POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FOR GRID

CONNECTED WINDENERGY SYSTEM USING

FACTS -MATLAB (SIMULINK)

Project Report
Submitted on partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
Batch ID:-08EEE-17

Y. Karuna Reddy (08L31A0293) L. Naga Chaitanya

(07L31A0250)
P.V.S. Naveen (08L31A0268) T. Anitha (08L31A0283)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Ms. M.ARUNA KUMARI
Assistant Professor, EEE

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology
(Approved by AICTE and affiliated to JNT University, KAKINADA)
NAAC & NBA Accredited & ISO9001:2008, ISO14001:2004, OHSAS 18001:2007
Certified Institution, Besides VSEZ, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam-530046
2011-2012

1
 CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction
With increase in the demand for Electricity due to increase in population and
industrialization, the Generation of power was really a challenge now a day. If we want
to increase the power generated in the conventional way i.e., by means of non-
renewable energy sources like coal, diesel, natural gases and similar fossil fuels, the
pollution increases which degrades the Environment and human life style.

Disadvantage of using Non-Renewable energy sources are:

 Non-renewable sources will expire some day and we have to us our endangered
resources to create more non-renewable sources of energy.
 The speed at which such resources are being utilized can have serious
environmental changes.
 Non-renewable sources release toxic gases in the air when burnt which are the
major cause for global warming.
 Since these sources are going to expire soon, prices of these sources are soaring
day by day.
 Thus there is a great need for electric power which has to be produced in a clean
way that is through the Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tidal,
geothermal, biomass energy sources. These resources are very cheap and are
abundant in nature. We can completely depend on these sources if we got the
technology to do so.

Compared to the non-renewable energy sources these have the advantages of the
following:
 The sun, wind, geothermal, ocean energy are available in the abundant quantity
and free to use.
 The non-renewable sources of energy that we are using are limited and are
bound to expire one day.

2
  Renewable sources have low carbon emissions, therefore they are considered as
green and environment friendly.
 Renewable helps in stimulating the economy and creating job opportunities.
The money that is used to build these plants can provide jobs to thousands to
lakhs of people.
 You don't have to rely on any third country for the supply of renewable sources
as in case of non-renewable sources.
 Renewable sources can cost less than consuming the local electrical supply. In
the long run, the prices of electricity are expected to soar since they are based
on the prices of crude oil, so renewable sources can cut your electricity bills.
 Various tax incentives in the form of tax waivers, credit deductions are
available for individuals and businesses who want to go green.
But even though they have their advantages, they are not preferred due to
economical criteria of investing huge funds. Also the problems that we face when we
integrate these energy sources to the grid are quite many like power quality
maintenance.
In this paper we consider Wind power that can be utilised for generation of electrical
power using Wind farms with FACTS device P-STATCOM to compensate the
disturbances that occur due to the fluctuating nature of the wind. This nature of wind
also effects the current and voltage in the grid to which wind turbine is connected.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The causes of power quality problems are generally complex and difficult to
detect when we integrate a wind turbine to the grid. Technically speaking, the ideal AC
line supply by the utility system should be a pure sine wave of fundamental frequency
(50/60Hz). We can therefore conclude that the lack of quality power can cause loss of
production, damage of equipment or appliances or can even be detrimental to human
health. It is therefore imperative that a high standard of power quality is maintained.
This project demonstrates that the power electronic based power conditioning using
custom power devices like P-STATCOM can be effectively utilized to improve the
quality of power supplied to the customers.
The aim of the project is to implement Wind turbine connected to a Grid
consisting of Distribution generation and P-STATCOM with Back Up energy storage

3
system (BESS) in the MATLAB, simulink using Simpower systems tool box and to
verify the results through various case studies applying Non-linear loads and study
them in detail.

1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

The Renewable energy sources, which have been expected to be a promising
alternative energy source, can bring new challenges when it is connected to the power
grid. However, the generated power from renewable energy source is always
fluctuating due to environmental condition. In the same way Wind power injection into
an electric grid affects the power quality due to the fluctuation nature of the wind and
the comparatively new types of its generators.
On the basis of measurements and norms followed according to the guidelines
specified in IEC-61400 (International Electro-technical Commission) standard, the
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined. The power
arising out of the wind turbine when it connected to grid system concerning the power
quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, voltage sag, voltage swell,
flicker, harmonics, and electrical behaviour of switching operation and these are
measured according to national/international guidelines. The paper clearly shows the
existence of power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with the grid.

