Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
net/publication/264972019
CITATIONS READS
0 213
3 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Rommel García on 22 September 2014.
Keywords
MC68HC11E1, Microprocessor, Microcontroller, Embedded
system, Minimum system.
1. INTRODUCTION
Microprocessors have been widely used since their invention. It is
ensures that the invention of the microprocessor revolutionized
the electronics industry. However, the following restrictions of
microprocessors led to the invention of microcontrollers [4]:
· Microprocessor needs external memory to perform programs.
Figure 1: Basic block diagram for general purpose
· Microprocessor cannot directly interface to I/O devices so minimum system.
the peripheral chips are needed.
The microcontrollers are used in a multitude of systems
· Glue logic (such as address decoders and buffers) is needed
present in everyday life, usually they are embedded in systems
to interconnect external memory and peripheral interface
where they control the characteristics or actions, such as
chips to the microprocessor.
dishwashers, TVs or cars, among others. A typical application
As a result of these limitations, a microprocessor-based design might be several microcontrollers to control small parts of a
cannot be made as small as desired. The invention of complex system [6]. They could communicate with others and/or
microcontrollers not only eliminated the majority of these a central processor, probably more powerful, sharing information
problems but also simplified the hardware design of and coordinating their actions as an alone computer.
microprocessor-based products.
The 68HC11 family is formed by microcontrollers (MC) of 8bits,
which can be considered on the medium-high gamma. The
3iJLQD
0(6$'(75$%$-2('8&$&,Ð1
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
68HC11 was introduced in 1985 as update of an old MC, the · WatchDog system
6801, being its initial orientation on automobile applications, as
electronic ignition, electronic control of the motor, etc. · 38 lines of general purpose input/output which are grouped
Companies as General Motors, Chrysler, Volkswagen or Toyota as follows:
employ it in their automobiles. Notwithstanding, the 68HC11 is o 16 input/output bidirectional lines
used in all kind of applications such as, telecommunications,
home systems, military systems and industrialists (biomedical, o 11 input lines
cameras and video, telephones, instrumentation, etcetera), being o 11 output lines
one of the more popular MC in the world [1].
The 68HC11 has the advantage of functioning as a
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based system that is microprocessor or microcontroller, depending on the application.
built for controlling a function or range of functions in other more It is able to function without requiring external processing
complex system, and it is not designed to be programmed by the systems or data acquisition also implements sufficient hardware to
end user in the same way that a PC. Final user can choose communicate with a PC via its serial port. Unlike other families of
different functionalities but he cannot change or add microprocessors, the 68HC11 works with an internal or external
functionalities to the system. clock. There are several works in which 68HC11 is used as a math
As mentioned above, the 68HC11 family is advantageous to build coprocessor, for its high accuracy and efficiency of calculation,
a minimum system due to its inherent characteristics of flexibility. since it does not use simulated cycles during the processing
In this way, it is very interesting to use the minimum system as hardware and supports arithmetic operations like multiplication
embedded system for others hardware implementations or to and division. Therefore, it is a computationally efficient tool,
increase the speed of some applications. The MC68HC11E1 is which runs may be specified one dedicated to a particular task.
selected for this work and more detailed in [2].
In this work, two boards are proposed for educational purposes. 3. PROPOSED BOARDS
The aim is to provide portability and flexibility in two different The two proposed boards are designed and developed to satisfy
boards. Additionally, the users can examine systems based on the next user requirements on a educational environment.
microprocessor or microcontroller, which can improve the a) Trainer Card: Connecting to PC via serial port. The programs
educational experience and ability. The two boards provide can be sent from the PC to the boards for execution. Thus, the
several advantages: a) a board with many included components card is useful for debugging programs in testing and learning, as
and b) a motherboard with daughter boards. These board have for programming the MC68HC11E1 in four modes of operation.
several included characteristics, wich improve capabilities extend Designers can load programs into external memory of the MCU.
functions and work on two modes microprocessor and
microcontrollers. This document has de next sections: section 2, b) Autonomous Control Card: The boards running in standalone
revises theMC68HC11E1, section 3 presents the proposed boards, mode without connecting to PC. Every the system starts; it will
section 4 compares the implementations of the boards and their run the program previously programmed in the internal EEPROM
applications; section 5 describes the obtained results by of the MCU. Connecting peripherals via the expansion ports, it is
programming given algorithms and, finally, section 6 presents possible to manage and develop intelligent control systems as:
conclusions of this work. control of the lights in a house, robot control, alarm handling and
other ones. Moreover, the MC68HC11E1 can act as
microprocessor that executes instructions from external EEPROM
2. MICROCONTROLLER MC68HC11E1 by setting the correct logical values in the mode select inputs for
The MC68HC11E1 is an 8-bit microcontroller (MCU) with the operation expanded mode.
HCMOS (High-Speed CMOS) technology, a frequency bus of 3
MHz and an extensive list of internal resources. This MCU is c) Smart PC Peripheral: It can communicate the PC with the
capable of running all the M6800 and M6801 instructions, adding outside world. The boards act as a peripheral connected to the PC
91 instructions [3]. Its main features are: via the serial port. This peripheral intelligent can receive orders
and acts accordingly to do specific functions, expanding the
· Power supply of 5 volts capacity of the PC, performing simple calculations in order to
· Energy saving modes STOP and WAIT activated by software increase the performance, although, data communications would
be limited by the speed of the RS232 serial port that the PC
· 2 KB of EEPROM (Electrically-Erasable Programmable handles.
Read-Only Memory) with read protection
The proposed boards for the implement of a minimum system are
· Asynchronous serial communication port (compatible with two different versions. Each one has a particular organization of
RS -232) its components. The description of the proposed boards is
presented in the next subsections.
