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Energy Procedia
Energy Procedia 00
157(2017)
(2019)000–000
43–50
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18,
Technologies and Materials for Renewable
19–21 Energy,
September 2018,Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18,
Athens, Greece
19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece
Characteristics of polymer concrete produced from wasted
Characteristics of polymer concrete produced from wasted
construction
The 15th International Symposiummaterials
on District Heating and Cooling
construction materials
Dr. Awham M. Hameed1, a) and Mohammad T. Hamza1, b)
Assessing
1
theAwham
Dr. feasibility
M. Hameedof1, a) using the heat demand-outdoor
and Mohammad T. Hamza1, b)
Applied Sciences Department, University of Technology, Iraq, Baghdad
temperature
1 function
Applied Sciences for a long-term
Department,
awham_m@yahoo.com University
a) district
of heat
Technology, Iraq,demand
mohammad_tahir_84@yahoo.com Baghdad forecast
b)
a)awham_m@yahoo.com b) mohammad_tahir_84@yahoo.com

Abstract
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Abstract
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
The recycling of materials tobVeolia produce useful materials
Recherche & Innovation, is very important
291 Avenue subject
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Daniel, research
78520 Limay, France in our world now, because
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the diminution ofnatural
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- IMT subject for
ruescientific
world. 4The
Atlantique, research
aim ofKastler,
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44300 inNantes,
our world
is to now, polymer
produce
France because
the diminution
concrete (PC) has natural
high resources
mechanical makeand aphysical
hole or characteristics.
risk in future of thePC
This world.
was The aim of
prepared by our
usingresearch
the waste is toofproduce
aggregatespolymer
from
concrete
demolitions (PC)and hasconstruction
high mechanical and physical
materials with lowcharacteristics.
cost as compared This PC as was prepared
cement by using
concrete. These thetypes
wasteofofconstruction
aggregates from and
demolitions
demolition waste and were
construction materials with
used as aggregates low cost
replacement (i.e.aswaste
compared as cement concrete.
of cement/concrete Theseof types
debris, waste ceramic of tiles
construction and
and the waste
ofAbstract
demolition
building waste
blocks) were used as
as well as natural
aggregates and replacement (i.e. waste ofpolyester
river sand. Unsaturated cement/concrete
resin wasdebris,
used waste of ceramic
as cement tiles and
replacement. Thetheweight
waste
of building blocks)
percentages of resinas wellchanged
were as natural and (20,
within river25sand.
and Unsaturated
30) % to manufacture polyester this
resinpolymer
was used as cement
concrete. replacement.
Physical test suchThe weight
as density
District
percentages
and heating
mechanical networks
of resin
testswere are
suchchanged commonly
within (20,
as compressive addressed
25 and in
strength, 30) the
% to
flexural literature as Splitting
manufacture
strength, onethis
of polymer
the mostconcrete.
tensile effectivePhysical
strength solutions
and forsuch
test
Schmidt decreasing
as density
hammer werethe
greenhouse
and mechanical
performed. gas results
The emissions
tests such from
proved the all
that building
as compressive sector. These
strength,
the mechanical flexural systems
properties require
strength,
of high investments
all Splitting
prepared tensile which
mortarsstrength
were are returned
and
increased with through
Schmidt hammerthewere
increasing heat
the
sales. percentage
performed.
weight DueThe to the ofchanged
results proved
polymer climate allconditions
that while
added thethe and was
mechanical
density building
properties renovation
decreased. ofThis policies,mortars
all prepared
encourages heat
us todemand
were
us inthis
thetype
increased
to use future
with could decrease,
increasing
of polymer the
mortar
inprolonging
weight
different the investment
percentage of polymer
applications return
added
as precast period.
or while the density
partitions with highwastoughness.
decreased. This encourages us to us to use this type of polymer mortar
inThe main scope
different of this as
applications paper is toorassess
precast the feasibility
partitions with highof using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
toughness.
©forecast.
2018 TheThe districtPublished
Authors. of Alvalade, locatedLtd.
by Elsevier in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
©buildings
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is an openAuthors.
that vary in
Authors.
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both under
Published
article by
by Elsevier
construction
Elsevier Ltd.
the CC period
Ltd. and typology.
BY-NC-ND Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open
renovation access article
scenarios wereunderunder the CC
developed BY-NC-ND
(shallow, license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
intermediate, deep). To of estimate the error,
This is an and
Selection open access article
peer-review under the CC BY-NC-ND
responsibility of the license committee
scientific andobtained
Materialsheat
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Technologies for demand
Renewable values were
Energy,
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
comparedand
Selection
Environment with
and results
peer-review from
Sustainability,a dynamic
under TMREES18. heat demand
responsibility of the model,
scientific previously
committee developed
of and validated
Technologies and by the authors.
Materials for Renewable Energy,
Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18.
The results showed
Environment that when only
and Sustainability, weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
TMREES18.
(the errorPolymer
Keywords: in annual demand
concrete, was lower
Polyester, than
Recycle, 20%Demolitions,
Waste, for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Construction.
scenarios,Polymer
Keywords: the error valuePolyester,
concrete, increasedRecycle,
up to 59.5% (depending Construction.
Waste, Demolitions, on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
1.decrease
Introduction.
in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
1.renovation
Introduction.
scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
Polymer
coupled concrete
scenarios).(PC) The isvalues
a composite
suggestedmaterial
could bewhichused is to composed
modify theof polymeric
function resins for
parameters thattheactscenarios
as binderconsidered,
materials of and
Polymer
aggregates concrete
and (PC) is
microfillers. a composite
After
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. the material
addition which
of differentis composed
additives of polymeric
(catalysts andresins that act
accelerators), as binder
the materials
binders undergo of
aggregates and microfillers.
polymerization resulting in aAfter the addition
hardened composite of different
[1]. additives (catalysts and accelerators), the binders undergo
polymerization
© 2017 The resulting
Authors. in a hardened
Published by composite
Elsevier Ltd. [1].
The primary difference, compared with cement-based concrete, apart from not containing hydrated cement, is that
Peer-review
The primaryunder responsibility
difference, comparedof thewith
Scientific Committeeconcrete,
cement-based of The 15th International
apart from notSymposium
containingonhydrated
District Heating
cement,and
is that
Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords:
This Heat
is an open demand;
access Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection
This is an and
openpeer-review under
access article responsibility
under of the scientific
the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
and Sustainability,
Selection TMREES18.
and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment
and Sustainability, TMREES18.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.162
44 Awham M. Hameed et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 43–50
2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