In this proposed scheme a FACTS device {STATIC COMPENSATOR

(STATCOM)} is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy
storage system (BESS) to reduce the power quality problems. The battery energy
storage system is integrated to support the real power source under fluctuating wind
power. The FACTS Device (STATCOM) control scheme for the grid connected wind
energy generation system to improve the power quality is simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The intended result of the proposed
scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and
the induction generator. From the obtained results, we have consolidated the feasibility
and practicability of the approach for the applications considered.
The STATCOM is a compensating device which is used to control the flow of
active and reactive power required to the Induction Generator of the wind turbine. It is
a custom power device which is gaining a fast publicity during these days due to its

4
exceptional features like it provides fast response, suitable for dynamic load response
or voltage regulation and automation needs, Both leading and lagging VARS can be
provided, to correct voltage surges or sags caused by reactive power demands pulse
STATCOM can be applied on wide range of distribution and transmission voltage,
overload capability of this provides reserve energy for transients from the BESS.
The pulse STATCOM is controlled using the PI controller. The complete
background of the compensating devices and power electronic application in
compensating devices is discussed and also the compensation using the STATCOM
modeling is also discussed.
Theoretical analyses of the Different types of control strategies use for the
control of STATCOM are discussed and the necessary block diagrams and the
transformations required are discussed.
Conclusions are drawn basing on the simulated results obtained and also the
future scope of the project is also included.

5
2.1.1 Types of Power Quality Problem
Some of the power quality disturbance wave forms are shown in fig 2.1.2

2.1.2 Transients These are sub cycle disturbances with a very fast voltage change.
They typically have frequencies often to hundreds of kilohertz and sometimes
megahertz. The voltage excursions range from hundreds to thousands of volts.
Transients are also called spikes, impulses and surges. Two categories of transients are
described, impulsive transient and oscillatory transient. Examples of transients include
lightning, electro-static discharge; load switching, line/ cable switching, capacitor bank
or transformer energizing and Ferro-resonance.

Fig.2.1.2. Some PQ disturbances

2.1.5 Voltage and Current Imbalance

Unbalance, or three-phase unbalance, is the phenomenon in a three-phase
system, in which the rms values of the voltages or the phase angles between
consecutive phases are not equal. Examples include unbalanced load, large single-
phase load, blown fuse in one phase of a three-phase capacitor bank, etc.

6
2.1.6 Voltage Fluctuation
The fast variation in voltage magnitude is called “voltage fluctuation”, or “light
flicker”. Sometimes the term “voltage flicker” is also used. This voltage magnitude
ranges from 0.9 to 1.1 pu of nominal. One example is an arc furnace.

2.1.7 Power Frequency Variations

Power frequency variations are defined as deviation of the power system
fundamental frequency from its specified nominal value (e.g. 50 or 60Hz). This
frequency is directly related to the rotational speed of the generators supplying the
system. There are slight variations in frequency as the dynamic balance between load
and generation changes. The size of the frequency shift and its duration depends on the
load characteristics and the response of the generation control system to load changes.
Examples include faults on transmission system, disconnection of large load,
disconnection of large generator, etc.

2.1.8 Waveform Distortion

Waveform distortion is defined as a steady-state deviation from an ideal sine
wave of power frequency principally characterized by the spectral content of the
deviation.

Three types of waveform distortion are listed below:

Harmonics: These are steady-state sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies
that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic distortion originates
in the nonlinear characteristics of devices and loads on the power system. Examples
include computers; fax machines, UPS systems, variable frequency drives (VFDs), etc.

Inter harmonics: These are voltages and currents having frequency components which
are not integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Examples include static
frequency converters, cyclo-converters, induction motors and arcing devices.
Noise: This is unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content lower than
200 kHz superimposed on system voltage or current in phase conductors, or found on

7
neutral conductors or signal lines. Examples include power electronics applications,
control circuits, solid-state rectifiers, switching power supplies, etc.

2.1.9 Causes of Power Quality Variations

The main causes of poor power quality come from the customers themselves
(internal), generated from one customer that may impact other customers (neighbours),
and also from the utility. Neighbours here include those in separate buildings near the
customer and separate businesses under the same roof such as a small business park.
The types and causes of power quality variations are as follows:

Table 2.1.1 Internal Causes of Power Quality Variations

Types Causes

Small lightning strikes at low voltage levels (e.g.500V) can

Transient disrupt or damage electronic equipment. Reactive loads
turning on and off generate spikes. Poor connections in the
wiring system lead to arcing-caused transients. Switching of
power electronics devices.