· Synchronous serial port, to the peripheral communication
with others devices
3.1 Minimum system on a single board
· 8-bit analog/digital converter with eight channels of data
acquisition
(S68E1)
The next proposed board is implementing on a single board;
· System timer based on a free-running 16-bit counter which means that the MCU, memories, and all control logic are
implemented in the same board, see Fig. 2.
· A pulse accumulator with a length of 8 bits
3iJLQD
0(6$'(75$%$-2('8&$&,Ð1
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
The design was oriented in this way because are easily identifiable
the connections in a simple computer, such as: the CPU, data and
instruction bus, data memory, instruction memory and external
ports. The S68E1 provides make a simple implementations to the
users, where just he have to load a program and verify its
functionality, without worrying about the internal wiring. This
implement is handled a single card like “black box” that just need
appropriate inputs to generate outputs from the program loaded
into memory.
3iJLQD
0(6$'(75$%$-2('8&$&,Ð1
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(R/W’ and E) must be connected to control logic. The output from Select Two), and OE (Output Enable). Based in the MCU memory
the control logic is connected to OE pin (Output Enable) of map, CS1 is connected to a logic circuit, it is shown in Fig. 7.
AT28C64B. For this implementation, the writing pin of
AT28C64B is connected to 5 volts, since that this EEPROM is
enabled with low voltage.
3iJLQD
0(6$'(75$%$-2('8&$&,Ð1
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
For the final tests, several programs are simulated to verify the
control of the internal registers of E1, manipulating the stack and
configuration registers. It was implement a development board
low-cost, with RS232 for serial communication, 8K RAM, 8K
EPROM, 8K EEPROM, an extension of all ports of the MCU,
switch pins, operation-mode pin, control signals, extension ports
of the pins XTAL and EXTAL (to connect a crystal Oscillator or a
function generator), dimmer (7805) and voltage outputs to
external another boards or protoboards. The structure of the final
board is shown in Fig. 12.
5. RESULTS
After completing the analysis, design and implementation, the Figure 12: Final implementation of minimum system with
board is monitored and evaluated. The achievements are mainly the Motorola 68HC11E1
the experience and knowledge of microcomputer architectures; in
this case the Von Neumann architecture was implemented. Also, a An important point is that 3 bits (more significant) always will be
very powerful tool for the development of digital systems and high because multiplexing of the board training makes sure that
prototype is provided, avoiding the physical wiring to focus to the external memory is used.
assembly language programming and a very interesting possibility
for creation of compilers at high-level languages, allowing the 6. CONCLUSIONS
construction of complex systems. Using these boards, different The design D68E1 and S68E1 exploits the capabilities of
areas can be explored and these are not limited to hardware design 68HC11, because it is not limited to only complete an academic
or digital systems, for example, testing generated code by a simple work. Therefore, components for serial communication, RAM
assembler, experimenting with algorithms, prototypes of robots, memory expansion, the combinational logic to address external
and other interesting features to the designers. In addition, to memory elements and addressing the data bus were investigated
develop systems using open or free source allow use the tools by an evaluated, the management of bidirectional port C for data or
students without high costs for licensing and hardware tools. addresses. Diagrams for MC68HC11E1 were not found, the
3iJLQD
0(6$'(75$%$-2('8&$&,Ð1
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
D68E1 and the S68E1 was fully designed and are available as board. Finally, the information about academic works based on
open source. 68HC11 is uncommon; all works are limited to programming on
This project has contributed significantly to identify and highlight commercial boards. Therefore, the generated information is basic
the points to be covered and considered. These points enable to knowledge for designing and development MC68HC11E1-based
perform the analysis, design and implementation of a minimum embedded systems.
system, aimed at a test board for amateurs, training from
identifying used components to developing the organizational 7. REFERENCES
design of these components, and evaluating and testing with the [1] J. S. M. C. Doblado, A. Prieto-Moreno and J. González,
final implementation. Embedded systems: Architecture, Programming and Design.
S.L. McGraw-Hill Education, 2003.
The obtained knowledge was about assembly programming, use
of mnemonics, knowledge of low-level language, the different [2] I. Freescale Semiconductor. M68HC11E: Family Data Sheet,
types of interruption, its operation and its implementation, Rev. 5.1. USA, 2005.
operation and handling of registers and stack, the different types [3] I. Freescale Semiconductor. M68HC11 Reference Manual.
of routing when programming (immediate, direct, extended, Freescale Semiconductor, Inc, USA, 2007.
indexed, inherent and relative), the operation of an LCD 2x16 in
open or closed loop with a communication to 4 or 8 bits, the [4] H.-W. Huang. MC 68HC12. An Introduction: Software and
software of logical and physical simulation, use of the tool Board Hardware Interfacing. Thomson Learning, USA, 2000.
Master for the realization of circuit patterns on 2-face printed [5] M. Inc. M68HC11 Reference Manual. USA, 1996.
circuit board fibre glass, and expertise on the development of [6] R. Kamal. Microcontrolador MC68HC11: Fundamentos,
board training. The logical circuits and flow diagrams can be Recursos y programación: Microbótica. Madrid, 1999.
useful for someone interested on MCU introduction; moreover,
the used components are common and can be easily acquired. The [7] J. R. P. Introducction to MC68HC11 Microcontroller.
project is available for improvements in the future as it has the Faculty of Electric Engineering of the Michoacana,
backup of the necessary information. University of San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Mexico, 2008.
Also, the student is introduced directly to manage microprocessor-
based architectures, in the same way that provides a training
3iJLQD