PC is stronger, more durable, and with lower maintenance requirements [1, 2].However, Portland cement can be
used as microfiller or aggregate [3] in PC. The advantages of this Polymer concrete (PC) such as mechanical
strengths can reach 4 - 5 times higher than cement-based concrete [4] keeping the modulus of elasticity in similar
values [5], has good chemical resistance and water impermeability [6, 7]. For these reasons, PC is widely used in
different applications of civil engineering [1, 8]. It has been used as a major component for the construction of box
culverts, underground pipes, trench lines, industrial floors, also as bridge deck overlays, and in reparation tasks of
damaged cement-based concrete structures.
In the field of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) cement and concrete have been familiar materials from the
start Throughout the 1900s scientific investigation further elaborated the details of mechanisms and properties
associated with concrete, especially of Portland cement concrete (PCC).
Thus, a discussion of the nature of such mineral concretes is no stranger in textbooks on materials science. Polymer
concrete (PC), by contrast, was developed only about 50 years ago and remains a relatively unknown entity in MSE.
Advancements in the development and knowledge of polymer concretes have been gradual, but more recently
significant strides have been made. While PC can offer many advantages over mineral concretes, they not
surprisingly bring some challenges as well. The aim of this article is to describe the nature of polymer concrete [9,
10]. Also, study the effect of weight percentages of added polymer to the waste aggregate with compering the results
with cement concrete to obtain the optimum value.

2. Experimental Work.
Materials
2.1.1 Unsaturated Polyester (UP).
Unsaturated polyester (UP) resins are the most commonly used for the composites industry. Unsaturated polyester
resin (UP) have good balance of mechanical, electrical and chemical characteristics. Typical mechanical properties
of the polyester are described in Table (1). Unsaturated polyester UP resins has good chemical resistance
characteristics. These resins are good in weak alkalis and excellent in weak acid conditions.
Table (1) Properties of polyester resin
The Density [g/cm3] 1.15
Tensile strength [MPa] 91.5
Tensile modulus [GPa] 9.3
Flexural strength [MPa] 176
Flexural modulus [GPa] 7.38

2.1.2 Fine aggregate.

The construction and demolition waste included:
1- Waste of concrete debris. (CO)
2- Waste of ceramic tiles. (CR)
3- Waste of building blocks. (BL)
4- Natural sand. (NS)
5- River sand. (RS)

Table (2) Some properties of the used aggregates

Samples bulk density g/cm3 Specific gravity Percentage of voids %
CO 1.209 1.522 0.205
CR 1.048 1.346 0.221
BL 0.995 1.255 0.207
NS 1.321 1.497 0.117
RS 1.316 1.527 0.138
 Awham M. Hameed et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 43–50 45
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

Some processes were made on this aggregate after collected. These are cracking, grinding, sieving, before mixing
with polymeric resin as binder. Table (2) and (3) shows some properties of these five types of aggregates.

