIT 2 43
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence: An increased life span will definitely have some

effects on the individual.
1.
2.
3.
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence: An increased life span will also have some effects
on society.
1.
2.
3.
Conclusion
Restatement:
_______________________________________________________
Summary:
_______________________________________________________
Closing statement:
_______________________________________________________
Activity 2.13
Based on the above outline, write out the essay in 500 – 600 words.
Summary
In this section, you learnt how to write the cause and effect essay.
In such essays, your task is to explain the causes (reasons), the effects
(results), or the causes and effects of a situation or event.
You can organise a cause and effect essay in two ways: Block
organisation, or Chain organisation.
In a block organisation, you discuss all your causes as a single block

 i.e. all your body paragraphs are about only the causes. Of course,
all your body paragraphs can also be about effects only.
Obviously, you can write about both the causes and effects in your
essay. You may write about the causes in several paragraphs in the
first block, and the effects in the following paragraphs in the second
block. You decide whether what you want to discuss first  the
causes or the effects.
In a chain organisation, all the causes and effects are linked or

connected to each other. You can have all the linked causes and
effects in a single paragraph, or you can discuss the individual links
in separate paragraphs.
You also learn how to plan your essay by organising your ideas by
selecting one of the four possible essay patterns.
Self-test 2.3
Many people complain that the quality of life in large cities is

deteriorating. In your opinion, what are the causes of this problem?
What measures do you think the government could take to solve this
problem?
Then write the essay of 500 – 700 words based on the outline you
have prepared.
UNIT 2 45
Feedback
Activity 2.9
Is there a link between computer games and violence? Social scientists

believe that there is a close connection between computer games
and violence. The scientists theorised that computer games that
promote fighting and killing are very addictive, and this addiction
causes many young people to be glued to the computer screen.
These people then focus their entire energies and thoughts onto the
violent content of the games, blurring the boundary between reality
(their real life environment) and fantasy (the virtual world created by
computer games). As a result, violent behaviour may occur. To avoid
such negative effects, it is important to focus on games that are non-
violent such as chess and monopoly.
Activity 2.10
Activity 2.11
Activity 2.12
Activity2.13

UNIT 2 47
2.4 Compare and Contrast Essays

Objectives
1. Identify the features of compare and contrast essays.
2. Prepare an outline for compare and contrast essays.
3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for compare and contrast essays.
4. Write a compare and contrast essay.
Introduction
Take a look at the picture below. How would you go about describing it? One easy
way of describing the picture is to look for the similarities (two hands belong to the
same child, same size, shape, etc.) and differences (colour of paint on each hand).
For instance, you could describe the picture as follows:
1. The picture shows two hands belonging to a child.
2. On the palms, one hand has black paint while the other hand has coloured
paint.
What you have done in describing the picture is to give a description that shows
similarities and differences. This is what you will learn in this section  writing essays
that describe similarities and differences. These essays are also known as compare
and contrast essays.
Many of the courses you take at university level require you to write compare and
contrast essays. Such essays are very common in examinations.
Compare means looking

at the similarities.
Contrast means looking at

the differences.
You are expected to be able to write comparative essays in the courses that you take
so that you can describe common grounds and ideas in your analysis. For instance,
you will learn to describe similar best practices that are beneficial to all in the field
of business. In science, you should be able to write essays that show similarities
between Western and Eastern sciences.
Similarly, you are required to describe key differences between two ideas, thoughts
and elements. This means that you should be able to write texts that show contrast
between two things.
Features of compare and contrast essays

What is a compare and contrast essay?
When we compare things, we talk about what is similar about them. When we
contrast things, we talk about what is different about them. So in a compare and
contrast essay, you are expected to discuss similarities and differences between two
or more items.
Here are some topics of compare and contrast essays:
1. Studying in a public government school or an international private school.
2. Studying as a full-time university student or as a part-time ODL student.
3. Marrying someone of your own race or another race.

UNIT 2 49
4. Studying overseas or locally.
5. Would you prefer to live in a city or the countryside?
6. Which animal would make a better pet: a cat or a dog?
7. As a writer for a car magazine, you have been asked to write a compare and
contrast article on a Proton Iriz and a Perodua Myvi.
8. What advice would you give to someone who is still trying to decide whether
to study at a local university or an overseas university?
Activity 2.14
Look at the picture below of a mother and her son. Fill in the table
with similarities and differences:
Features Similarities Differences

Age
Physical
Clothes
Roles
What do you write in a compare and contrast essay?
Look at the picture of the mother and son again, and the table you have just
completed. After you have analysed the picture and categorised the similarities and
the differences into the appropriate columns, it is easier to describe them.
With the information on the similarities and differences, you can organise your
essay in two ways:
1. Block organisation
In a block organisation, you discuss all the similarities in one block, and all
the differences in another block.
2. Point-by-point organisation
In a point-by-point organisation, you devote a paragraph for each point or

feature.
Block organisation Point-by-point organisation

1. Age (1st point) 1. Woman (1st block)
• Woman • Age
• Boy • Physical attributes
• Role
2. Physical attributes (2nd point)
• Woman 2. Boy (2nd block)
• Boy • Age
• Physical attributes
3. Role (3rd point) • Role
• Woman
• Boy
Remember, comparative essays could be a comparison between:
1. Two things.
2. Different views.
3. Events.
4. People.
UNIT 2 51
The block pattern allows

The advantage of the point-by-point
you to discuss points in
pattern is that it continually keeps the
greater detail. Be sure to keep
comparison in the mind of the reader
alternating between points
and it helps you to pay equal attention
and ensure that you continue
to both sides of the argument.
discussing similar aspects of
each argument.
Writing the cause and effect essay

Planning the essay
Before you begin writing your compare-and-contrast piece, you need to think about
how you plan to present the information. For instance, if you are going to write a
comparison of two car models, you have a choice of two ways:
1. Write about all the features of the first car. Then write about all the features
of the second car. (Block organisation)
2. Write about a feature of the two cars. Then write about the next feature of
both cars, and so on. (Point-by-point organisation)
Essay patterns
Before you write your essay, you need to study the question. As you are aware by
now, the type of organisation and essay pattern depends largely on the nature of the
question. You may want to write an article comparing and contrasting two different
car models:
As a writer for a car magazine, you have been asked to write a compare and contrast
article on a Proton Iriz and a Perodua Myvi.
In this pattern, you discuss all the features of the two car models in two different
blocks:
• Discuss the features (engine, exterior, interior, and price) of Proton Iriz in one
block.
• Discuss the features (engine, exterior, interior, and price) of Perodua Myvi in
another block.
Pattern 2 (Point-by-point organisation):
In this pattern, you discuss all the four features (engine, exterior, interior, and price)
of the two car models in four body paragraphs:
• Discuss the first feature (engine) of both cars in the first body paragraph.
• Discuss the second feature (exterior) of both cars in the second body paragraph.
• Discuss the third feature (interior) of both cars in the third body paragraph.
• Discuss the fourth feature (price) of both cars in the fourth body paragraph.
The essay outline
The outline below for the article comparing the two different car models can be
presented using the two patterns  you decide on your choice of pattern.
As a writer for a car magazine, you have been asked to write a compare and contrast article on
a Proton Iriz and a Perodua Myvi.
Pattern 1: Block organisation Pattern 2: Point-by-point organisation

Proton Iriz vs. Perodua Myvi: Proton Iriz vs. Perodua Myvi:
Body para 1: Engine of Iriz 1st block Body para 1: Engine of Iriz 1st point
Body para 2: Exterior of Iriz (Iriz) Engine of Myvi (Engine)
Body para 3: Interior of Iriz Body para 2: Exterior of Iriz 2nd point
Body para 4: Price of Iriz Exterior of Myvi (Exterior)
Body para 5: Engine of Myvi 2nd block Body para 3: Interior of Iriz 3rd point
Body para 6: Exterior of Myvi (Myvi) Interior of Myvi (Interior)
Body para 7: Interior of Myvi Body para 4: Price of Iriz 4th point
Body para 8: Price of Myvi Price of Myvi (Price)
UNIT 2 53
Reminder
“If you don't know where you are going, you'll end up someplace else.”
 Yogi Berra
Graphic organisers to help you plan your essay
Graphic organisers are tools that can be used to visualise and organise your ideas
at the planning stage. These graphic organisers will guide you in the process of
generating ideas  all you have to do is fill in the blanks.
Here is the first graphic organiser which you used to compare and contrast the
picture of a mother and her son earlier:
Features/Aspects Similarities Differences
Here is another graphic organiser used for identifying similarities and differences:
Item A Item B
Similarities
Differences
Activity 2.15
Complete the outline below using the block organisation for this
topic:
Studying as a full-time university student or as a part-time ODL

student.
Introduction
_______________________________________________________
General/Background information: Information on the options

available for university studies
Thesis statement: Studying in the university as a part-time ODL

student or as a full-time student has its advantages and disadvantages.
Body
Body Paragraph 1: (Part-time student: advantages)
Topic sentence:
Body Paragraph 2: (Part-time student: disadvantages)
Topic sentence:
Body Paragraph 3: (Full-time student: advantages)
Topic sentence:
Body Paragraph 4: (Full-time student: disadvantages)
Topic sentence:
UNIT 2 55
Conclusion
_______________________________________________________
Closing statement:
_______________________________________________________
Activity 2.16
words.
Activity 2.17
Prepare an outline for a compare-and-contrast article using the

point-by-point organisation for the following task:
As a writer for a car magazine, you have been asked to write a

compare-and-contrast article on a Proton Iriz and a Perodua Myvi.
Make use of the Internet to gather information of both cars for

your article.
Activity 2.18
words.
Summary
In this section, you learnt how to write the compare and contrast
essay. When you compare two items, you talk about what is similar
about them. When you contrast two items, you talk about what
is different about them. So in a compare and contrast essay, you
are expected to discuss similarities and differences between two or
more items.
You can organise a compare and contrast essay in two ways:

Block organisation, or Point-by-point organisation. In a block
organisation, you discuss all the similarities in one block, and all
the differences in another block. In a point-by-point organisation,
you devote a paragraph for each point or feature.
In compare and contrast essays, you discuss similarities and

differences between: two or more things, views, events, people,
and other items.
You also learnt how to visualise and organise your ideas at the
planning stage by using graphic organisers. These graphic organisers
can also help you in the process of generating ideas  all you have
to do is fill in the blanks.
Finally, you prepared and outline and wrote compare-and-contrast

essays using the block and point-by-point organisation.
Self-test 2.4
Is it better to study in a public government school or an international

private school?
Then write the essay of 500 – 600 words based on the outline you
have prepared.
UNIT 2 57
Feedback
Activity 2.14
Features/
Similarities Differences
Aspects
Age The mother is older.
–
The son is younger.
Physical Both are Asians/Chinese. The mother is bigger.
The son is smaller.
Clothes Both are wearing casual The clothes are of
light-coloured clothes. different sizes.
Roles Both are related to each One is a parent, and
other. the other is the son.
Activity 2.15
Activity 2.16
Activity 2.17
Activity 2.18

UNIT 2 59
2.5 Definition Essays

Objectives
1. Identify the features of definition essays.
2. Prepare an outline for definition essays.
3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for definition essays.
4. Write a definition essay.
Introduction
Foreign students in Malaysia sometimes ask in what ways is a pantun different from
the poetry of their countries. Tourists might ask you to explain what is unique about
the Pasar Ramadhan that appears once a year, or tell them about the Thaipusam or
the Chinese Qingming festival.
In tests or exams, you might be asked to define sociolinguistics, Maslow’s hierarchy of

needs, opportunity cost, economy of scale, or some theories in your academic studies.
Perhaps you have been asked to explain what love, patriotism, success, beauty, discipline,
and other abstract and controversial ideas mean to you.
Definition essays attempt to explain these events and ideas mentioned above, as well
as many other terms and theories from other fields. This section will examine how
you will go about writing such essays.
Features of definition essays