Current distortion affects the power system and distribution

equipment. Overheating and failure in transformer and high
neutral currents are some direct problems. Current harmonics
may excite resonant frequencies in the system, which can
Waveform cause extremely high harmonic voltages to damage equipment.
distortions Nonlinear loads (e.g. Variable frequency drives, induction
motors, and power electronics components) cause voltage
distortions, which can cause motor to overheat and vibrate
excessively, resulting in damage to the shaft of motors.
Components in computers may also be damaged. Electrical
noise indirectly causes damage and loss of product Process
control equipment and telecommunications are sensitive to
such noise.

8
Table 2.1.2 Neighbouring Causes of Power Quality Variations
Types Causes and effects
Transients are generated from the switching of loads. In situations
where multiple, separate businesses share wiring or other parts of the
Transient power system, arcing-based transients are possible. Reactive loads,
regardless of light or heavy motors, generate spikes.

Changing currents interact with the system impedance. Loads in the

Long / neighbour’s facility must be large and changing enough to affect the
Short voltage feeding the customer’s facility or office. If shared wiring is
duration present, then even simple devices may cause similar concerns.
voltage Overloading may be the cause as well.
variations
If a customer’s neighbours draw large amount of distorted current,
Waveform this current will subsequently distort the utility supply voltage, which
distortion is then fed back to the customer. Hence, loads within the customer’s
business are subjected to potential problems.

Table 2.1.3 Utility Causes of Power Quality Variations

Types Causes
The most common causes of transients come from lightning surges.
Transient Other causes include capacitor bank energization, transformer
energization, system faults
Voltage and Primary source of voltage unbalance is unbalanced load (thus current
current unbalance). This is due to an uneven spread of single-phase, low
imbalance voltage customers over the three phases, but more commonly due to a
large single-phase load. Three-phase unbalance can also result
because of capacitor bank anomalies, such as a blown fuse in one

9
 phase of a three-phase bank.

Power The frequency of the supply voltage is not constant. This frequency
frequency variation is due to unbalance between load and generation. Short
variation circuits also contribute to this variation.
The amount of harmonic distortion originating from the power
system is normally small. The increasing use of power electronics for
control of power flow and voltage (flexible ac transmission systems
or FACTS) carries the risk of increasing the amount of harmonic
Waveform distortion originating in the power system.
distortion Harmonic current distortion requires over-rating of series components
like transformers and cables
Inter harmonics can excite unexpected resonance between
transformer inductances and capacitor banks. More dangerous are
sub-harmonic currents, which can lead to saturation of transformers
and damage to synchronous generators and turbines.
2.2.0. Power electronic applications in power transmission system
The rapid development of power electronics technology provides exciting
opportunities to develop new power system equipment for better utilization of existing
systems. Since 1990, a number of devices under the term FACTS (flexible AC
transmission systems) technology have been proposed and implemented. FACTS
devices can be effectively used for power flow control, load sharing among parallel
corridors, voltage regulation, and enhancement of transient stability and mitigation of
system oscillations. By giving additional flexibility, FACTS controllers can enable a
line to carry power close to its thermal rating. Mechanical switching has to be
supplemented by rapid response power electronics. It may be noted that FACTS is
enabling technology, and not a one-on-one substitute for mechanical switches.
FACTS employ high speed Thyristor for switching in or out transmission line
components such as capacitors, reactors or phase shifting transformers for desirable
performance of systems. The FACTS technology is not a single high power controller,
but rather a collection of controllers, which can be applied individually or in

10
coordination with others to control one or more of system parameters. it started with the
high voltage DC current (HVDC) transmission, static VAR compensator (SVC)
systems were employed later for the reactive power compensation of power
transmission lines . Subsequently, devices like thyristor controlled series compensator
(TCSC), static compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) were proposed and installed under the
generic name of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers.

2.2.1 PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION OF CONVERTERS:

The switching converter forms the heart of the FACTS controllers.
Controllable reactive power can be generated by the DC to AC switching converters
which are switched in synchronism with the line voltage with which the reactive power
is exchanged. A switching power converter consists of an array of solid state switches
which connect the input terminals to the output terminals. It has no internal storage and
so the instantaneous input and output power are equal. Further the input and output
terminations are complementary, that is, if the input is terminated by a voltage source
(charged capacitor or battery), output is a current source (which means a voltage source
having an inductive impedance) and vice versa. Thus, the converter can be voltage
sourced (shunted by a capacitor or battery) or current sourced (shunted by an inductor).