Table (3) Some physical properties of aggregates.

Aggregates Sulfate content % Limit of Iraqi specification No.45/1984
CO 4.076
CR 0.297
BL 0.663 ≤ 0.75 %
NS 0.333
RS 0.424
Aggregates Fine materials % Limit of Iraqi specification No.45/1984
CO 40.2
CR 36.3
BL 28.5 5 – 15 %
NS 4.3
RS 8.2

Tables (4) Grading of fine aggregate used throughout this work.

Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
Limit of Iraqi specification
Sieve size (mm) passing % passing % passing % passing % passing %
No.45/1984
NS RS CO CR BL
10 100 100 100 100 100 100
4.75 100 100 100 100 100 95-100
2.36 100 100 100 100 100 95-100
1.18 100 100 100 100 100 90-100
0.600 33 53 89 86 93 80-100
0.300 10 46 62 67 76 15-50
0.150 2 5 41 53 55 0-15

2.2 Preparation of specimens.

2.2.1 Mixing of Concrete.

At the first, It is important to mention that the manufacturing of PC requires care in the casting process, attention to
curing temperature, composition, and careful to choose the type of resins and added aggregates. There are some
factors effects on the propertied of the prepared PC. These factors can be summarized: specific area, interfaces with
the matrix, strength and deformability, shape and size.
Ten Mixtures of PC were prepared with different aggregate (concrete waste, ceramics waste, building blocks waste,
natural sand and river sand). All aggregates were sieved with specified practical size distribution show in Table (4).
And the three different contents of unsaturated polyester resin of (20, 25 and 30%) were carried out, that show in
Table (6). Then this resin was added to the aggregate after mixing it with the hardener with (0.02) ratio.
2.2.2 Mixing of Ordinary Portland cement Concrete.
For normal concrete, a dry mixing had to be done for fine aggregate and then a proposed amount of cement was
added to the fine aggregate and mixed for another 3 minutes by the manual mixing. The required quantity of tap
water was then added and the whole constituents were mixed for other 5 minutes, adopted by 1 minute rest to
avoid the forming of air bubbles as recommended in the ACI Committee. Show in table (5).
2.2.3 Casting and Curing of the Specimens.
Before casting, the molds were carefully oiled to be ready for casting fresh concrete. The concrete was cast in
layers (3 layers) for all specimens; each layer was compacted by a rod then all specimens were wet-cured by
covering the finished surface and molds with polyethylene sheet for one day.
46 Awham M. Hameed et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 43–50
4 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Tables (5) The mixture of Ordinary Portland cement mortars

2:1 W/C
Aggregate Cement Water
W/C
g g g
CO 800 400 200 50 %
CR 600 300 300 100 %
BL 600 300 300 100 %
NS 800 400 140 35 %
RS 800 400 140 35 %

Tables (6) The mixture of aggregates and UP resin.

Polymer risen
Samples Aggregate
20% UP 25% UP 30% UP
UP+CO Concrete debris 80% 75% 70%
UP+CR Ceramic tiles 80% 75% 70%
UP+BL Building block 80% 75% 70%
UP+NS Natural Sand 80% 75% 70%
UP+RS River Sand 80% 75% 70%

2.3 Test Procedures.

2.3.1 Bulk density.

This test was determined according to the ASTM C138 [15]. The bulk density was determined by dividing the
total mass of all materials; (the sum of masses of the cement, the fine aggregate in the condition used, and any other
solid or liquid materials used (Mass of concrete)), on the volume of the concrete.

2.3.2 Compressive strength.

The compressive strength test was determined according to B.S.1881, part 116 [11]. This test was made on 50
mm cubes using an electrical testing machine with a capacity of 2000 KN. The compressive strength of the
specimen was calculated by dividing the maximum load applied on the specimen during the test (to obtain the final
failure) by the average cross-sectional area of the specimen.