What is a definition essay?
As its name tells us, the purpose of a definition essay is to define. In other words,
this type of essay explains in depth the meaning of a word, a term, a concept, an
idea, or a theory. Most of the time, we can define a word or term in a sentence or
two. However, if an idea is complex, an extended definition may be required. An
extended definition may take up several sentences, paragraphs  or even pages to
explain a concept. Such a lengthy definition of several paragraphs or pages would
be your definition essay.
Here are some topics of definition essays:
1. Love
2. Respect
3. Racism
4. Procrastination
5. What is intelligence?
6. What does success means to you?
7. What are good parenting skills?
8. Winston Churchill, John Lennon, President Obama, and Elvis Presley are
considered to be very charismatic people. What exactly is charisma?
9. Explain the law of diminishing returns.
10. Define behaviourism and how it works.
What do you write in a definition essay?
As mentioned earlier, you can write about the meaning of a word, term, concept,
idea, law, principle, or a theory. While items such as cars, computers, and books
have definite and concrete meaning (i.e., they are tangible  which you can see and
touch), terms such as love, commitment, and responsibility are abstract (i.e., they
are intangible) and depend more on a person’s point of view.
Activity 2.19
Categorise these terms into either concrete or abstract and define

the terms.
Love Anger Tennis

Water Jealousy Mobile phone
Commitment Teacher Responsibility
Concrete terms Meaning

UNIT 2 61
Abstract terms Meaning
Writing the definition essay

Planning the essay
Before you begin writing your definition paragraph or essay, you need to think about
how you plan to present the information.
1. Let your reader know what term is being defined.
2. Let your reader know the category or group the term belongs to (Is it an
animal, object, quality, belief, theory, festival?).
3. Tell your reader about the special characteristics or distinctive traits of this
item you are defining.
4. Make the explanation interesting by using facts, examples, and stories that
will help your readers understand, as well as enjoy. You can add humour to
your writing if you like.
Essay pattern
Your topic sentence should identify your topic (the term being defined) and the
controlling idea (category of term, and its characteristic):
Topic Controlling idea

Term being defined Category Special characteristics
Procrastination is the act of delaying or postponing
something that should be done.
Charisma is a special charm or that causes others to feel
appeal attracted and inspired by
someone.
The Law of diminishing an economic in which if one factor of
returns is concept production is increased while
other factors are held constant,
the output per unit of the
variable factor will eventually
diminish.
Maslow’s hierarchy of a theory that describes the need of

needs is human behaviour.
Capital punishment is a legal process whereby a criminal is sentenced
to death after conviction by a
court of law.
Activity 2.20
Select a word, a term, or a phrase to define. Your definition should

include a category and special characteristics
Word, term, or phrase Category Special characteristics
Choosing the term to define
An important consideration when you write a definition essay is in choosing the

definition. It is not as simple as copying the definition(s) from the dictionary. You
should try to understand the term and explain the term briefly in your own words.
It is also important to limit your term before you start defining it. Do you remember
the exercise you did on narrowing the topic in Unit 1? Proceed to do the same here.
For instance:
General LOVE
Romantic Love and Platonic Love
More specific First Love

UNIT 2 63
Activity 2.21
Write a more specific word for the following general terms.
Term More specific Most specific

1. Education
2. Success
3. Stress
4. Sports
Activity 2.22
Choose a term from Activity 2.21 and write an extended definition

in a short paragraph. Use facts, examples, or anecdotes to make
your definition clearer.
Think about these before you write:
• What examples will help my readers understand the term?
• What examples would appeal to my readers?
• Will a brief anecdote (story) reveal the meaning of the term?
Remember not to use examples that do not support the definition.
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Are there types of definitions Sure, there are. In fact, many

that I can use? At times, after writers use a combination of
I’ve defined a term, I find it hard different types of definitions
to continue with my writing. to write their essays. Read on.
Depending on what you want to discuss in your definition article, here are some of
aspects you can write about:
Definition Type What to do

1. Analysis Divide the subject into parts and define each part
separately.
Example: The MRI has features that…

2. Classification Follow the dictionary definition(s). What class does the
subject belong to?
Example: Man is categorised as…

3. Comparison Define a subject according to similarities or differences to
another subject.
Example: Studying at Wawasan Open University is like…

4. Details Provide details such as physical characteristics, thoughts,
and distinguishing attributes.
Example: The biggest flower in the world, the Rafflesia has…

5. Examples and Describe by giving vivid details to clarify a group, a theory
incidents or an object.
Example: Vygotsky, in explaining his socio-constructivist

theory, states that…
6. Negation Mention what it is not in order to show what it is.
Example: (Refer to a sample definition essay)

UNIT 2 65
7. Origins and Describe its origin, background information or history of

causes the subject.

8. Results, effects Discuss consequences and uses of the subject.
and uses
The essay outline
Your definition can be in a single paragraph or a few paragraphs without having to

follow the usual academic essay pattern  i.e., having an introduction, body, and
conclusion. However, you may produce an extended definition if you wish, or are
required to.
Here is a sample definition essay which uses a number of ways to define the topic of
love. Notice how humour is injected into the essay while maintaining the definition
of love.
What is This Thing Called Love?
Introduction A wise man once said that love is a wonderful

The thesis statement (in bold) thing. Although this statement leaves sparse
lists the three subtopics that will room for argument, it does little to define what
be discussed in the three body love is beyond the vague realm of wonderful.
paragraphs: It is my duty as a devout romantic to embark
(1) defining love by looking upon the seemingly difficult task of defining
at the history, (2) explaining love by looking at the history, explaining what
what love is not, and also (3) love is not, and also examining the uses of love
and the results of that usage.
examining the uses of love and
the results of that usage.
The origin of the word is probably the most
logical place to start. As with many words in
Body paragraph 1 the English language, love is a derivative of
Topic sentence (in bold): the Latin word “causemajoraproblemus” which
Defining love by looking at the means “You’re miserable when you get it, and
history miserable when you don’t.” The word was
created to explain the biological phenomenon
that existed when certain individuals came into
contact with each other and either remained
together or went about their lives separately.
Regardless of the outcome, the relationship
was usually characteristic of throat lumps,
knotted stomachs, weak knees, temporary loss
of language, sweaty palms, dizziness, sneezing
and occasional nausea. Belligerent insanity also
resulted. History clearly illustrates this. Can we
ever forget the face that launched a thousand
ships? Federally expressing Van Gogh’s ear? The
construction of Le Tour Eiffel? All of these were
results of love and love lost.
Body paragraph 2 Star-crossed lovers have stated that love is

Topic sentence (in bold): not hand nor foot nor any part belonging
Explaining what love is not to a man. Matrimonial ceremonies also
claim that love is not jealous or boastful.
Let it be stated here that love also is not a
gourmet dish, a domesticated animal or a
latest trend. Love is not a strategic defence
mechanism nor the best kept secret at the
Pentagon. Love is not another seasoning to
bottle and stick on the dust-lined shelves of
the spice rack. Love is not to be confused
with adhesive tape.
Body paragraph 3 Instead, love is a great counterpart to late,

Topic sentence: evening thunder storms on hot July nights.
Examining the uses of love and Love goes well with cold pizza on picnic
the results of that usage blankets. Love is cold, wet sand between
bare toes. Love is a capitalistic sell-all for
novels, Top-40 pop songs, summer movies,
and greeting cards.
Conclusion In its simplest terms, love is a four-letter

Effects of love word. Much like other words of similar
letter make-up, when expressed it can
(Note how humour is injected to evoke laughter, pleasure, pain, anger
create a great conclusion and to and virtually any wave of reaction. Love
leave the readers smiling.) also can be confused with feelings of
indigestion and gas. Houses have been
built, burned, and banished because of
love.
By Heidi Everett
Revised for LEO by Judith Kilborn
for the Write Place, St. Cloud State
University.
Revised for WOU by Eng, L T
Web References
Some definition essays to read online:
1. “A Definition of Happiness” by Nikos Kazantzakis
http://grammar.about.com/od/shortpassagesforanalysis/a/
Kazantzakis.htm
2. “Prettiness” by Gore Vidal
vidalprettiness.htm
UNIT 2 67
3. “The Meaning of Home” by John Berger
bergerhomepass.htm
Summary
The purpose of a definition essay is to define. In other words,

this type of essay explains in depth the meaning of a word, a term,
a concept, an idea, or a theory. Most of the time, we can define a
word or term in a sentence or two. However an extended definition
may take up several sentences, paragraphs, or even pages to explain
a concept. An extended definition of several paragraphs represents
your definition essay.
Some of the terms you have to define have definite and concrete
meaning (i.e., they are tangible  which you can see and touch),
while other terms such as love, commitment, and responsibility are
abstract (i.e., they are intangible).
In planning your definition essay, you need to let your readers know:
1. what term is being defined.
2. which category or group the term belongs to.
3. about the special characteristics or distinctive traits of this item

you are defining.
4. more about the item by using facts, examples, and stories.

Self-test 2.5
You have been asked to give a talk on “Success in Life” to a group of

undergraduate students.
1. Narrow the term “Success” to three types of success.
2. Define in a sentence the three types of success you have listed.
3. Write the definition essay in about 500 – 600 words.
Term Types Definition
Success
Essay:
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UNIT 2 69
Feedback
Activity 2.19
Possible answers:
Concrete terms Meaning

Water A clear liquid which is essential for life.
Teacher A person who instructs.
Tennis A kind of ball used in a game.
Mobile phone A portable telephone that one can carry
and use anywhere.
Abstract terms Meaning

Love A feeling of longing for another.
Commitment To faithfully remain with a person or a task.
Anger A strong feeling of displeasure because
something does not happen according to
one’s expectations.
Jealousy The feeling that one has when one’s
possessions is seen to be inferior as
compared to another person’s.
Responsibility A duty to deal with or to take care of a
person or a task.
Activity 2.20
Possible answers:
Word, term, or
Category Special characteristics
phrase
Talent is a special ability that allows a person to
do something well.
Heritage is a tradition, that is part of the
achievement, history of a group or
property, or country.
belief
Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological

and neurobiological
factors that enable
people to acquire,
comprehend and use
language.
Algebra is a branch of that uses letters or
mathematics symbols to represent
numbers and
quantities in formulae
and equations.
Activity 2.21
Many answers are possible:
Term More specific Most specific

1. Education Academic activity Critical thinking
2. Success Career success Becoming a CEO
3. Stress Stress at work Hypertension
4. Sports Badminton Thomas Cup
Activity 2.22
[Submit your paragraph to your tutor for evaluation and comments.]

UNIT 2 71
2.6 Classification Essays

Objectives
1. Identify the features of classification essays.
2. Prepare an outline for classification essays.
3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for classification essays.
4. Write a classification essay.
Introduction
Do you sort and classify things in your life? We classify things and objects into groups
and categories in order to be organised, as well as to keep track of things. You can
see things being classified and arranged in supermarkets and outlets of shopping
complexes. In a supermarket, similar foods are grouped together so that customers
to locate them easily. When different brands of canned food are placed the same
shelf, you can compare them and decide which you prefer.
In this section you will learn about writing classification essays. To classify means
to place items into groups or categories.
Features of definition essays

What is a classification essay?
In a classification essay, you sort items or events into certain categories or classes.
Usually, a classification essay categorises them into more than two categories. In
comparison, a compare-and-contrast essay categorises items into two main categories.
What do you write in a classification essay?
By now you are aware that in a classification essay you are obviously required to
classify items into categories, groups, or classes.
So, when exactly should you write a classification essay? You use a classification
essay when you want to subdivide a unit into smaller sub-units. For example, for a
topic like “Leading a healthy lifestyle,” you can subdivide it into three ways that a
person can lead a healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet, exercise, and a positive attitude.
Here are some topics of classification essays. Some ideas on how they can be classified
are provided in the brackets:
1. Music young people listen to
(You classify the different categories of music  rock, hip-hop, rap, dance, pop,
rhythm and blues, etc.)
2. Online educational resources available to ODL learners
(You classify the different educational resources.)
3. Bosses I have worked with
(This appears to be a very general topic, but you can classify the different types of
bosses.)
4. Teachers who have taught me
(You classify the teachers according to the subjects they teach, primary and
secondary school teachers, or their personalities. You decide.)
5. Smartphones
(You can classify them according to their prices, popularity, operating systems, and
other features.)
6. Social networking available to us today
(You can categorise them according to the services such as Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter, or according to special-interest groups such as classmates, schools,
universities, professions, etc.)
7. Annoying people I have met
(You should have an idea how to create your own classifications by now.)
8. How students prepare for their examinations
(How do you prepare for your examinations? How do your friends prepare for their
examinations? Can you classify them?)
UNIT 2 73
Writing the classification essay