Fig:-2.2.1. Operation of converter

Single line diagram of basic voltage sourced converter scheme for reactive power
generation is shown in fig.2.2.1 for reactive power flow bus voltage V and converter
terminal voltage V0 are in phase.
Then on per phase basis

11
 I= V- V0 / X
The reactive power exchange is
Q = VI = V (V- V0 ) / X
The switching circuit is capable of adjusting V0 , the output voltage of the converter.
For V0 < V, I lags V and Q drawn from the bus is inductive, while for V0 >V, I leads V
and Q drawn from the bus is leading. Reactive power drawn can be easily and smoothly
varied by adjusting V0 by changing the on time of the solid state solid state switches. It
is to be noted that the transformer leakage reactance is quite small, which means that a
small difference in of voltage (V- V0) causes the required I and Q flow. Thus the
converter acts as the static synchronous condenser or VAR generator. As the converter
draws only reactive power, the real power drawn from the capacitor is zero. Also at DC
(zero frequency) the capacitor doesn’t change and the capacitor establishes only a
voltage level for the converter.

2.3 FACTS CONTROLLERS:

The development of FACTS controllers has followed two different approaches. The
first approach employs reactive impedances or a tap changing transformer with
thyristor switches as the controlled elements, the second approach employs self
commutated static converters as voltage sources. In general these are three categories.
 in series with the power system (series compensation)
 in shunt with the power system (shunt compensation)
 both in series and in shunt with the power system

2.3.1. Series compensation
In series compensation, FACTS is connected in series with the power system. It
works as a controllable voltage source. In series compensation generally inductors are
connected in series with the transmission line that is because in case of long
transmission line due to series inductance when a large current flows through it causes
a large voltage drop. Now to compensate that large voltage drop due to inductance,

12
series capacitances are connected. All series controllers inject voltage in series with the
line. If the voltage is in phase quadrature with the line, series controller only supplies or
consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship will involve real power
also.
Tasks of dynamic series compensation:
 Reduction of load dependent voltage drops
 Reduction of system transfer impedance
 Reduction of transmission angle
 Increase of system stability
 Load flow control for specified power paths
 Damping of active power oscillations

Static synchronous series compensation (SSSC):

Series compensation can also be built up by the use of STATCOM converter
technology. Similar valve configurations are used. Above figure shows the connection
principle of an SSSC. A series voltage formed by the DC storage capacitor and the
converter configuration will be introduced to the system in quadrature to the line
current. Capacitive as well inductive compensation is possible. Such SSSC
configurations are also used in the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC, described
later) as series part of the whole device. Two or more of the SSSC can be installed in a
system in parallel lines or at major substations with several lines leaving to different
areas. Such arrangement allows power flow control under severe system conditions.

Fig.2.2.2.Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)

13
Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
The two basic schemes of thyristor-controlled series capacitors, using thyristor-
switched capacitors and a fixed capacitor in parallel with a thyristor-controlled Reactor,
are shown schematically in Fig- 2.2.3 a and b. In the thyristor-switched capacitor
scheme of Figure 2.2.3 a, the degree of series compensation is controlled by Increasing
or decreasing the number of capacitor banks in series. To accomplish this, each
capacitor bank is inserted or bypassed by a thyristor valve (switch). To minimize
switching transients and utilize “natural” commutation, the operation of the thyristor
valves is coordinated with voltage and current zero crossings. In the fixed-capacitor,
thyristor-controlled reactor scheme of Figure 2.2.3 b, the degree of series compensation
in the capacitive operating region (the admittance of the TCR is kept below that of the
parallel connected capacitor) is increased (or decreased) by increasing (or decreasing)
the thyristor conduction period, and thereby the current in the TCR. Minimum series
compensation is reached when the TCR is off. The TCR may be designed to have the
capability to limit the voltage across the capacitor during faults and other system
contingencies of similar effect. The two schemes may be combined by connecting a
number of TCRs plus a fixed capacitor in series in order to achieve greater control
range and flexibility.

(a)

(b)
Fig.2.2.3. (a) TCSC with thyristor switched capacitance
(b) TCSC with fixed capacitor

14
 2.3.2. Shunt compensation:
This may be variable impedance, variable source or combination of these. All shunt
controllers inject current into the system at the point of connection. Combined series-
series controllers can be combination of separate series controllers which are controlled
in a coordinated manner. Combined series and shunt controllers either controlled in
coordinated manner as in fig. or a unified power flow controller with series and shunt
elements as in fig. for a unified controller there can be real power exchange between
the series and shunt controllers via dc power link.
Tasks of dynamic shunt compensation:
 Steady state and dynamic voltage control
 Reactive power control of dynamic loads
 Damping of active power oscillations
 Improvement of system stability