2.3.3 Splitting tensile strength.

A concrete cylinder is placed with its horizontal axis between platens of a testing machine. The splitting tensile
strength test was done according to ASTM C496-86 specification [12]. Cylinders were used and load was applied
continuously up to failure using a standard testing machine of 2000 KN capacity.

2.3.4 Schmidt hammer test.

This test was carried out according to ASTM C 805 [13]. Cubic specimens with dimension of (50 mm) were
used in this test. Compressive strength values of concrete were determined using the Schmidt hammer which is
considered a non-destructive test. The main principle of this test is that it measures the rebound of an elastic mass
when it collides with the concrete surface under the test. This rebound depends on the hardness of concrete and on
the absorbed energy during the collision. The tested concrete specimen should be smooth and firmly supported. The
hammer is pressed against the concrete, and then the mass inside the hammer is rebounded from the plunger and
 Awham M. Hameed et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 43–50 47
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

gives a reading on the scale. This reading is called rebound number which is the distance traveled by the mass
expressed as a percentage of the initial extension of the spring. The rebound number depends on energy stored in the
spring and on the size of the mass.

2.3.5 Flexural Strength.

The flexural strength test was conducted on (40*40*160 mm) prism specimens in conformity with ASTM C78-
2003 [14] using SOIL TEST-VERSA tester hydraulic machine of 15 KN capacities. The prisms were subjected to
two-point loading.

3. Results and Discussions.

3.1 Bulk Density.
Bulk density results are given in Figure (1A). This results show decreasing the values of bulk density with
increasing the percentage of the added polymer resin to the all types of aggregates. It is observed that the minimum
value of bulk density (1.6 g/cm3) when the river sand was used with weight ratio (70%). and polyester resin of
(30%), while the maximum value in the range of (1.8 g/cm3). Due to increasing in the bonding material (polyester
resin), which is less dense than aggregates.

A B
Figure 1 (A) Bulk density values as a function of weight percentages of UP polymer concrete and (B) the comparison of density
values with Ordinary Portland cement (2:1) concrete.

Also, it can be noticed these values of bulk density show in figure (1B) are low as compared as samples made from
ordinary Portland cement which give the maximum value equal to 1.95 g/cm3 when mixing the cement with natural
sand by (1:2) and (w/c) ratio = 35.

3.2 Compressive strength.

Compressive strength results are given in Figure (2A). This results show increasing the values of Compressive
strength with increasing the percentage of polymer resin were added to the all types of aggregates. It is clear that the
maximum value of compressive strength equal to (132) MPa of (70%) ceramic waste and polyester resin (30%).
While the minimum value is (28) MPa when the waste of concrete at (80%) was added. This minimum value can be
considered high or good value compared with Portland cement concrete. The values of compressive strength are
higher as compared as the samples prepared of ordinary Portland cement. It is found that the maximum value is 16
MPa when used cement and ceramic tiles by (2:1) ratio and (w/c) ratio is 35%. Figure (2B) illustrates this difference
clearly.
48 Awham M. Hameed et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 43–50
6 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

A B
Figure 2 (A) Compressive strength values as a function of weight percentages of UP polymer concrete and (B) the comparison
with ordinary Portland cement (2:1) concrete.

3.3 Splitting tensile strength.

Splitting tensile strength results are given in Figure (3A). This results show increasing the values of splitting tensile
strength with increasing the percentage of polymer resin added to the all types of aggregates. It can be noticed that
the maximum value of splitting tensile strength at (30%) of polyester and minimum value at (20%). This means that
the increasing of added ratio of the polymer lead to increase the value of splitting tensile strength. Also, these values
of splitting tensile strength are higher as compared as the samples made from ordinary Portland cement. It is
observed that the maximum value is 0.3 MPa by mixing the cement with any of aggregate (concrete debris, ceramic
tiles, and river sand) by (2:1) ratio and (w/c) ratio is 35%. Notice that in figure (3B).

A B
Figure 3 (A) Splitting tensile strength values as a function of weight percentages of UP polymer concrete and (B) the comparison
with ordinary Portland cement (2:1) concrete.