Planning the essay
As in any type of essay, you need to plan  and it is no different for a classification
essay. You need to know exactly what you plan to write in your classification essay.
Ensure that the sub-categories are clearly given in the introduction. In other words,
the reader has to make sense of what you are classifying and how you are classifying
the information.
Here is what you normally do in planning for a typical classification essay:
1. In your introduction, explain what items are to be categorised. Explain how the
classification is done.
2. In the body paragraphs, tell your readers more about the various categories.
Give examples of the items that belong to those categories.
3. Conclude by giving an opinion, a recommendation, or an advice. Read more

about writing the closing remarks in Unit 1 (1.2 Planning the essay and writing
the first draft).
Read the following introduction:
People enjoy many kinds of music. The young, teenagers, adults and the aged all
enjoy listening to music. People of various ages enjoy different kinds of music 
classical, evergreens, rock, punk, and ballads. This is because these kinds of music
have been popular with different generations.
Here, we are given two classifications  age and music. However, we are not informed
which age group prefers what kind of music. This information is not clearly stated.
Therefore, the paragraph can be improved as follows:
People of different ages enjoy different kinds of music because certain kinds of
music become popular at different times. Consequently, the young enjoy ballads,
teenagers like to listen to rock and punk, adults listen to evergreens, and the aged
prefer classical music.
In the improved version, we get a clearer understanding of how classification works

 various kinds of music are popular with different generations. We are informed
about genres of music that different generations prefer.
Reminder
Your introduction must be clear so that your readers know what

and how the classification is done.
Activity 2.23
Write a paragraph to describe the kinds of activities that you engage

in during your free time and weekends. Classify these activities.
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Essay pattern
Before you write your classification essay, you need to plan how you are going to
organise and present the information.
Introduction
Hook: Write your opening line.
Background information: Introduce the subject to be categorised. Provide some

background information and the purpose of the essay.
Thesis statement: Tell your readers of categories you are going to write about.
Body
Body paragraph 1: First point on the issue stated in your topic sentence.
Body paragraph 2: Second point on the issue stated in your topic sentence.
Body paragraph 3: Third point on the issue stated in your topic sentence.
Conclusion
Restatement/Summary: Restate your thesis statement. If your restatement
summarises the thesis statement, you may choose not to write a summary.
Closing statement: Conclude by giving an opinion, a recommendation, an advice,

a prediction, a quotation, or ask a question.
UNIT 2 75
The essay outline
The outline below is for a five-paragraph essay for this topic:
How to lead a healthy lifestyle.
Introduction
Thesis statement: This essay will discuss how we can lead a healthier lifestyle by having
a balanced diet, exercising, and having a positive attitude.
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence: A balanced diet is important to lead a healthy lifestyle.
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence: Exercising is the next thing that one should do to live a healthy lifestyle.
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence: Finally, it is important to have a positive attitude towards lifestyle.
(The controlling idea is underlined and in bold in all the topic sentences.)
Conclusion
Closing statement:
Activity 2.24
Complete the above essay outline on how to lead a healthy life.
Activity 2.25
Based on the above outline, write out the essay in 500–600 words.
Reading classification essays online:
Samples of classification essays to read online:
1. “The Geography of English 102” by Ima Ersatz
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/composition/classification.htm
2. “Types of Computers” by OyaOzagac
http://w w w.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/t ypes%20of%20essays/

Classification%20Essay.htm
3. “10 Types Of Teachers Everyone Has At Least Once”
(This is not an essay, but this site will give you an idea of a humorous way to classify
teachers.)
http://www.buzzfeed.com/dell/10-types-of-teachers-everyone-has-at-least-
once
4. “The 6 Types of Social Media” by Tim Grahl
(This is not an essay, but it will give you an idea of how social media is classified.)
http://outthinkgroup.com/tips/the-6-types-of-social-media
5. “Types of Shoppers”
(This is a draft classification essay written by a student. Read the discussion

questions, and then compare the draft to the student’s revised version.)
http://grammar.about.com/od/developingessays/a/draftclass07.htm
UNIT 2 77
Learning to write classification essays online:
Some classification essays to read online:
1. “Classification Essay” from EssayInfo
http://essayinfo.com/essays/classification_essay.php
2. “Types of Papers: Division & Classification” from Roane State Community College
http://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/types%20of%20essays/Classification
%20Essay.htm
3. “Classification (Composition)” by Richard Nordquist
http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/classifterm.htm
4. “How to Develop and Organize a Classification Essay: Basic Approaches to

Drafting a Five-Paragraph Essay” by Richard Nordquist
http://grammar.about.com/od/essayassignments/a/Developing-And-
Organizing-A-Classification-Essay.htm
5. “Breakfast Foods” by RanaAlghamdi, Hing Saud University
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/aldarby/Pages/example-classification-essay.aspx
Summary
In this section, you learnt how to write the classification essay.

The purpose of a classification essay  as its name suggests  is
to classify or to categorise. To classify means to place items into
groups or categories.
In a classification essay, you sort items or events into certain

categories or classes. Usually, a classification essay categorises them
into more than two categories. In comparison, a compare-and-
contrast essay categorises items into two main categories.
You use a classification essay when you want to subdivide a unit into
smaller sub-units. For example, for a topic like “Living a healthy
lifestyle,” you can subdivide it into three ways that a person can live
a healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet, exercise, and a positive attitude.
This is what you do when you plan your typical classification essay:
1. In your introduction, explain what items are to be categorised.

Explain how the classification is done.
2. In the body paragraphs, tell your readers more about the

various categories. Give examples of the items that belong to
those categories.
3. Conclude by giving an opinion, a recommendation, or an

advice.
Just like the other essays you have learnt about, you need to plan
your classification essay. You need to decide how you are going to
Self-test 2.6
The following is the introduction of a classification essay:
My Favourite Television Programmes
Introduction:
The television is one of the most important electrical appliances in a

home. Almost every house has a television. I watch television all the
time to be entertained and it can be informative. Consequently, I enjoy
watching a number of television programmes such as the news (so
that I know what is going on in the world and locally), movies and
animated cartoons.
Improve the introduction to make it clearer for your reader to

understand the text better. Then proceed to complete the essay by
writing the body paragraphs and the conclusion.
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UNIT 2 79
Feedback
Activity 2.23
My free time and weekends are precious to me! The weekend is the
time when I get to engage in my favourite activities  both indoor
and outdoor. Indoor activities are hobbies such as reading, collecting
stamps, playing the guitar, listening to my favourite music, and
watching television. I also enjoy a lot of outdoor activities such as
camping, jogging, playing tennis, meeting friends, and shopping.
Activity 2.24
Possible outline:
Introduction
Opening sentence/Hook: Living a healthy life is important because
being sick is rather costly.
General/Background information: We need to spend money on

doctors and medicine when sick.
Thesis statement: This essay will discuss how we can lead a healthier
lifestyle by having a balanced diet, exercising, and having a positive
attitude.
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence: A balanced diet is important to lead a healthy

lifestyle.
If we eat junk food, our bodies will become like sick and unhealthy.
If food not balanced, our bodies will not get the required nutrients.
Follow food pyramid  look and feel healthier.
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence: Exercising is the next thing that one should do to

live a healthy lifestyle.
Exercising helps to burn fats and keep our internal organs working well.
Exercising helps our heart to pump our blood better.
Exercise in many different ways such as jogging, playing games and
dancing.
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence: Finally, it is important to have a positive attitude

towards lifestyle.
A positive attitude keeps our minds healthy.
A healthy mind is important  our bodies function according to how
we think.
If we have a negative attitude towards life, our bodies will function
likewise.
Conclusion
Restatement/Summary: In conclusion, we need to work towards
living a healthy lifestyle.
Summary: We can achieve that by having a balanced diet, exercising,

and having a positive attitude.
Closing statement: A healthy lifestyle does not happen naturally.

we need to have strong discipline and determination to achieve it.
Activity 2.25

UNIT 2 81
2.7 Problem-solution Essays

Objectives
1. Identify the features of problem-solution essays.
2. Prepare an outline for problem-solution essays.
3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for problem-solution essays.
4. Write a problem-solution essay.
Introduction
What do you do when you find that you have a leaky bathroom tap? Do you fix
it immediately? And if you do not know how to fix it, what do you do  call a
friend to help you, or go online and search for a solution? Or perhaps you can call
a plumber. Do you have a computer that is running too slowly? How do you solve
the problem and get it to run faster?
These are some of the problems we face regularly  problems we would like to solve.
In this section, you will look at another type of essays you may have to write in
your university studies, and even at the workplace  essays or proposals that define
problems and provide solutions.
Features of problem-solution essays

What is a problem-solution essay?
You would have guessed by now that a problem-solution essay identifies a problem,
and goes on to offer solution or various ways to solve the problem. The types of
solution offered depend on the complexity of the problems.
Here are some topics of problem-solution essays:
1. What is the best way to get young people to stay away from drugs?
2. How can we prevent bullying in schools?
3. More and more marriages are ending in divorce. What can be done to prevent
this from happening?
4. Many students have problems submitting their assignments on time. How can
we solve this problem of procrastination?
5. Many Malaysian motorcyclists still do not wear helmets while travelling on the
road. How can we get them to wear helmets?
6. How can we encourage more Malaysians to take public transportation?
7. What can all of us do to save water?
8. What can we do to prevent young people from becoming addicted to computer

games?
Learning how to write these types of essays will help you in the working world in
situations such as the following:
1. Writing a report to explain a problem that is happening in the company

that you are working for.
2. Providing business solutions and giving essential explanation to a group of

businessmen who consult you on how to overcome a business problem.
What do you write in a problem-solution essay?
In this type of essay, you discuss the problem specified in the essay question. You
explain what the problem is and why it matters to us. Then you suggest some possible
solutions to the problem.
Defining the problem
If a problem is not well-defined or explained, readers may have a vague understanding

of the problem. Consequently, your readers may become confused and misunderstand
a situation. Thus, it is important to define and explain a problem well enough.
For a simple and common problem, a sentence or two may be sufficient. For example,
your readers already know about the existence of the usual problems of traffic jams,
texting and driving, visiting social media sites instead of working, to mention a few.
However, certain unique problems require a more detailed explanation. To adequately

describe a problem, you should:
1. Provide necessary background information.
2. Give an account with significant details on how the problem started.

UNIT 2 83
Read the following description of a problem:
This is an account of the fire that happened last week on the first floor of the
administration building. The fire occurred due to a poor management decision. To
overcome future occurrences, the decision needs to be rectified and substituted
with another plan.
From the above sample paragraph, you know the following:
1. A fire occurred.
2. It happened in a place that is specified.
3. It happened due to a decision that was made by the management.
From the above paragraph, we know that the fire occurred due to a poor management
decision. However, we do not know what the poor management decision was. How
could the decision have led to the occurrence of the fire? Such details are not explained
in the paragraph. A better definition of the problem would require some necessary
background information, and an explanation of how the problem started.
The following improved description of the above paragraph:
This is an account of the fire that happened last week on the first floor of the
administration building. The fire occurred due to a poor management decision. Six
months prior to the fire, the management had decided that one way of saving costs
was to switch off all lights and air conditioners during lunch hours. This, however, was
misinterpreted by the security guards as an order to switch off the main power. The
management did not rectify the guards’ action as they thought that this may save
money for the company.
Unfortunately, by switching off the main power, the automatic sprinkler was also
turned off. On 23 July at around 1.15 p.m., there was heavy smoke from one of the
storerooms on the first floor. Initial investigation seemed to show that someone
had been smoking in the storeroom. Due to the carelessness of the person or people
concerned, the recycled paper in the storeroom caught fire. As the sprinklers were
not operational, the fire was not put out. Subsequently, the fire spread to the other
rooms on the same floor.
In the second version, the poor management decision has been elaborated on.
Background information (e.g., saving costs, switching off the lights and the air
conditioners, misinterpretation by the guards) and an explanation as to how the problem
started (e.g., the automatic sprinkler was also turned off, smoking in the storeroom,
carelessness) are given.
Remember to adequately describe a problem by providing necessary background

information. Do not give lengthy unnecessary details that will clutter your
explanation and make it difficult for your reader to read and stay focused on the
problem.
Activity 2.26
The paragraph below describing a problem does not have sufficient

elaboration:
Recently, there has been a spate of robberies in our housing area.