2.4.2. REAL AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL:-

Basic operating principle of a SATCOM is similar to that of synchronous machine.
The synchronous machine will provide lagging current when under excited and leading
current when over excited.
STATCOM can generate and absorb reactive power similar to that of
synchronous machine and it can also exchange real power if provided with an external
device DC source.
1) Exchange of reactive power:- If the output voltage of the voltage source converter
is greater than the system voltage then the SATCOM will act as capacitor and generate
reactive power(i.e.. provide lagging current to the system)
2) Exchange of real power: - As the switching devices are not loss less there is a
need for the DC capacitor to provide the required real power to the switches. For long
duration of real power requirement even after the primary supply failed back up energy
storage system (BESS) is used. Hence there is a need for real power exchange with an
AC system to make the capacitor voltage constant in case of direct voltage control.
There is also a real power exchange with the AC system if STATCOM is provided with

15
an external DC source to regulate the voltage in case of very low voltage in the
distribution system or in case of faults.
And if the VSC output voltage leads the system voltage then the real power from the
capacitor or the DC source will be supplied to the AC system to regulate the system
voltage to the =1p.u or to make the capacitor voltage constant.
Hence the exchange of real power and reactive power of the voltage source
converter with AC system is the major required phenomenon for the regulation in the
transmission as well as in the distribution system.

2
CHAPTER – 3
DISTRIBUTION GENERATION

3.1.1 .DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

The centralized and regulated electric utilities have always been the major
source of electric power production and supply. However, the increase in demand for
electric power has led to the development of distributed generation (DG) which can
complement the central power by providing additional capacity to the users. These
a r e s m a l l generating units which can be located at the consumer end or anywhere
within the distribution system. DG can be beneficial to the consumers as well
as the utility. Consumers are interested in DG due to the various benefits associated
with it: cost saving during peak demand charges, higher power quality and increased
energy efficiency. The utilities can also benefit as it generally eliminates the cost
needed for laying new transmission/distribution lines.
Distributed generation employs alternate resources such as micro-turbines,
solar photovoltaic systems, fuel cells and wind energy systems. This thesis lays
emphasis on the fuel cell technology and its integration with the utility grid.

3.1.2 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS BACKGROUND

Today, new advances in power generation technologies and new
environmental regulations encourage a significant increase of distributed
generation resources around the world. Distributed generation systems (DGS)

16
have mainly been used as a standby power source for critical businesses. For
example, most hospitals and office buildings had stand-by diesel generators as an
emergency power source for use only during outages. However, the diesel
generators were not inherently cost-effective, and produce noise and exhaust that would
be objectionable on anything except for an emergency basis. On the other hand,
environmental-friendly distributed generation systems such as fuel cells, micro
turbines, biomass, wind turbines, hydro turbines or photovoltaic arrays can be a
solution to meet both the increasing demand of electric power and
environmental regulations due to green house gas emission.
As illustrated in these figures, the currently competitive DGS units will be
constructed on a conventional distribution network, instead of large central power
plants because the DGS can offer improved service reliability, better economics
and a reduced dependence on the local utility

Figure 3.1 A large central power plant and distributed generation systems

Recently, the use of distributed generation systems under the 500 kW level is
rapidly increasing due to technology improvements in small generators,
power electronics, and energy storage devices. Efficient clean fossil-fuels technologies

17
such as micro-turbines, fuel cells, and environmental-friendly renewable energy
technologies such as biomass, solar/photovoltaic arrays, small wind turbines and
hydro turbines, are growingly used for new distributed generation systems. These
DGS are applied to a standalone , a grid-interconnected, a standby, peak shavings ,
a cogeneration etc. and have a lot of benefits such as environmental-friendly and
modular electric generation, increased reliability/stability, high power quality, load
management, fuel flexibility, uninterruptible service, cost savings, on-site generation,
expandability, etc.

3.2 Benefits
In the last decade, the concept of many small scale energy sources dispersed
over the grid gain a considerable interest. Most of all, technological innovations and a
changing economic and regulatory environment were that main triggers for this
interest. International Energy Agency IEA lists five major factors that contribute to
this evolution, such as developments in distributed generation technologies, constraints
on the construction of new transmission lines, increased customer demand for highly
reliable electricity, the electricity market liberalization and concerns about climate
change. Especially the last two points seem to offer the most significant benefits, as it is
unlikely that distributed generation would be capable of avoiding the development of
new transmission lines. At minimum, the grid has to be available as backup supply. In
the liberalized market environment, the distributed generation offers a number of
benefits to the market participants. As a rule, customers look for the electricity services
best suited for them. Different customers attach different weights to features of
electrical energy supply, and distributed generation technologies can help electricity
suppliers to supply the type of electricity service they prefer. One of the most
interesting features is the flexibility of DG that could allow market participants to
respond to changing market conditions, i.e. due to their small sizes and the short
construction lead times compared to most types of larger central power plants.

