2.

0 Continuous Processes

Norlisa Hj. Mili

KNC 1083 MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE
Unit Objectives

One Two
• Distinguish the • Apply of the principle
difference between of conservation of
steady and non- mass and energy in
steady continuous the analysis of
processes processes
System

Systems
OPEN or CLOSED
Any arbitrary portion of or a
whole process that you want to
consider for analysis

Closed System
Material neither enters Open System
nor leaves the system Material can enter
Changes can take place through the boundaries
inside the system
Process Categories
Batch Process
Feed is fed at the beginning of the process.. No mass crosses the system boundaries
between the time the feed is charged and the time the product is removed

Continuous Process
The input and outputs flow continuously throughout the duration of process

Semibatch Process
Any process neither batch nor continuous
Steady and non-steady operation of
continuous processes
Steady-State

Nothing is changing with time

steady-state accumulation = 0

1000 l/min 1000 l/min

5000 l
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

Non Steady-State

transient system
{Input} ≠ {Output}
 Conservation of Mass and Energy
 Mass is neither created or destroyed

Input Generation Output Consumption Accumulation

Enter trough Produces Leaves trough Consumed Buidlup

systems within system systems within within
boundaries boundaries system system
Continuous and steady-state process
 steady-state accumulation = 0
 If the balance is on a nonreactive species, the generation and
consumption will be 0.

Input Generation Output Consumption Accumulation

Input Output
Example: Continuous and steady-state
process
One thousand kilograms per hour of a mixture of benzene (B) and
toluene (T) containing 50% benzene by mass is separated by distillation
into two fractions. The mass flow rate of benzene in the top stream is
450 kg B/h and that of toluene in the bottom stream is 475 kg T/h. The
operation is at steady state. Write balances on benzene and toluene to
calculate the unknown component flow rates in the output streams.

450 kg B/h
𝑚1 kg T/h

1000 kg/h

𝟎. 𝟓 𝐁
0.5T
𝑚2 kg B/h
𝟒𝟕𝟓 kg T/h
Solution
 Input =Output Check Your Calculation

Benzene Balance
Total Balance
500 𝑘𝑔 𝐵 450𝑘𝑔 𝐵
 = + 𝑚2
ℎ ℎ
1000 𝑘𝑔 450 𝑘𝑔 475 𝑘𝑔
= + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 +
50 𝑘𝑔 𝐵 ℎ ℎ ℎ
 𝑚2 =
ℎ 1000 𝑘𝑔 450 𝑘𝑔 50 𝑘𝑔 25 𝑘𝑔
= + +
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ
Toluene Balance +
475 𝑘𝑔 𝑇
ℎ
500 𝑘𝑔 𝑇 475 𝑘𝑔 𝑇
 = + 𝑚1 1000 𝑘𝑔 1000 𝑘𝑔
ℎ ℎ =
ℎ ℎ
25 𝑘𝑔 𝑇
 𝑚1 =
ℎ
Exercise
 100.0 kg of a liquid mixture of benzene (B) and
toluene (T) that contains 45% toluene by mass in
closed container is partially evaporated to yield
𝑚𝑣 (kg) of vapour containing 15% toluene and
𝑚1 (kg) of a residual liquid containing 10.6%
benzene by mass. The operation is equilibrium.
Determine the respected value of 𝑚𝑣 and 𝑚1 .

 The solution was discussed in the class