This makes our housing area unsafe. These occurrences of robberies
are due to several factors.
Improve the above paragraph by providing background information

from the notes below:
Notes:
• No security guard to patrol the area.
• Most occupants are away at work. Thus, the area is left largely
unattended.
• Residents who are negligent  leaving doors and windows
unlocked.
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UNIT 2 85
Activity 2.27
Plan an introduction for the topic below:
More people are getting obese. People are becoming obese at a

younger age
To provide background information for the problem, consider the

possible causes. The purpose of this activity is to give you practice
in explaining a problem by providing necessary background
information.
Introduction
Possible causes:
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_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Providing solutions to a problem
Having described a problem, you also need to suggest solutions adequately. At

the workplace, you may wish to consider the following questions when writing a
problem-solution proposal:
1. When and how can the solution be implemented?
2. How much do you estimate the costs to be?
3. Who will execute the solution?
4. Who will monitor the solution that is being carried out?
Include an explanation of the solutions provided so that your readers can appreciate
the rationale behind the solutions.
Here is a paragraph that provides a solution to a problem:
One possible way of decreasing the incidence of crime in housing areas is to install
security cameras. This is the most efficient way in terms of costs and results. Other
countries that have implemented this have seen a significant decrease in crime.
In the paragraph above, the solution (i.e., installing security cameras) is briefly
mentioned. Such a measure can be favourable in terms of costs and results. However,
the reader is uninformed about the costs involved. What is meant by installing security
cameras is efficient in terms of results?
Let us look at rewritten version that provides more details:
One possible way of decreasing the incidence of crime in housing areas is to install
security cameras. This is the most efficient way in terms of costs and results. There is
significant savings in costs because one does not have to pay for hiring many security
guards to do the job that one or two cameras can do  looking out for suspicious
characters in a neighbourhood. Moreover, cameras can be more efficient than human
beings because they are usually positioned at high places. Subsequently, they are able
to assist security guards in observing the neighbourhood from higher and wider angles.
This cannot be done by guards who are stationed at ground level. In short, security
cameras are more efficient in helping guards to keep a lookout of the area than
relying solely on the guards themselves.
In the rewritten version, there is a brief explanation for the two reasons for using
cameras:
1. Significant savings in costs because one does not have to pay for hiring many
security guards.
2. More efficient than human beings because they are usually positioned at high
place.
Remember to give a brief explanation for your solutions. Explain them adequately
so that your readers can understand the solutions that you recommend.
Writing the problem-solution essay

Planning the essay
The two most important components of a problem-solution essay are obvious: the
problem and the solution.
The problem
Before you can solve a problem, you need to understand the problem fully. For
example, if you are writing about information shared on the internet, you need to
be aware of several problems associated with it:
1. Downloading files with attached viruses and malware
2. False information or hoaxes

UNIT 2 87
3. Sensitive information intercepted by a third party
4. Usernames and passwords hacked by criminals
The solution
Once you are aware of the specific nature of the problem, you can suggest solutions.
While you may think you know of the many solutions to a problem, there may be
a lot more possible solutions that you are not aware of. It would be to your benefit
to read up on the subject.
Here are some problems and possible solution ideas. You may also come up with
your own ways to solve some of the problems.
Problem Solution
Two sides cannot agree Discuss: Get both sides to discuss and
work out a compromise.
Lack of facilities (e.g., buildings, Build: Build new facilities.
classrooms, fields)
Lack of resources (e.g., teachers, Add: Buy resources, get donations,
books, equipment) employ new teachers.
People do not know how to stop Educate: Teach them.
smoking or handle bullying
Parents cannot attend parent-teacher Change: Change to weekends.
meetings on weekdays
People breaking laws (e.g., texting Enforce: Enforce laws strictly.
and driving, running red lights)
Employees causing problems, Remove source of problem: dismiss
mosquitoes causing dengue, employee, chemical fogging, replace
Inefficient management causing management.
company to lose money
Students procrastinating and not Motivate: Motivate them.
working hard
Current rules and laws cannot solve Make: Make or create new rules or laws.
problems (e.g., cyber-crimes, hacking,
online gambling)
Essay pattern
Before you write your problem-solution essay, you need to plan how you are going
to organise and present the information.
Here’s one possible way to organise your essay.

10. Body paragraph 1: Explanation of the problem

11. Body paragraph 2: 1st solution
12. Body paragraph 3: 2nd solution
Alternatively you may provide detailed information about the problem in the
introduction, and provide solutions in all the body paragraphs.
1. Body paragraph 1: 1st solution

2. Body paragraph 2: 2nd solution
3. Body paragraph 3: 3rd solution
Pattern 3 (Point-by-point):
You may wish to discuss each problem followed by a solution in each paragraph:
1. Body paragraph 1: 1st problem and solution

2. Body paragraph 2: 2nd problem and solution
3. Body paragraph 3: 3rd problem and solution
The essay outline
Here is an outline, complete with an introduction and conclusion, based on Pattern 1

(Block organisation):
Introduction
Background information: Introduce the problem. Provide some background

information and the purpose of the essay.
Thesis statement: You will explain the problem and suggest solutions
Body
Body paragraph 1: Detailed explanation of the problem. May briefly include causes
and/or effects.
Body paragraph 2: Suggest first solution
Body paragraph 3: Suggest second solution

Conclusion
Restatement/Summary: Restate your thesis statement
Closing statement: Conclude by giving a recommendation, an advice, or a call for

action.
UNIT 2 89
Some cause and effect essays share some of the features of a problem-solution essay
like this one:
Topic 1:

Topic 1 requires you to specifically discuss the causes and effects of the haze (the
problem) before writing about the solution. Therefore you need to discuss the causes
and the effects.
Topic 2 below is almost similar to the above question. The difference is that in this
topic, it does not require you to discuss the causes and effects of the haze. It requires
you to discuss the solution to the haze.
Topic 2:
The focus of the Topic 2 is on the solution. However, you still need to briefly tell
your readers something about the haze problem  so you may mention the causes
and effects. An awareness of the causes (e.g., open burning) will allow you to suggest a
solution (end open burning). Similarly, an awareness of the effect of the haze (polluted
air), will permit you to suggest a temporary solution (stay indoors, wear a mask). Do
note that the above question is not a cause and effect essay, so do not have blocks
of paragraphs discussing the causes and effects. The emphasis in this topic is the
solution to the problem.
You can use the outline below to plan your answer for the above question:
Introduction
General/Background information: Information on the haze
Thesis statement:
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence: To solve the haze problem, the government should…
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence: To solve the haze problem, the government should also…
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence: Most importantly, the government should…
Conclusion
Closing statement:
Activity 2.28
Complete the above outline for the problem-solution essay.
Activity 2.29
Based on the completed outline above, write out the essay in 500
– 700 words.
Reading sample problem-solution essays online:
You may read samples of problem-solution essays to read online at the sites listed
below. Pay attention to how the thesis statements, topic sentences (especially the
controlling ideas), and the conclusion are written.
1. “Problem and Solution: Drug Abuse Essay” from Writefix
This is a four-paragraph essay with this pattern:
• Introduction
• Body paragraph 1: Problem
• Body paragraph 2: Solution

UNIT 2 91
• Conclusion
http://writefix.com/?page_id=1205
2. “IELTS Writing Task 2: Problem/Solution Essay with Sample Answer” from IELTS
Academic
• Introduction
• Body paragraph 1: Problem and solution
• Body paragraph 2: Problem and solution
• Conclusion
http://ielts-academic.com/2012/07/26/ielts-writing-task-2-problemsolution-
essay-with-sample-answer/
3. “IELTS Problem Solution Essays” from IELTS buddy
• Introduction
• Body paragraph 1: Problem  2 problems discussed
• Body paragraph 2: Solution  3 solutions discussed
• Conclusion
http://www.ieltsbuddy.com/problem-solution-essays.html
4. “IELTS Problem Solution Essays” from IELTS buddy
This is a five-paragraph essay on “Overpopulation in cities” with this pattern:
• Introduction
• Body paragraph 1: Problems
• Body paragraph 2: Solution 1  Government
• Body paragraph 3: Solution 2  Individuals
• Conclusion
http://www.ieltsbuddy.com/overpopulation.html
5. “Loneliness: A Problem-Solution Essay” by The Prop Room
This is a five-paragraph essay on “Overpopulation in cities” with this pattern:
• Introduction: Defining the problem
• Body paragraph 1: The 1st solution is getting psychological help
• Body paragraph 2: The 2ndsolution is trying to be more outgoing and taking

part in social activities.
• Body paragraph 3: The 3rdsolution is accepting your own personality
• Conclusion
http://theproproom.blogspot.com/2014/01/loneliness-problem-solution-essay.
html
Learning more about problem-solution essays online:
These sites will tell you more about how to write problem-solution essays:
1. “Problem-solution (composition)” by Richard Nordquist
http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/Problem-Solution.htm
2. “100 Problem Solution Essay Topics with Sample Essays” by Virginia Lynne,
HubPages
http://virginialynne.hubpages.com/hub/100-Problem-Solution-Essay-Topics-
with-Sample-Essays
3. “How to Write a Problem Solution Essay: Step by Step Instructions” by Virginia

Lynne, HubPages
http://virginialynne.hubpages.com/hub/How-to-Write-a-Propose-a-Solution-
Essay
4. “Writing a Problem-Solution Essay: Drafting the Essay” by Webspiration Pro
http://www.webspirationpro.com/studytips/problem-solution-drafting
5. “Creating a Problem-Solution Essay Outline” by by Jared Chandler
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hElTPqFYtTM
UNIT 2 93
Summary
In this section, you learnt how to write the problem-solution essay.

The purpose of a problem-solution essay  as its name suggests  is
to discuss the problem, and then offer a solution or various ways
to solve the problem. The types of solution offered depend on the
complexity of the problems.
In this type of essay, you discuss the problem stated in the essay
question. You explain what the problem is and why it matters to
us. Then you suggest some possible solutions to the problem. If a
problem is not well-defined or explained, readers may have a vague
understanding of the problem. Thus, it is important to define and
explain a problem adequately. For a simple and common problem,
a sentence or two may be sufficient.
Having described the problem, you need to suggest solutions

adequately. At the workplace, you may wish to consider the
following preparing a problem-solution proposal: When and how
the solution be implemented, the cost of implementation, the people
who will carry out the implementation, and the people monitoring
the solution. However, you need not address these issues in your
academic essay unless required to.
your problem-solution essay. You need to decide how you are going
to organise and present the information
Self-test 2.7
How to speed up a slow computer
Feedback
Activity 2.26
Recently, there has been a spate of robberies in our housing

area. This makes our housing area unsafe. These occurrences of
robberies are due to several factors such as the unavailability of
security guards to patrol the area. Without the visible presence of
security guards, would-be robbers will be more daring to break
into houses. Moreover, these areas are usually unattended as
many of the occupants are away at work. The problem of having
a high incidence of robberies is exacerbated by careless residents
who leave their doors and windows unlocked. It is not surprising
that the security in our housing area has become lax as a result of
these factors.
Activity 2.27
More people are getting obese. People are becoming obese at a

younger age
Introduction
Possible causes:
High sugar intake
No regular exercise
A lack of education on health and proper diet.
Activity 2.28
Activity 2.29

UNIT 2 95
2.8 Evaluation Essays

Objectives
1. Identify the features of evaluation essays.
2. Prepare an outline for evaluation essays.
3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for evaluation essays.
4. Present your evaluation as informal report.
5. Write an evaluation essay.
Introduction
Have you ever read a book or movie review in a magazine or newspaper? That
review is actually an evaluation of a book a critic has read, or a movie evaluated
by a reviewer. Similarly, have you ever told your friends about a movie you saw at
a Cineplex, and then recommended it to them because it was very good? Perhaps
you have read a novel and then told your friends not to waste their time reading it?
When you praise or criticise a movie you have seen, or a book you have read, or a
holiday destination you have been to, you have already evaluated them. You have
made an assessment or judgement. All evaluation involves an opinion.
This section will explore another type of essay you may be required to write in your
university studies  the evaluation essay. Knowing how to handle such essays
may prove to be useful eventually at your workplace. You may one day be required
by your management to write an evaluation of a product, a service, a place, or an
applicant from a shortlist for a vacancy for the company.
Features of evaluation essays