3.4 Flexural Strength.

The flexural strength tests results are given in Figure (4A). This results show increasing the values of the flexural
strength with increasing the percentage of polymer resins were added to the all types of aggregates, It is observed
that the maximum value of flexural strength (31.85) MPa at (30%) of polyester while minimum value at (20%).
And, it can be noticed this values of flexural strengths are high as compared as with samples are made of Ordinary
Portland cement ware observed the maximum value is 4.84 MPa by mixing the cement with river sand by (2:1) ratio
and (w/c) ratio is 35%. These values are distinguished in figure (4B).
 Awham M. Hameed et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 43–50 49
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 7

A B
Figure 4 (A) Flexural strength values as a function of weight percentages of UP polymer concrete and (B) the comparison with
ordinary Portland cement (2:1) concrete.

3.5 Schmidt hammer test.

Schmidt hammer test results are given in Figure (5A). This results show increasing the values of the rebound
number with increasing the percentage of polymer resin added to the all types of aggregates. It is obvious that in the
maximum value of the rebound number is (36) at (30%) of polyester while minimum value is (20) at (20%).
It can be noticed that the values of Schmidt hammer are high as compared as samples made of ordinary Portland
cement as observed that the minimum value is (19) by mixing the cement with building blocks by (2:1) ratio and
(w/c) ratio is 35%. Figure (5B) lists the rebound number of all samples.

A B
Figure 5 (A) Schmidt hammer values (rebound No.) as a function of weight percentages of UP concrete and (B) the comparison
with ordinary Portland cement (2:1) concrete.

In general, it can be concluded that all the properties of the specimens under work increasing with increase the
weight percentage of on added polymer. Because increasing in the bonding material, which make binds the
aggregates with each other. And thus give greater strength.

4. Conclusions.

In general, it is found that the polymer concrete (PC) produced from unsaturated polyester (UP) has better properties
than the other one which was prepared ordinary Portland cement. Bulk density results show decreasing the values
with increasing the percentage of the added polymer resin for the all types of aggregates. The results of tests under
work show increasing the values of these mechanical properties with increasing the percentage of polymer resin
were added to the all types of aggregates. Also, it can be concluded that the prepared mortars could be used as
precast have good properties with low cost.
50 Awham M. Hameed et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 43–50
8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

5. References.
[1] American Concrete Institute Committee 548, “Polymer concrete-structural applications. State-of-the-art report,” ACI
Committee Report ACI 548.6R-96, 1996.
[2] American Concrete Institute Committee, “Guide for the use of polymers in concrete,” ACI Committee Report ACI 548 1R-
09, 2009.
[3] American Concrete Institute Committee, “Guide for the use of polymers in concrete,” ACI Committee Report 548.1R-97,
American Concrete Institute, 1997.
[4] M. Golestaneh, G. Amini, G. D. Najafpour, and M. A. Beygi, “Evaluation of mechanical strength of epoxy polymer concrete
with silica powder as filler,”World Applied Sciences Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 216–220, 2010.
[5] J. P. Gorninski, D. C. Dal Molin, and C. S. Kazmierczak, “Study of the modulus of elasticity of polymer concrete compounds
and comparative assessment of polymer concrete and portland cement concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 34, no. 11,
pp. 2091–2095, 2004.
[6] M. E. TawfikandS. B. Eskander, “Polymer concrete frommarble wastes and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate),” Journal of
Elastomers and Plastics, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 65–79, 2006.
[7] J. P. Gorninski, D. C. Dal Molin, and C. S. Kazmierczak, “Strength degradation of polymer concrete in acidic environments,”
Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 637– 645, 2007.
[8] J. T. San-Jos´e, “Mechanical properties in resin polyester concrete, application to reinforced beams,” Science and
Engineering of Composite Materials, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 271–282, 2006.
[9] B. Jo, S. Park, and J. Park, “Mechanical properties of polymer concrete made with recycled PET and recycled concrete
aggregates,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 2281–2291, 2008.
[10] E.-H. Hwang, J.-M. Kim, and J. H. Yeon, “Characteristics of polyester polymer concrete using spherical aggregates from
industrial by-products,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 129, No. 5, pp. 2905–2912, 2013.
[11] B.S.1881, Part 116, "Method for Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes", British Standard Institution,
1989, 3pp.
[12] ASTM C496-86, “Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens“, Annual Book of
ASTM Standard, Vol.04.02, 1989, pp., 259-262.
[13] ASTM C805–02,“Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vol. 04.02 Concrete and Aggregate, 2002, USA.
[14] ASTM C78-2003, “Standard Test Method for Flexural strength of Concrete (Using Simply Beam with Third-point
Loading,” Annual Book of ASTM Standard American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 04. 02, 2003.
[15] ASTM C138 "Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete" Annual
Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 04-02/2004.