PSY 305 Topic Proposal and Literature Review Worksheet

This worksheet will help you complete Milestone One of Final Project Part I, a research investigation.
Using the feedback received from your instructor and classmates in Module One, describe your chosen
topic in the box below:

Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning, are in fact what sets human beings apart from the rest of the
planet’s population of animals. If we can understand our deeper controlling forces that tie into our
subconscious mind, we may be able to easier sever the ties to that which is negative and not useful to
survival and progress advancing the through patterns and emotional responses to experiences or the
scars left b the trauma form such incidents. The is an old adage “a leopard cannot change its spots”
meaning, once someone is a certain way they don’t have the capacity for change. With further
research it is the expectation of this researcher that I will find that there is not only the capacity for
change, but to become better; more advanced and sophisticated as refined as one wishes to become.
If one could be effectively reset and refocused, making them effectively reconditioned to both serve a
better cause and purpose of their own choosing but to allow for a new personality to be accepted as
the authentic self with no boundaries or restraints holding back potential. There is particular career
path that requires the mastering of managing personal bias to fairly make a commitment to providing
devotion to the side of Justice alone and not taking one side or the other over righteousness or
reason. Making decisions based on facts presented within a strict period of time is what their job
requirement calls for. It seems it would be difficult to be put in that situation on a daily basis. Baring
that they have a rather limited personal experience with the characters who are on either side of the
argument at hand be it; moral, civil, sexual, or criminal, and pass judgment without impending bias
having any interference in the mater whatsoever. To do this job to its most effective capacity it is
advised that Judges exercise, eat healthy, meditate, have a therapist to create a safe space that can be
use easily if necessary, in order to supply relief from empathy fatigue when it sets in that peoples lives
are literally in your hand, there is always some kickback and retaliation of the conscience in most
cases and there can be a personal guilt weighing down and even effecting behavior or actions. Since
decision-making is known to be affected by the effects of such a simple, yet hard to recognize
symptoms of being influenced by outside forces or manipulated, so this is a serious area to consider a
great length of testing to both identify the behavior or mood changes affiliated with being influenced
by an outside source, or manipulated by any means of mind control, or similar technology or
processes. Be it personal, criminal, or professional they are all equally as important.
Then, select your first three references to support your chosen topic, keeping in mind that you will
ultimately need seven references for your final paper. Answer the questions below for each of your first
three references. The references should be listed in American Psychological Association (APA) format.
Note that you may use literature reviews rather than studies. If you do, mark “N/A” for the last two
questions.

Reference One:

Cite your reference in APA style:

Newell, B. R., & Shanks, D. R. (2014). Unconscious influences on decision making: A critical
review. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(1), 1-19.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1017/S0140525X12003214

What are the key aspects of cognition covered in this reference/study?

Newell and Shanks detail their framework fir the components of decision making. In which, they
consider the environment, decision maker, achievement, event, ecological validities, cues, cue
utilization, and response or judgment. They even go over the criteria to asses awareness and
unconscious influences in multiple cue involved judgment, and policy recognition insight. In addition,
they review the effectiveness of unconscious-thought

What evidence does the reference/study present for how cognitive processes influence the area of
human behavior covered in research?

They actually reiterate that when asking the question “are there unconscious influences on decision
making?” the evidence available is significantly short o he establishment of any specific influences in
order to prove the connections and causes are consistent enough to warrant a sound theory to be
made into law. Researchers recommended the future studies should be mindful of issues outlined
with methodologies. The methods instituted must be careful and founded in solid schools of thought
that will provide support proof of influence in decisions undoubtedly. Using the carefullest of
methods to evaluate awareness and identify, infuse, and adapt to the many ways consciousness
directly correlates in decision making; they should enlist adequate methods to measure awareness
and assess its reliability, sensitivity, relevancy and immediacy.

If your reference covers a study, what research design was used for the study, and why do you think
the researchers chose it?

N/A

How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the study, and did they do it adequately?
Why or why not?
 N/A

Reference Two:

Cite your reference in APA style:

Kaufmann, E., Reips, U.-D., & Wittmann, W. W. (2013). A Critical Meta-Analysis of Lens
Model Studies in Human Judgment and Decision-Making. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1–16.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0083528

What are the key aspects of cognition covered in this reference/study?