3.3. Flexibility in price response

Important aspects of the abovementioned flexibility of distributed generation
technologies are operation, size and expandability. Flexible reaction to electrical energy
price evolutions can be one of the examples, allowing a DG to serve as a hedge against

18
these price fluctuations. Apparently, using distributed generation for continuous use or
for peak shaving is the major driver for the US demand for distributed generation. In
Europe, market demand for distributed generation is driven by heat applications, the
introduction of renewable and by potential efficiency improvements.
1) Large generation units connected on the customer’s side are however difficult to
classify in view of this definition.
2) The value of their flexibility is probably understated when economic assessments of
distributed generation are made. Recent work based on option value theory suggests
that flexible power plants.

3.4. Flexibility in reliability needs

Reliability considerations of the second major driver of US demand for distributed
generation is quality of supply or reliability considerations. Reliability problems refer
to sustained interruptions in electrical energy supply (outages). The liberalization of
energy markets makes customers more aware of the value of reliable electricity supply.
In many European countries, the reliability level has been very high, mainly because of
high engineering standards. High reliability level implies high investment and
maintenance costs for the network and generation infrastructure. Due to the incentives
for cost effectiveness that come from the introduction of competition in generation and
from the re-regulation of the network companies, it might be that reliability levels will
decrease. However, for some industries, such as chemical, petroleum, refining, paper,
metal, telecommunication, a reliable power supply is very important. Such companies
may find the reliability of the grid supplied electricity too low and thus be willing to
invest in distributed generation units in order to increase their overall reliability of
supply. The IEA recognizes the provision of reliable power as the most important
future market niche for distributed generation. Fuel cells and backup systems combined
with an UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) are identified as the technologies that
could provide protection against power interruptions, though it has to be noted that the
fuel cell technology is currently not easily commercially available.

3.5. Flexibility in power quality needs

Apart from large voltage drops to near zero (reliability problems), one can also have
smaller voltage deviations. The latter deviations are aspects of power quality. Power

19
quality refers to the degree to which power characteristics align with the ideal
sinusoidal voltage and current waveform, with current and voltage in balance. Thus,
strictly speaking, power quality encompasses reliability. Insufficient power quality can
be caused by failures and switching operations in the network (voltage dips and
transients) and by network disturbances from loads (flickers, harmonics and phase
imbalance).

3.6. Environmental friendliness

Environmental policies or concerns are probably the major driving force for the
demand for distributed generation in Europe. Environmental regulations force players
in the electricity market to look for cleaner energy- and cost-efficient solutions. Many
of the distributed generation technologies are recognized environmentally friendly.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology, allowing for portfolio optimization of
companies needing both heat and electrical energy, is one of the examples. Compared
to separate fossil-fired generation of heat and electricity, CHP generation may result in
a primary energy conservation, varying from 10% to 30%, depending on the size (and
efficiency) of the cogeneration units.
Furthermore, as renewable energy sources are by nature small-scale and dispersed
over the grid. Installing distributed generation allows the exploitation of cheap fuel
opportunities. For example, DG units could burn landfill gasses in the proximity of
landfills, or other locally available biomass resources. Most government policies that
aim to promote the use of renewable will also result in an increased impact of
distributed generation.

3.7. Impacts on power quality

The installation and connection of distributed generation units can positively affect
the power quality. However, a converse effect could also be noted. DG units are likely
to affect the system frequency. As they are often not equipped with a load-frequency
control, they will free ride on the efforts of the transmission grid operator or the
regulatory body to maintain system frequency. Therefore, connecting a large number of
DG units to the grid should be carefully evaluated and planned.

20
 Moreover, the impact on the local voltage level of distributed generation connected
to the distribution grid can be significant. Especially raising voltage levels in radial for
Some times the power injections need to be corrected for the transmission losses,
meaning that an ARP should inject some 3¸4% more than it withdraws.

3.8. Connection issues

It can be taken as given that the electric power flows from the higher voltage grid to
the lower voltage grid. Increased share of distributed generation units may lead to
inducing power flows from the low voltage into the medium-voltage grid. This bi-
directional power flows asks for different protection schemes at both voltage levels.
Moreover, the added flexibility of DG asks for extra efforts on the grid operation side.
As some customers might want to switch to the “island” mode during an outage, they
should also meet the requirements for such operation mode. Next to guarantying no
power supplied to the grid, they must be able to provide the auxiliary services needed.
Moreover, once the distribution grid is back into operation, the DG unit must be able to
be re-synchronized.