What is an evaluation essay?
In an evaluation essay, you are the judge, a critic, a reviewer  you give your
opinion about something. You tell your readers whether it is good or bad, practical
or impractical, cheap or expensive, useful or of little value, and so on. In short, you
are evaluating something.
You may not have written an evaluation essay before, but you have carried out some
form of evaluation more often than you think.
Here is an example: Your younger brother walks into the room holding a guidebook
he had just bought to help him with his Additional Mathematics for the SPM. He
shows it to you. You go through the book, and then you tell him, “This book is
a waste of money! There are better books available. Why did you buy choose this
book? You should not have bought this book!”
Your comments were based on a quick evaluation of the book: How did you arrive
at that decision? When you asked your brother to explain his choice, he explained,
“It had a very nice cover.” His evaluation of the book was based on its cover  he
literally judged the book by its cover! Your evaluation of the book was different from
his  what criteria did you use to evaluate the guidebook? Have you ever thought
about the criteria you use to evaluate things?
Meanwhile, your elder sister walks in hurriedly to show you the new Apple iPhone
8 smartphone which she had just bought. She shows it to you, and eagerly looks
at you to see your reaction. You examine it, play with it, and then say in approval,
“This is fantastic! I am going to get one too! So how much did you pay for it?”
She tells you the price, and you respond in shock, “That’s too much! It’s ridiculous! I
would not buy it at that price.” Your initial evaluation of the smartphone was positive,
but your re-evaluation after you heard the price was negative. What criteria did you
use to say that the smartphone was “fantastic” at the beginning, and what were the
new criteria you used next to say that you would not buy it? Obviously, in spite of
the smartphone being “fantastic,” you would not buy it based on the price criteria.
However, your sister bought it  what criteria did she use to make her decision?
Evaluation essays make use of a criterion (singular) or a set of criteria (plural) to

make an evaluation. We will examine these criteria later.
Here are some topics of evaluation essays:
1. Evaluate a movie you have recently seen and explain why you liked it.
2. What is your all-time favourite song? Evaluate it to explain your choice.
3. Do you prefer to see your favourite band perform live or watch them on
television? Evaluate your preference.
4. Evaluate why home-cooked food is healthier than hawker food.
5. Evaluate the latest smartphone available today. Why is it better than the one
you are using now?
6. Your younger brother wants to buy a desktop computer. Evaluate the model
you would buy for him.
7. Your manager is looking for a venue where he can hold a one-day seminar for
sales staff. You have recently attended a workshop at one of the seminar rooms
in Wawasan Open University, so the manager has asked you to evaluate on the
suitability of this venue for his seminar.
8. Your department has recently bought new equipment. Your manager has asked
you to evaluate the equipment based on its benefits and the problems it caused.
UNIT 2 97
What do you write in an evaluation essay?
When you evaluate something, you need to judge it by a set of criteria. A criterion
is a principle or standard by which something may be evaluated or judged. For
example, if you want to evaluate a restaurant your criteria could be the quality of
the food, the price, the variety, the service, the atmosphere, or the cleanliness of the place.
After you have evaluated the restaurant, you give your verdict  is the place worth
a visit? For some people, the quality of the food is more important than its price
or atmosphere. For others, the price is the most important criteria  they would
not go to the place again if the food is too expensive, even if the food is out of this
world. So two persons’ evaluation of something would be worlds apart, or may even
be identical.
When students choose universities for their tertiary education, how do they evaluate
their choice? Do they have some sort of system to make their decisions? The Times
Higher Education World University Rankings 2013 – 2014 list of the best 400 global
universities was evaluated based a set of criteria  teaching, research, citations,
academic staff, and international outlook. You may read more about it here at its
website:
http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/
Have you ever wondered how the many radio stations in Malaysia (or all over the
world) that play the weekly top songs in their countdown programmes decide what
to play? Their top or popular songs are based on several criteria  the listeners’ votes,
airplay frequency, streaming, or sales (American Top 40).
Do note that not everyone will agree with your evaluation. For example when Rolling
Stone magazine issue 963 (9 December 2004) published its list of "500 Greatest
Songs of All Time," many readers complained that their favourite songs never made
it to the list. Others complained that foreign songs were not included. In spite of
a lack of standard criteria for evaluating what constitute a great song, publishers
regularly produce such lists.
Here is the list of the top ten songs from the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" 
ranked by a point system based on the votes of 172 musicians, critics, and music-
industry personnel:
Position Song Artist

1 "Like a Rolling Stone" Bob Dylan
2 "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" The Rolling Stones
3 "Imagine" John Lennon
4 "What's Going On" Marvin Gaye
5 "Respect" Aretha Franklin
6 "Good Vibrations" The Beach Boys
7 "Johnny B. Goode" Chuck Berry
8 "Hey Jude" The Beatles

9 "Smells Like Teen Spirit" Nirvana
10 "What'd I Say" Ray Charles
How many of these “greatest songs” songs have you heard from the above list? Do
you agree with this list? If the songs are the greatest, why have you not heard of
them? What makes a song “great”  the meaningful lyrics, the melody, the person
singing it, the beat, or some indefinable criteria?
What is your personal favourite all-time number song? What criteria did you use
to rate this song of yours? Bear this in mind when you are writing your evaluation
essay  not everyone will agree with you. However, you can try to convince your
readers and explain how you evaluated the subject.
Writing the evaluation essay

Planning the essay
To be able to evaluate a problem or situation, you need to fully understand the

topic. While you are reading or researching the topic, keep in mind the criteria you
are using to evaluate it.
If you are evaluating a product such as a smartphone, a tablet, an app, or a kitchen

appliance, it is recommended that you test it. How can you truly evaluate something
you have not tried out? However, a lot of consumers do buy products without going
through the testing process  as evident by the long queues of people lining up
to buy an iPhone they have read about. In your case, how do you normally decide
what to buy  what criteria do you use?
Deciding the criteria
Before you begin your evaluation essay, you need some criteria to enable you to
evaluate the topic of you discussion. Different topics require different sets of criteria:
Topic Criteria
Movie Plot (Story), Actors/Acting, Dialogue, Cinematography,
Directing, Music score.
Holiday destination Low-cost, Food, Friendly people, Crime-free, Beautiful
beaches, Good accommodation.
Live concert Band/Singer performing, Crowd, Ticket prices,
Showmanship, Lighting.
Smartphone Brand, Price, Design, Size, Display, Quality of camera, Card
slot for removable storage.
Career Salary, Benefits, Distance from home, Security,
Advancement, Environment.
UNIT 2 99
Activity 2.30
Give your three most important criteria for evaluating the following
topics:
Topic Criteria
Buying a second-hand car 1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
Evaluating your essay 1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
Buying an apartment 1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
Choosing a digital camera 1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
Choosing a postpaid plan 1. ___________________________

for your cell phone
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
What else do you evaluate?
You can evaluate a suggestion. If suggestions are provided for overcoming a

particular problem, you can evaluate how practical the suggestions are before they can
be implemented. Some questions you can ask when you evaluate the suggestions are:
1. How effective are the suggestions in overcoming the problem?
2. What are risks that may be involved?
3. What are the costs involved?

You can also evaluate a problem. Some questions you can ask when evaluating a
problem are:
1. How serious is the problem?
2. What effect(s) has the problem on people and the environment?
3. How long will it take for the problem to dissipate?
Similarly, you can evaluate a situation. Some questions to ask when evaluating
situations are:
1. How much will the volatile share market affect a company or the economy?
2. How will the current political situation affect a country?
3. How serious is the use of performance-enhancing drugs in Malaysia?
Essay pattern
Before you write your evaluation essay, you need to plan how you are going to
Here’s one possible way to organise your essay. Provide background information
about the subject in the introduction, and use the body paragraphs to evaluate the
topic using the selected criteria.
13. Body paragraph 1: Evaluation based on the 1st criteria

14. Body paragraph 2: Evaluation based on the 2nd criteria
15. Body paragraph 3: Evaluation based on the 3rd criteria
The essay outline
Here is an outline, complete with an introduction and conclusion for writing an

evaluation essay:
Introduction
Background information: Introduce the topic. Provide some background

information and explain the purpose of the essay.
Thesis statement: State that you will evaluate the topic based on the three criteria.
UNIT 2 101
Body
Body paragraph 1: The 1st criteria
Body paragraph 2: The 2nd criteria
Body paragraph 3: The 3rd criteria
Conclusion
Restatement: Restate your thesis statement.
Summary: Summary of your evaluation based on the three criteria.
Closing statement: Your verdict based on the evaluation You may add a
recommendation, an advice, or a call for action.
Some evaluation essays share some of the features of a compare-and-contrast essay

like this one:
Topic 1:
Topic 1 requires you to compare and contrast the features of the two car models. You
do not have to evaluate which is the better car. However, some writers do conclude
by giving their evaluation as to which car gives better value for money.
Look at Topic 2:
Topic 2:
You want to buy either a Proton Iriz or a Perodua Myvi. Evaluate both cars and decide
which car you would buy.
Topic 2 below is almost similar to Topic 1. The difference is that in this topic, you
are required to evaluate both cars, and then decide which car to buy. To do that, you
need to evaluate based on criteria that matters to you: price, safety, comfort, and
equipment. Another writer would have a different set of criteria.
Activity 2.31
Your department has recently bought new equipment. Your

manager has asked you to evaluate the equipment based on its
benefits and the problems it caused.
Based on the outline below, write your evaluation essay.
Introduction
Background information/Description: Bought Cannon
Multifunctional Laser Printer Model WOU203-03 for RM1,500.
Features
Thesis statement: To evaluate its benefits and problems
Body
Body paragraph 1:
Reason it was bought: to replace old machine, less features, high

maintenance costs
Body paragraph 2:
Benefits: Fast and productive, economical and efficient, easy to use
Body paragraph 3:
Problems: Too many features  confusing. Unable to cancel

printing if accidentally press “print.”
Conclusion
Summary: More benefits than problems. Problems can be solved
through learning. Low operating costs.
Recommendation/Verdict: A good purchase.