This case study utilizes the impact of PJDM essentially to review methods that will evolve the way to
characterize professional practices. This study is thorough and if nothing else a diverse in depth report
of PJDM’s impacts on macro, micro, and meso, levels of practice. They even propose they will be able
to utilize universal aspects that can be applied to the sport psychology field. Researchers mention that
many of the studies up till now have focused on what we did in a shared idea of practice and
procedure, and that has been quite helpful and beneficial; however they impress that if we are to
make any significant breakthroughs we must begin considering the “why’ when researching what we
do that shows results (Martindale & Colins, 2006). Findings show that it is recognized increasingly
that with such complexities characterizing practices and so much uncertainty and unpredictability; it is
nearly impossible to say one is excerpting their judgment in faith that the guidelines used are sound
and proven to improve conditions, in a world of so much regulation and ethical strife (Coles, 2006).

What evidence does the reference/study present for how cognitive processes influence the area of
human behavior covered in research?

The areas of evidence collected review a wide spectrum of cognitive processes. The majority of which
were; grief and Coping, rehabilitation, Return, and reestablishment.

If your reference covers a study, what research design was used for the study, and why do you think
the researchers chose it?
The research design used in the study was “action research” using the “self-study” process and
“reflection in action research” methodologies (Schon,1991). They then demonstrate through
theoretical constructs and principle applications that illustrate PJDM. Schon said “it is through the
process of framing the problematic situation that we may organize and clarify both the ends to be
achieved and the possible means of achieving them” (p. 41)
How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the study, and did they do it adequately?
Why or why not?
Under the suggestive guide of well know researchers Martindale & Collins (2007) effectiveness was
evaluated by multiple levels of support for validity of results. They took the consideration of history
into account and tried to be as transparent and detailed as possible with all their reports. Their
intentions are strictly to improve the quality of the results provided by the studies being done in the
areas of unconscious influence on decision making.

Reference Three:

Cite your reference in APA style:

Martindale, A., & Collins, D. (2012). A Professional Judgment and Decision Making
Case Study: Reflection-in-Action Research. Sport Psychologist, 26(4), 500–518.
Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=s3h&AN=84534533&site=eds-live&scope=site

What are the key aspects of cognition covered in this reference/study?

The key aspects of cognition covered n this study are overall judgmental achievement. And reviewing
if judgmental achievement was directly dependent on decision domains like education or medicine, or
the expertise level of the individual.

What evidence does the reference/study present for how cognitive processes influence the area of
human behavior covered in research?
The findings state that “clearly bones meta analysis surely underestimates true judgment achievement
values relative to psychometric data.” They found that the need to adjust for study design artifacts is
essential to avoid repeating errors in method that have contained and limited the success of previous
meta-analysis. They do go on to state that though meta analysis is necessary to detect accuracy of
judgments and to detect moderators. They state that failure to correct for artifacts (such as bare
bones analysis) will cause underestimations in all LME parameters of the expertise domains; just as
the penitential for moderator variables is overestimated. Specifics detail that “Judgmental
achievement can be improved by increasing the knowledge component.”

If your reference covers a study, what research design was used for the study, and why do you think
the researchers chose it?

The study is a critical meta-analysis of Lens Model Studies in Human Judgment and Decision making.
How did the researchers address potential ethical issues in the study, and did they do it adequately?
Why or why not?

They decided that because of psycho metrically-corrected linear judgment models successful findings
were higher that the low human judgmental models achievement they recommended that
bootstrapping judges in that particular domain would provide additional solidarity in the results.

Considering all three references, address the questions below:

How have views on this topic changed over time?

Feud’s unconscious mind theories of describing the ID, EGO and Superego, has evolved. Now
psychologists have identified procedural memory as an unconscious processes and implicit processing
with human behavioral empirical findings.

What conclusions can be reached, based on these studies and references?

The conclusions that can be based on these studies is that

What gaps exist in these studies that could be addressed in future research?

Gaps exists in the area of specifics for pofessional knowledge and its influence on decision making,
when accounting for the motivators or

Based on your topic selection and initial resources, what is your research question?
Given that most decision making is handled mostly by unconscious thinking what are the key
components influencing decisions once factoring out the professional and personal obligations?