21
 CHAPTER – 4
WIND POWER GENERATION

4.1. INTRODUCTION:
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into useful form, such as electricity,
using wind turbines. In windmills, wind energy is directly used to crush grain or to
pump water. Wind energy is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and
reduces greenhouse gas emissions when it displaces fossil-fuel-derived electricity. The
intermittency of wind seldom creates insurmountable problems when using wind power
to supply a low proportion of total demand, but it presents extra costs when wind is to
be used for a large fraction of demand.

4.1.1Wind Turbine Types:

Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the
traditional farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like
the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern
wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
Turbine Components
Horizontal turbine components include:
1) Blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft
energy;
2) A drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;
3) A tower that supports the rotor and drive train;
4) And other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support
equipment, and interconnection equipment. Wind turbines are often grouped together

22
into a single wind power plant, also known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical
power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a utility grid and distributed to
customers, just as with conventional power plants.

FIGURE.4.1 Wind turbine

4.1.2. Wind Turbine Systems:

Wind turbines can operate with either fixed speed (actually within a speed range
about 1 %) or variable speed. For fixed-speed wind turbines, the generator (induction
generator) is directly connected to the grid. Since the speed is almost fixed to the grid
frequency, and most certainly not controllable, it is not possible to store the turbulence
of the wind in form of rotational energy. Therefore, for a fixed-speed system the
turbulence of the wind will result in power variations, and thus affect the power quality
of the grid. For a variable-speed wind turbine the generator is controlled by power
electronic equipment, which makes it possible to control the rotor speed. In this way
the power fluctuations caused by wind variations can be more or less absorbed by
changing the rotor speed and thus power variations originating from the wind
conversion and the drive train can be reduced. Hence, the power quality impact caused
by the wind turbine can be improved compared to a fixed-speed turbine.

23
 The rotational speed of a wind turbine is fairly low and must therefore be
adjusted to the electrical frequency. This can be done in two ways: with a gearbox or
with the number of pole pairs of the generator. The number of pole pairs sets the
mechanical speed of the generator with respect to the electrical frequency and the
gearbox
adjusts the
rotor speed
of the
turbine to
the
mechanical
speed of the
generator.

FIGURE.4.2

In this section the following wind turbine systems will be presented:

1. Fixed-speed wind turbine with an induction generator.
2. Variable-speed wind turbine equipped with a cage-bar induction generator or
synchronous generator.
3. Variable-speed wind turbine equipped with multiple-pole synchronous generator or
multiple-pole permanent-magnet synchronous generator.
4. Variable-speed wind turbine equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator.

4.2.0. Fixed-Speed Wind Turbine

For the fixed-speed wind turbine the induction generator is directly connected to the
electrical grid according to Fig.4.3 The rotor speed of the fixed-speed wind turbine is in

FIGURE 4.3

24
principle

determined by a gearbox and the pole-pair number of the generator. The fixed-speed
wind turbine system has often two fixed speeds. This is accomplished by using two
generators with different ratings and pole pairs, or it can be a generator with two
windings having different ratings and pole pairs. This leads to increased aerodynamic
capture as well as reduced magnetizing losses at low wind speeds. This system (one or
two-speed) was the “conventional” concept used by many Danish manufacturers in the
1980s and 1990s.

4.2.1. Variable-Speed Wind Turbine

FIGURE 4.4

The system presented in Fig. 4.4. consists of a wind turbine equipped with a converter
connected to the stator of the generator. The generator could either be a cage-bar
induction generator or a synchronous generator. The gearbox is designed so that
maximum rotor speed corresponds to rated speed of the generator. Synchronous
generators or permanent-magnet synchronous generators can be designed with multiple

25
poles which imply that there is no need for a gearbox, see Fig. 4.4. Since this “full-
power” converter/generator system is commonly used for other applications, one
advantage with this system is its well-developed and robust control.

4.2.2 Variable-Speed Wind Turbine with Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

The system, see Fig. 4.5, consists of a wind turbine with doubly-fed induction
generator. This means that the stator is directly connected to the grid while the rotor
winding is connected via slip rings to a converter. This system has recently become
very popular as generators for variable-speed wind turbines. This is mainly due to the
fact that the power electronic converter only has to handle a fraction (20–30%) of the
total power .Therefore, the losses in the power electronic converter can be reduced,
compared to a system where the converter has to handle the total power. In addition,
the cost of the converter becomes lower. There exists a variant of the DFIG method that
uses controllable external rotor resistances

FIGURE 4.5

(compare to slip power recovery). Some of the drawbacks of this method are that
energy is unnecessary dissipated in the external rotor resistances and that it is not
possible to control the reactive power.
Of all the above mentioned types we are going to use the first type because of its
simplicity that is fixed speed wind turbine method with induction generator. Due to the
advantages that we considered in real time application and also in simulink designing
we adopted the induction generators.