UNIT 2 103
Report format
If the above evaluation is required at your workplace, you should not submit it as
an essay. An informal evaluation report for submission to your manager should be
in the memo format:
To:
From:
Date:
Subject: Evaluation of Cannon Multifunctional Laser Printer Model WOU203-03
Introduction
Findings
1. Benefits
2. Problems
Conclusion/Recommendation
Activity 2.32
Rewrite the above essay in Activity 2.31, this time present it as a

memo report.
Evaluating a suggestion
When you write an essay to evaluate a suggestion, a problem, or a situation, you

can follow the suggested pattern below:
Introduction
Background information: Description of the suggestion, problem, or situation
Thesis statement: State that you will evaluate the topic based on the three criteria OR
You will evaluate it from both sides  the positive and negative
Body
Body paragraph 1: 1st criteria
Body paragraph 2: 2nd criteria
Conclusion
Summary: Summary of your evaluation
Recommendation: To accept or reject

Let us look at one sample essay based on the above pattern:
Many educationists have suggested that Gender Studies should be incorporated

into the secondary school curriculum. Evaluate this suggestion.
Many educationists have suggested that Gender Studies should be incorporated into
the secondary school curriculum. Evaluate this suggestion.
Introduction Educationists are always thinking of ways

The introduction provides to improve the education system so that
background information on students can experience academic progress.
gender studies. Many educationists argue that gender studies
should be incorporated into the secondary
school curriculum as a way of resolving gender
differences between males and females in our
society. For instance, because males by nature
are generally physically stronger than females,
strength has been made as a key indicator for
leadership. This is usually exploited by many
men to rule over women. In many extremes
The thesis statement (in bold) of society, this results in prostitution, sexual
states the purpose of the essay: slavery, wife beating, and labour exploitation.
To evaluate whether gender To overcome these problems, society has to be
studies can be incorporated into taught to have respect for both genders and
the secondary school curriculum this can be done via gender studies. This essay
by looking at two criteria: will evaluate whether gender studies can
1. Teachers be incorporated into the secondary school
2. Textbooks curriculum by looking at the availability of
teachers and textbooks.
Body paragraph 1 One pressing question that should be asked

Topic sentence (in bold): in the implementation of gender studies in
1st criteria: Teachers secondary schools is the teaching personnel.
Teachers are needed to teach the subject.
Supporting sentences: Considering that there are around thirty
1. Minimum of thirty thousand thousand secondary schools in the country,
teachers needed.. this means that there should be a minimum
2. Schools do not have trained of thirty thousand trained teachers to teach
teachers. this subject. However, the schools do not have
3. Untrained teachers may so many teachers that have been trained in
cause a backlash. gender studies. Having untrained teachers
4. Unconvinced teachers may to teach the subject may cause a backlash to
transfer gender bias. the plan of raising the awareness of students
towards gender differences. Teachers who
are unconvinced about gender disparity may
transfer gender bias through their teaching to
the students.
UNIT 2 105
Body paragraph 2 Another question that needs to be addressed

Topic sentence (in bold): is whether there are adequate textbooks on
2nd criteria: Textbooks gender studies on the market specifically
for secondary school students. Without the
Supporting sentences: necessary textbooks, teachers may be at a
1. Without books, teachers loss as to what to teach in the classroom. This
can’t teach. may be translated into wasted time. Students
2. Time wasted. may end up doing their own work while the
3. Students doing their own teacher sits in class supervising them instead
work. of teaching them the subject.
4. Teachers end up supervising
students.
Conclusion Although Gender Studies is indeed an

Restatement (in bold): interesting subject for secondary schools, the
The two criteria restated. issue of teachers and textbooks need to be
resolved before it can be incorporated in the
Recommendation: secondary school curriculum. Nevertheless,
1. Planning needs to be carried greater planning needs to be carried out before
out. it is implemented. The authorities must study
2. Study the proposal with the proposal with greater depth as students
greater depth may end up not learning anything and remain
ignorant of gender issues.
Closing statement:
Poorly-planned implementation
will be counterproductive.
Reading sample evaluation articles:
Visit WawasanLearn for current links to evaluation articles in the form of reviews
on current movies, latest IT equipment, best-selling books, new cars, and other
articles of interest.
Learning more about writing evaluation essays online:
These sites will tell you more about how to write evaluation essays:
1. http://www.aims.edu/student/online-writing-lab/assignments/evaluation
2. http://classroom.synonym.com/write-evaluation-essay-2480.html
3. http://hubpages.com/hub/How-to-Write-an-Evaluation-Review-essay
4. http://conservationcouncilnc.org/evaluation-essay-writing-guidelines-for-
college
5. http://hubpages.com/hub/100-Evaluation-Essay-Topic-Ideas
Summary
In this section, you learnt how to write the evaluation essay. In

an evaluation essay you give your opinion about something after
you have evaluated it. You tell your readers whether it is good or
bad, practical or impractical, cheap or expensive, useful or of little
value, and so on.
When you evaluate something, you need to judge it by a set of

criteria. A criterion (singular) is a principle or standard by which
something may be evaluated or judged. For example, if you want to
evaluate a restaurant, your criteria could be the quality of the food,
the price, the variety, the service, the atmosphere, or the cleanliness of
the place. After you have evaluated the restaurant, you give your
verdict or recommendation  is the place worth going to?
Do note that not everyone will agree with your evaluation. Different
people use different criteria to evaluate something.
To be able to evaluate a problem or situation, you need to fully

understand the topic. While you are reading or researching the
topic, keep in mind the criteria you are using to evaluate it. If you
are evaluating a product such as a smartphone, a tablet, an app, or
a kitchen appliance, it is recommended that you test it. However, a
lot of consumers do buy products without going through the testing
or evaluation process.
Before you begin your evaluation essay, you need some criteria to
enable you to evaluate the topic of you discussion. Different topics
require different sets of criteria. Besides evaluating products, food,
movies, music, or places, you can also evaluate a suggestion, a
problem, a situation, or an idea.
At the workplace, you may present your evaluation in the form of

an informal report using the memo format.
your evaluation essay. You need to decide how you are going to
organise and present the information
UNIT 2 107
Self-test 2.8
Your manager is looking for a venue where he can hold a one-day

seminar for sales staff. You have recently attended a workshop at one
of the seminar rooms in Wawasan Open University, so the manager has
asked you to evaluate on the suitability of this venue for his seminar.
Alternatively, you may write it as an informal report.
Feedback
Activity 2.30
Topic Criteria
Buying a second- Brand, condition, price/your budget,
hand car resale value, maintenance costs.
Evaluating your essay Refer to the criteria in Unit 1.4
Evaluating the essay
Buying an apartment Location, cost, size, facilities,
maintenance fees, security, car park,
surroundings.
Choosing a digital Price, brand, ease of use/handling,
camera portability, accessories, megapixels,
memory, speed (time lag between
pressing the button and taking the
picture), zoom, battery type
Choosing a postpaid Monthly access fee, SMS rate, voice call
plan for your rate, data package, SIM card, credit limit,
cellphone value added services, deposit.
Activity 2.31
Your department has recently bought new equipment. Your manager

has asked you to evaluate the equipment based on its benefits and
the problems it caused.
Possible answer:
Introduction
On 3 rd January 2015, our department bought a Cannon
Multifunctional Laser Printer Model WOU203-03 for RM1,500.
This machine is equipped with a network-capable system offering
numerous features and high performance levels tailored to meet
the needs of a small office like ours. This multifunctional machine
can be used as copier, printer, facsimile, and scanner. This is
an evaluation of the equipment based on its benefits and the
problems it caused.
Body
The main reason for the purchase of this laser printer is to replace
the older machine which was rented at RM700 per month from Ace
Office Equipment. Buying this equipment means the company can
save on the monthly rental charges. The older printer frequently
broke down, and we had to call Ace Office Equipment to repair or
service the machine. When the machine could not be used, we had
to go elsewhere to get our printing, copying, scanning and other
services done  and this costs the company time and money.
Furthermore, the older machine lacked many features compared
to the present one. Buying the equipment was one of the better
decisions made.
The main benefit of the machine is its speed  it can print 30

copies in a minute. Thus large jobs can be finished very quickly.
Having a two-sided printing means reducing the amount of paper
used  therefore saving the company money. Further savings
come from user quotas and secure printing. Moreover, the low total
energy consumption rating keeps electricity bills low. Additional
savings come from user quotas and secure printing.
The main problem at the momentis that there are far too many new
features and functions which cause confusion to our staff. They are
slowed down by having to use it step by step. Another problem is
that if anyone were to accidentally press the print icon, they may
not be able to cancel the printing. The quick response time from
the machine meant that many pages would be printed before they
have time to cancel the printing. However, these are not major
problems. Once the users are familiar with the multifunctional
printer through daily usage, these issues will be resolved. We are
currently seeing less of such problems.
UNIT 2 109
Conclusion
Based on my evaluation of the benefits and problems, I can
confidently say that the new multifunctional printer has brought a
lot of benefits. The problems it caused are the usual problems new
users encounter when trying to use new equipment. Eventually
everyone in the department would be able to use it with ease as
they become more and more familiar with it. In conclusion, I highly
recommend retaining the Cannon Multifunctional Laser Printer
Model WOU203-03. It is packed with an array of state-of-the-art
features, and offers remarkable productivity with low operating
costs.
Activity 2.32
Your department has recently bought new equipment. Your

manager has asked you to evaluate the equipment based on its
benefits and the problems it caused.
To:
From:
Date:
Subject: Evaluation of Cannon Multifunctional Laser Printer
Model WOU203-03
Introduction
On 3 rd January 2015, our department bought a Cannon

Multifunctional Laser Printer Model WOU203-03 for RM1,500.00.
This machine is equipped with a network-capable system offering
numerous features and high performance levels tailored to meet
the needs of a small office like ours. This multifunctional machine
can be used as copier, printer, facsimile, and scanner. This is
an evaluation of the equipment based on its benefits and the
problems it caused.
Reasons for purchasing the equipment
The main reason for the purchase of this laser printer is to replace
the older machine which was rented at RM700 per month from Ace
Office Equipment. Buying this equipment means the company can
save on the monthly rental charges. The older printer frequently
broke down, and we had to call Ace Office Equipment to repair or
service the machine. When the machine could not be used, we had
to go elsewhere to get our printing, copying, scanning and other
services done  and this costs the company time and money.
Furthermore, the older machine lacked many features compared
to the present one. Buying the equipment was one of the better
decisions made.
Findings
1. Benefits
The main benefit of the machine is its speed  it can print 30

copies in a minute. Thus large jobs can be finished very quickly.
Having a two-sided printing means reducing the amount of
paper used  therefore saving the company money. Further
savings come from user quotas and secure printing. Moreover,
the low total energy consumption rating keeps electricity bills
low. Additional savings come from user quotas and secure
printing.
2. Problems
The main problem at the moment is that there are far too many
new features and functions which cause confusion to our staff.
They are slowed down by having to use it step by step. Another
problem is that the staff is not able to cancel the printing if they
accidentally press the print icon. The quick response time from
the machine meant that many pages would be printed before
they can cancel the printing. However, these are not major
problems. Once the users are familiar with the multifunctional
printer through daily usage, these issues will be resolved.
Conclusion/Recommendation
Based on my evaluation of the benefits and problems, I can

confidently say that the new multifunctional printer has brought a
lot of benefits. The problems it caused are the usual problems new
users encounter when trying to use new equipment. Eventually
everyone in the department would be able to use it with ease as
they become more and more familiar with it. In conclusion, I highly
recommend retaining the Cannon Multifunctional Laser Printer
Model WOU203-03. It is packed with an array of state-of-the-art
features, and offers remarkable productivity with low operating
costs.
[Submit your report to your tutor for evaluation and comments.]

UNIT 2 111
2.9 Narrative Essays

Objectives
1. Identify the features of narrative essays.
2. Prepare an outline for narrative essays.
3. State the various purposes for writing narrative essays.
4. List the other types of essays that require narratives.
5. List the various elements in a narrative essay.
6. Write a narrative essay.
Introduction
Do you love movies and animated cartoons on television? Do you read comics,
novels, short stories, and news stories in the newspaper? These are various forms of
narrative. A narrative can be a written, spoken, or even drawn account of connected
events and experiences which may be true or imaginary. In this section we will learn
about writing narrative essays.
Features of evaluation essays

What is a narrative essay?
A narrative essay informs the reader about an incident or an event. A narrative can
be described as one that relates events in chronological order from the first event
that happened to the last event that happened (Leonard 2002,132). This means the
events are arranged in time order  the first event told at the beginning, followed
by the second, and so on until the final event. However, according to Kane (2000),
“chronology is sometimes complicated by presenting the events in another order:
for example, a story may open with the final episode and then flash back to all that
preceded it.”
Besides the events that happen in the essay, there are characters, the setting (the
place the story takes place), the story, and of course, the narrator (the one who tells
the story).
Narratives found in other types of essays
Some of you may be taking up courses that do not require you to write any narrative
essays, and might feel this section may not be useful. However, you need to know
that narrative essays are not the only places where you tell stories. Narratives do
occur occasionally within other types of essays. For example, in discussion and
argumentative essays, you may describe an event to illustrate your point. You might
narrate vividly a shocking story of how a victim was disfigured for life and another
blinded because someone chose to text and drive. Such a narrative works better than
a two-sentence explanation why texting and driving is dangerous. Some anecdotes
would certainly make certain ideas clearer in a definition essay.
In your management course, you might want to narrate an incident that led to
a full-blown crisis  followed by another narration that illustrates how the crisis
was solved by following certain principles. Textbooks are fond of using narratives
to illustrate a point. Dale Carnegie who wrote books like How to Win Friends and
Influence People and How to Stop Worrying and Start Living tells several interesting
stories in every chapter to demonstrate his principles. Similarly, Stephen Covey’s
7 Habits of Highly Effective People is filled with motivational stories of people to
illustrate the habits under discussion.
And if you recall, some of the hooks you learnt to introduce your essay require
some sort of narrative  the dialogue, anecdote, story, or personal experience. If you
have forgotten about these ways of opening sentences, it is time for you to revisit
them in Unit 1.
Learning how to write narrative essays will definitely be useful at the workplace. The
first four topics on the list are examples of narrative writing you may be required
to write at work.
Here are some narrative essay topics:
1. Write a report of an accident involving the company bus.
2. Describe an incident that occurred at the reception to your management and

how you handled it.
3. Explain how your sales team managed to triple the sales volume for the first
quarter of the year.
4. Narrate the effects of a new drug that your pharmaceutical company conducted.
5. Write a story of a time when you had to stand up for something you believed in.
6. Tell your tutor about a time you achieved your goal. Explain why the goal was
very important to you and the difference it has made in your life.
7. Teaching someone else how to do something can be very rewarding. Narrate

the events that led you successfully taught someone a skill.
8. Describe an incident you will never forget.

UNIT 2 113
Activity 2.33
Read Text A and Text B. Which text is a narrative?
Text A
All ten respondents came to my office two weeks after the

treatment to complain that they suffered from slight nausea every
night. I prescribed to each of them ten milligrams of calcium for a
period of one week. After one week, one of the respondents came
back to complain that the nausea had not stopped. Five other
respondents said that the nausea had stopped while there was
no information about the other four respondents. For that one
respondent who continued to suffer from nausea, I prescribed
another dosage of calcium for another week.
Text B
Nausea is reported to be one of the side effects after taking X-32c.

The occurrences of nausea are however dependent on multiple
factors  the amount of dosage given, the age and the state of
health of the individual taking the dosage and also the time of
the day the dosage is taken. Clinical tests seem to suggest that
individuals are more likely to suffer from nausea if X-32c is taken
after meals.
What do you write in a narrative essay?
First of all, we need to know what types of narrative essays are not required in
academic setting: You are not required to novels or short stories. Although they are
known as “short” stories, they can be very long.
The types of narratives
The types of narrative essays you are expected to write can range from a single
paragraph to several paragraphs. These narratives can be:
1. A personal real-life experience
2. Someone else’s experience
3. An imaginative experience
4. A fictitious story
The elements of a narrative essay
You need to know what the various elements of a narrative are before you begin
writing. These are some of the elements found in a narrative essay:
• Purpose
• Narrator
• Setting
• Characters
• Events
• Conclusion
In a simple narrative, elements found in novels and short stories such as exposition,
plot, conflict, climax, and denouement are generally not present. These elements will
not be discussed here as they are not required in your basic narrative writing.
Purpose
Every narrative essay has a purpose: To help you focus on what you are writing in
your narrative, you need a thesis statement, or a main or a controlling idea. How
do you create a statement for this topic?
Write a story of a time when you had to stand up for something you believed in.
Here are some examples of statements that identify the main idea:
1. Everyone in my group decided to try smoking cigarettes one day, and I was the
only one who stood the ground by refusing to get involved.
(The controlling idea is “smoking cigarettes.”)
2. I believe in academic honesty, and during my primary schooldays, when I saw

some of my classmates cheating in an examination, I decided to report it to the
invigilator.
(The controlling idea is “cheating in an examination.”)
3. Stealing is a crime, and I will never get involved in it.
(The controlling idea is “stealing.”)

UNIT 2 115
4. I remember in 2011 when I had to stand up for something I believed in.
(The controlling idea is not specifically stated. The readers will have to read on
to find out what that “something” is.)
In your narrative essay, you may decide to suggest the main idea indirectly rather
than state it explicitly as in Statement 4 above. However, it is still recommended
that you think of a statement to help you focus on the controlling idea. All your
supporting sentences in your narrative should be related to that idea.
Narrator
You can choose to tell your story from your point of view  that is, you use the
first person singular “I.” Here are some other point of views common in stories and
narratives:
First person singular: Example: I simply love chocolates!

I
Using the first person singular conveys the impression you
are talking directly to the reader. It feels personal. If you
were involved in events, narrating from the first person
provides the best perspective.
The “I” persona
Although the narrative is in the first person, it may not

necessarily be you all the time. You may adopt the persona
of Hang Tuah (i.e., you are Hang Tuah in the narrative):
Example: I’ll begin by telling you how I first met Hang

Jebat…
You have written autobiographical compositions during

your primary school days where you were a pencil, a
bicycle, a cat, and numerous subjects that could not
possibly talk, let alone write:
Example: I am Puteh the cat…
First person plural: Example: We simply love chocolates!

We
At some point in the narrative, other characters join you
in your story, and at this point, you use “we.”
Third person: Example: She simply loves chocolates!

He, She or They
A lot of narratives make use of the third person point of
view. Here the narrator is talking about other people.
The narrator is a spectator observing or reporting events
happening or has happened.
An advantage of a third person narration is that you have

the freedom to move from one character to the next. You
can narrate what your characters are thinking and feeling
 something the first person narrator cannot do.
Second person The second person singular/plural is seldom used in
singular/plural: academic narrative writing.
You
Setting
The setting is the time and place of the story. Where and when did the story take
place?
Characters
Who are the characters in your story? How many characters are there?
Events
In a simple narrative, you tell the story of a single event. This single event will usually
take place in a single time span and in one place.
A slightly more complex narrative may tell of a few events. Some narrative may
have a linked cause-and-effect chain where one incident leads to another incident.
There are several ways to narrate the events in your story:
Chronological order You begin with the first event, followed by the second
event, and so on until you reach the last event. This is a
narrative in chronological order.
Flashbacks In your narrative, you may write about a past event at
some point to clarify some situations. This act of going
back in time is a flashback.
Beginning with the This type of narrative starts with the final event, and then
end moves to the beginning and middle. You have done such
narratives during your schooldays where you are required
to begin your story with “I will never forget what he did
for as long as I live.”
Beginning in the If you can begin with the ending, you can start your story
middle in the middle.
UNIT 2 117
Conclusion
There are several ways you may end your narrative essay. You may end your narrative
with:
• The final occurrence of the event
• A twist or an unexpected ending
• A message or a lesson learnt
• An open and inconclusive ending
Writing the narrative essay

Planning the narrative
You can plan your narrative by filling in the graphic organiser below:
Title
Elements Planning notes
Purpose Thesis statement:
Narrator
Setting Place(s):
Time:
Characters List the main characters in the narrative:

•
•
•
•
Events List the events in the order you will be narrating them:
•
•
•
•
Events
Essay pattern
Different narrative essays may require different patterns from the one given above.
Here is a topic you might get in your Communications or Management course:
A customer complained about alleged poor customer service that you provided.
Your management requires an explanation from you.
To answer the above question which requires you to write a narrative, you must
first decide which important or significant events need to be mentioned. Additional
details that are necessary can be included so that the text can be better understood.
You must also decide on the purpose of the narrative text. By having an idea as to
what the purpose is, it is easier for you to decide what main events and additional
details need to be included in the writing piece.
For a narrative text that narrates past events, the tense that is used is the past tense.
For a narration that narrates events that happen all the time (such as narrating a
ceremony that takes place regularly), the present tense is used.
Identifying significant events
Remember that the purpose of your text will determine the kind of important events
that need to be included in the text. Here is an example:
Situation A customer complained about alleged poor customer

service that you provided. Your management requires an
explanation from you.
Purpose Give an account of the problems that the customer had and
the steps you took to help the customer.
Main events The problems:
• Problem 1
• Problem 2
The solutions:
• What was done to address Problem 1?
• What was done to address Problem 2?
The essay outline
Once you have determined the significant events, you should write in some supporting
details. These supporting details provide further explanation that furnishes a context
for the story so that the reader will have a better understanding of what happened.
UNIT 2 119
Here is an outline with two divisions  the problems and the solutions:
The problems Problem 1:

• How it started
• When it started
• What was initially done
Problem 2:
• How it started
• When it started
The solutions What was done to address Problem 1?
• When?
• How?
• Who?
What was done to address Problem 2?

• When?
• How?
• Who?
Based on the guiding questions, the following is a sample narrative essay. Keep the
purpose of your essay in mind which is: Give an account of the problems that the
customer had and the steps you took to help the customer.
Introduction: On the 5th of September 2014, I was asked by a

The thesis statement (in italics) customer, Mrs Maria Tan to see to her damaged
states the problem that the smartphone which had a warranty of two years.
customer had. However, the damaged phone had two major
problems that were not covered by the warranty.
Body paragraph 1: I checked the casing of the phone and noticed that
The topic sentence is in italics there were quite a number of scratches and dents.
My immediate thoughts were that the phone
This paragraph provided was not handled well. I thought that this could
information on Problem 1: be the main factor that led to other possible
• How it started damages the phone might have. I documented
• When it started details about these scratches and dents into
• What was initially done the logbook.
Body paragraph 2: The next problem I noticed with the microchip
The topic sentence is in italics was that there were traces of water. I guessed
the phone must have dropped into a pool of
This paragraph provided water not just once but several times. Again, I
information on Problem 2: documented this into the logbook.
• How it started
• When it started
Body paragraph 3: I then called the customer by phone. This was

The solutions about 3.30 p.m. on the 6 th of September. I
The topic sentence is in italics. explained to her that the scratches and dents
The other sentences provide were not covered by the warranty. I was hoping
supporting details. to get some understanding from her but she
began to accuse me of not wanting to service
The writer’s attempt at solving her phone. I decided that it was best to end the
the problem was by explaining conversation.
to the customer that the
scratches and dents were not
covered by the warranty.
Body paragraph 4: As for the microchip, I tried to clean it up but I
The topic sentence is in italics. noticed that there were many parts of the chip
The other sentences provide that could not be salvaged. I decided that the
supporting details. phone was beyond repair. The best solution is to
install a new chip which I think is akin to buying
The writer evaluated the a new phone. As such, it is best for the customer
problem and concluded that the to buy a new phone.
phone was beyond repair.
The best solution was for the

customer to buy a new phone.
Conclusion: I am rather shocked that the customer has
The writer ended the narrative accused me of not providing proper service to
by stating what happened in her. To the best of my professional ability, I have
the end: I am rather shocked that given my utmost in customer service.
the customer has accused me of
not providing proper service to
her.
You such a narrative, you can

end the narrative with what
happened in the end.
The concluding remark (in

italics) is optional.
Activity 2.34
Write an outline of a narrative essay based on the following topic:
Your company sent you on a trip to China to learn the business

ethics and culture practised there. Write a report in narrative style
of your trip to China.
Introduction: ____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
UNIT 2 121
Body paragraph 1: ____________________________________

____________________________________
____________________________________
Body paragraph 2: ____________________________________

____________________________________
____________________________________
Body paragraph 3: ____________________________________

____________________________________
____________________________________
Conclusion: ____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Activity 2.35
Based on the outline you prepared above, write your narrative essay.
Songs that narrate a story
Visit WawasanLearn to view some narratives in a PowerPoint Show format. Do you

know that some songs are actually narratives that tell a story? One such song is No
Charge by Tammy Wynette. You can view the analysis of the various elements on
PowerPoint at WawasanLearn. The PowerPoint comes with the lyrics  and you can
hear the actual song being played along.
You can use Google to see the lyrics from the Internet. Make sure you locate the
Tammy Wynette versions, as there are different versions with slightly different lyrics.
Here is an analysis of No Charge:
An analysis of No Charge by Tammy Wynette

Introduction: The narrative begins with a little girl giving the mother a piece of
paper with something she had written.
Narrator: First-person narration (the mother)

Setting: Kitchen
Time: This evening
Characters: The narrator (“I”  the mother), My little girl
Event 1: Little girl hand mother a piece of paper
Verse 1: Event 2: Mother reads the contents on the piece of paper (If you
In a song a want to know what the contents are, search for the lyrics on the
paragraph internet).
is known as Time: A few minutes later
a verse or a Setting: Same place
chorus Characters: Same people
Verse 2: Event 3: Mother writes her reply on the piece of paper
Time: Another few more minutes later
Setting: Same place
Characters: Same people
Verse 3: Event 4: Little girl reads the reply and writes her response
Time: Another few more minutes later
Setting: Same place
Characters: Same people
Conclusion: The message or moral of the story:
“When you add it all up…”
(So as not to spoil your enjoyment, the message is incomplete.

Do you want to know what the message is? You know what
you should do to view the message  visit the Internet or
WawasanLearn.)
What are the elements in that story?
• Characters: The mother (narrator), My little girl
• Time: This evening
• Place: In the kitchen
• Sequence of events: Chronological order
Another analytical PowerPoint Show you can view on WawasanLearn is Don’t Cry
Joni. This tells the story of Joni and Jimmy who have known each other “for ten
years or more.” When Jimmy had to leave their hometown to work in the city, Joni
wrote him a note telling him she will wait for him.
However, Jimmy told the girl, “You're just fifteen, I'm twenty-two. Joni, I just can't
wait for you,” When Joni heard that her teardrops “fell like rain that day.”
Eventually, Jimmy left the hometown, found a job, and tried to settle down. However,
a few years later, he then realises that he actually misses and loves her. So Jimmy
caught a plane and flew home. He proposes to Joni, and how do you think this love
story ends? This story has an unexpected ending  so what do you think happened?
Visit WawasanLearn for more.
UNIT 2 123
Reading sample narrative essays online:
You may read samples of problem-solution essays to read online at the sites listed
below. Pay attention to how the thesis statements, topic sentences (especially the
controlling ideas), and the conclusion are written.
1. “Uncle Lou’s Secret” by David Bardsley
(This is a narrative with commentary)
https://www.irsc.edu/uploadedFiles/Students/AcademicSupportCenter/
WritingLab/E3-Narration-Essay-Guidelines.pdf
2. “Holiday Warfare” by Dennis Gardner
(This is a winning essay from a student)
http://www.roanestate.edu/owl/Holiday.html
3. "The Sacred Grove of Oshogbo" by Jeffrey Tayler
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/composition/narrative.htm
4. “Granny” from wikiHow
http://www.wikihow.com/Sample/Narrative-Essay
5. 16 Narrative Essays from Western Technical College
(The website provides links to 16 narrative essays)
http://www.westerntc.edu/writingcenter/narrative.asp
Learning more about narrative essays online:
These sites will tell you more about how to write problem-solution essays:
1. “Narrative essays” by Purdue University Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing
Lab (OWL)
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/685/04/
2. “How to Write a Narrative Essay” by wikiHow
http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Narrative-Essay
3. “Narrative Essay” by EssayInfo
http://essayinfo.com/essays/narrative_essay.php
4. “Writing a Narrative Essay” by Marla DeSoto,Glendale Community College
http://web.gccaz.edu/~mdinchak/101online_new/assignment3writing.htm
5. “How to Write a Narrative Essay” by WriteExpress
http://www.writeexpress.com/narrative-essay.html
Summary
In this last section, you learnt how to write the narrative essay. A
narrative essay informs the reader about an incident or an event.
The narrative relates events in chronological order from the first
event that happened to the last event that happened.
Narratives are also found in other types of essays such as discussion

and argumentative essays. In your management course, you might
want to narrate an incident that led to a full-blown crisis  followed
by another narration that illustrates how the crisis was solved by
following certain principles. Textbooks are fond of using narratives
to illustrate a point.
And if you recall, some of the hooks you learnt to introduce your
essay require some sort of narrative  the dialogue, anecdote, story,
or personal experience. You can read about them again in Unit 1.
Some of the elements found in a narrative essay are:
• Purpose
• Narrator
• Setting
• Characters
• Events
• Conclusion
You view analyses of two narratives, and you learnt how to write a
narrative essay.
UNIT 2 125
Self-test 2.9
Write about a time when you disagreed with a decision that had
been made at your workplace and you did something about
it. Narrate the events that occurred from the time the decision
was made to your response. Explain why you disagreed with the
decision and why you felt that your response was the right thing
to do at that point. Explain what happened in the end.
Feedback
Activity 2.33
Text A is a narrative text.
Activity 2.34
Your company sent you on a trip to China to learn the business

ethics and culture practised there. Write a report in narrative style
of your trip to China.
Introduction: When I was assigned to go to China.

How I felt.
The purpose of the trip.
Body paragraph 1: My arrival in China.
Who I was introduced to.
Where I stayed.
Body paragraph 2: What I learnt about business ethics.
Some examples.
Body paragraph 3: What I learnt about the culture there and
how this culture can influence the way
businesses are conducted.
Examples to show this.
Conclusion: Narrate my last day of the trip.

Suggest some personal recommendations
as to what the company should do based on
the ethics and the culture that I have learnt.
Activity 2.35

UNIT 2 127
Summary of Unit 2
Summary
In the previous unit, you learnt about the writing process. In Unit 2,
you begin to write the various types of essays. In a discussion essay,
you write about the varying views on a particular topic, including
your own view. The keyword in such essays is “discuss.” You also
learnt about the various essay patterns to organise discussion essays.
Next, you learnt about argumentative essays. In argumentative

writing, you take a stand either for or against an issue, and convince
other people with your views. Your objective in this type of essay is
to win over your readers by providing arguments to support your
proposition. It is also known as a persuasive essay or an opinion essay.
In a cause and effect essay, your task is to explain the causes

(reasons), the effects (results), or both the causes and effects of a
situation or event. You can organise a cause and effect essay in two
ways: block organisation, or chain organisation.
Another common type of writing is the compare and contrast

essay. When you compare two items, you talk about what is similar
about them. When you contrast two items, you talk about what is
different about them. So in a compare and contrast essay, you are
expected to discuss similarities and differences between two or more
items. You can organise a compare and contrast essay in two ways:
block organisation, or point-by-point organisation.
In a definition essay, you explain in depth the meaning of a word,

a term, a concept, an idea, or a theory. Most of the time, you can
define a word or term in a sentence or two. However an extended
definition may take up several sentences, paragraphs, or even pages
to explain a concept. An extended definition of several paragraphs
represents your definition essay.
In a classification essay, you sort items or events into certain

categories or classes. Usually, a classification essay categorises them
into more than two categories. You use a classification essay when
you want to subdivide a unit into smaller sub-units. For example,
for a topic like “Living a healthy lifestyle,” you can subdivide it into
different ways that a person can live a healthy lifestyle.
The purpose of a problem-solution essay is to discuss a problem,

and then offer a solution or various ways to solve the problem. The
types of solution offered depend on the complexity of the problems.
In writing an evaluation essay, you give your opinion about

something after you have evaluated it. You tell your readers whether
it is good or bad, practical or impractical, cheap or expensive, useful
or of little value, and so on. When you evaluate something, you need
to judge it by a set of criteria. A criterion (singular) is a principle or
standard by which something may be evaluated or judged.
Finally, you learnt about the narrative essay, where you inform your
reader about an incident or an event. The narrative relates events in
chronological order from the first event that happened to the last
event that happened. Some of the elements found in a narrative
essay are purpose, narrator, setting, characters, events, and conclusion.
UNIT 2 129
Suggested Answers to Self-tests
Feedback
Self-test 2.1
Possible Outline:
(This is one of the many possible outlines)
Introduction
Should we send students abroad for further studies?
Many feel sending young people overseas is nothing more than a

waste of public funds.
Others feel these young people can be the country’s asset once they
return from abroad.
Thesis statement:
I will discuss these two views about sending students abroad before
stating what I think about the issue.
Body
Body Paragraph 1:
Topic sentence:
Many feel sending young people overseas is a waste of public funds.
1. A waste of public funds to study abroad  cheaper to study locally

2. Local institutions capable of providing quality education
3. Some students remain overseas upon completion of their studies
Body Paragraph 2:
Topic sentence:
There are many who feel these young people can be the country’s asset
once they return from abroad.
1. The knowledge they learnt can be applied to help the country

progress.
2. The graduates can teach in schools, colleges, and universities.
3. Some skills and knowledge only available overseas.
Body Paragraph 3:
Topic sentence:
I feel we should send the best students overseas, not just any student.
1. The top students will pick up knowledge and skills better

2. The experience of cross-cultural diversity will benefit the students
3. Their experience will be useful in dealings with people of other
cultures, e.g. as ambassadors
Conclusion
Restatement: Having considered both views, I am of the opinion that
we should send our best students overseas to study
Summary: They learnt skills and knowledge not available locally. They
can be an asset with this expertise. Their cross-cultural dealings with
people of other nationalities invaluable.
Closing statement: According to Terry Pratchett, “Coming back to

where you started is not the same as never leaving.”
[Submit your outline and essay to your tutor for evaluation and
comments.]
Self-test 2.2
comments.]
UNIT 2 131
Self-test 2.3
comments.]
Self-test 2.4
comments.]
Self-test 2.5
Outline:
(This is one of the many possible outlines)
Term Types Definition

Success Academic success Achieving commendable
grades such as straight As in
examinations; receiving awards for
accomplishments in quizzes and
competitions.
Financial success Making the first million dollars or
ringgit through business, sales, or
investment.
Career success Promotion to the high position you
have set as your goal, or gaining
the respect of your colleagues.
comments.]
Self-test 2.6
Introduction:
The television is one of the most important electrical appliances in a

home. Almost every house has a television now. I watch television all
the time to be entertained and to be informed. Consequently, there
are a number of television programmes that I enjoy watching  news,
movies, and animation.
[Note: For the rest of the essay, any possible answers are acceptable.
Submit your essay to your tutor for evaluation and comments.]
Self-test 2.7
comments.]
Self-test 2.8
comments.]
Self-test 2.9
comments.]
UNIT 2 133
References
Brannan, B (2003) A Writer’s Workshop:Crafting Paragraphs, Building Essays,
NewYork:McGraw Hill.
Butler, L (2007) Fundamentals of Acacdemic Writing, New York: Pearson.
Leonhard, B H(2002) Discoveries in Academic Writing, Boston: Heinle-Heinle.
Oshima, A and Hogue, A (2005) Writing Academic English, 4th edn, New York:
Pearson Longman.

Writing Skills For Uni Studies U2

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UNIT 2 i

Different types of texts

EXTERNAL COURSE ASSESSOR

© 2014 Wawasan Open University

Wawasan Open University

2.1 Discussion essays 3

Features of discussion essays 5

Writing the discussion essay 6

Suggested answers to activities 15

2.2 Argumentative essays 19

Features of argumentative essays 20

Writing the argumentative essay 21

Suggested answers to activities 30

2.3 Cause and effect essays 33

Features of cause and effect essays 34

Writing the cause and effect essay 35

Suggested answers to activities 35

2.4 Compare and contrast essays 47

Features of compare and contrast essays 48

Writing the compare and contrast essay 51

Suggested answers to activities 57

2.5 Definition essays 59

Features of definition essays 59

Writing the definition essay 61

Suggested answers to activities 69

2.6 Classification essays 71

Features of classification essays 71

Writing the classification essay 73

Suggested answers to activities 79

2.7 Problem-solution essays 81

Features of problem-solution essays 81

Writing the problem-solution essay 86

Suggested answers to activities 94

2.8 Evaluation essays 95

Features of evaluation essays 95

Writing the evaluation essay 98

Suggested answers to activities 107

2.9 Narrative essays 111

Features of narrative essays 111

Writing the evaluation essay 117

Suggested answers to activities 125

Summary of Unit 2 127

Suggested Answers to Self-tests 129

1. Recognise the characteristics and keywords in different types of texts.

2. Communicate ideas effectively and coherently in a variety of texts.

3. Write ideas effectively in the various types of essays.

2.1 Discussion Essays

1. Identify the features of discussion essays.

2. Prepare an outline for discussion essays.

3. Write thesis statements and topic sentences for discussion essays.

4. Write a discussion essay.

Do you think it is better to have a

It is better to live in the

As far as working people are

Features of discussion essays

Basically, a discussion essay is just that  a discussion. However, instead of being

What do you write in a discussion essay?

Here is an example of a topic for a discussion essay:

The above question clearly states that you have to:

1. Discuss the first view.

2. Discuss the second view.

3. Give your opinion.

Here is another example of a topic for a discussion essay:

Do professional athletes deserve their million-dollar salaries? Discuss.

1. Yes: Professional athletes deserve their million-dollar salaries.

2. No: Professional athletes do not deserve their million-dollar salaries.