26
4.3. INDUCTON MACHINE:
Induction machines are often described as the ‘workhorse of industry’. This reflects
the reality of the qualities of these machines. They are cheap to manufacture, rugged
and reliable and find their way in most possible applications. Variable speed drives
require inexpensive power electronics and computer hardware, and allowed induction
machines to become more versatile. In particular, vector or field oriented control allows
induction motors to replace DC motors in many applications

4.3.0. DESCRIPTION
The stator of an induction machine is a typical three phase one. The rotor can be one of
two major types. Either of the following :-
a) It is wound in a fashion similar to that of the stator with the terminals led to slip rings
on the shaft, as shown in figure , or
FIGURE 4.6
b) It is made with shorted Fig Wound rotor
slip rings and connections bars..The picture
of the rotor bars is not easy to obtain, since
the bars are formed by casting aluminium in
the openings of the rotor laminations. In this
case the iron laminations were chemically
removed.

4.3.1. CONCEPT OF OPERATION

As these rotor windings or bars rotate within the magnetic field created by the stator
magnetizing currents, voltages are induced in them. If the rotor were to stand still, then
the induced voltages would be very similar to those induced in the stator windings. In
the case of squirrel cage rotor, the voltage induced in the bars will be slightly out of
phase with the voltage in the next one, since the flux linkages will change in it after a
short delay.
If the rotor is moving at synchronous speed, together with the field, no voltage will be
induced in the bars or the windings.
FIGURE 4.7

27
Generally when the synchronous speed is ωs = 2πfs, and the rotor speed ω0, the
frequency of the induced voltages will be fr, where 2πfr = ωs - ω0. Maxwell’s equation
becomes here:
έ = v x Bg---------------------------------------- (1)
where v is the relative velocity of the rotor with respect to the field:
v = ωs - ω0----------------------------------------------------------- (2)
Since a voltage is induced in the bars, and these are short circuited, currents will flow
in them. The current density J (θ) will be:
J (θ) = (1/ρ) έ
J (θ) = (1/ρ). ωs - ω0 Bg(θ)
J (θ)= (1/ρ). (ωs - ω0) Bg sin (θ)
We define as slip s the ratio: s= (ωs - ω0)/ ωs

FIGURE 4.8

At starting the speed is zero, hence s = 1, and at synchronous speed, ωs = ω0, hence s =
0. Above
Synchronous speed s < 0, and when the rotor rotates in a direction opposite of the
magnetic field 1< s
Three-phase motors: Operation principles

28
• The interaction between the rotor current and the stator field produces a force that
drives the motor: Force = B I L sin Φ. The induced voltage magnitude is dependent
upon the speed difference between the rotating stator field and the rotor.
• The speed difference is maximum during starting when the motor draws large current.
The frequency of the rotor current is 50 Hz when the rotor is stationary.
• As the motor starts to rotate the speed difference are reduced, which results in
– reduction on the frequency of the induced voltage in the rotor.
– reduced magnitude of rotor current and induced voltage.
FIGURE 4.9
Force generation:
• Rotating field induces current in the bar .
• The current and field interaction generates the driving force.
• Force = BIL
The force drives the motor
• L is the length of the rotor
• If the rotor speed is equal to the angular speed of the stator field, the induced voltage,
current and torque become zero. Therefore the motor speed must be less than the
synchronous speed.
• Motor operation requires speed difference between the stator generated rotating field
and the actual rotor speed. The speed difference is called slip (s) and defined as:
s = (ns - nr) / ns where ns =120 f / p
• The frequency of the rotor current is: fr = s f
• The slip in normal operation is between 1 and 5 %

4.3.2. Development of equivalent circuit:

• The induction motor/generator consists of a two magnetically connected systems,
Stator and rotor.
• This is similar to a transformer that also has two magnetically connected systems:
primary and secondary windings.
• The stator is supplied by a balanced three-phase voltage that drives a three-phase
current through the winding. This current induces a voltage in the rotor.
• The applied voltage (V1) across phase A is equal to the sum of the
– induced voltage (E1).
– Voltage drop across the stator resistance (I1 R1).
– Voltage drop across the stator leakage reactance (I1 j X1).

29
• The stator voltage equation is:
V1 = E1+ I1 ( R1+ j X1)
• The E1 induced voltage generates a voltage E2 in the rotor through the magnetic
coupling.
– If the rotor is at stand still, the induced voltage E2 is proportional to E1 times the turn
ratio. T = Nstat / Nrot = N1 /N2. The value is:
E2 = E1 (N2 /N1 ) = E1 / T
If the rotor is rotating, the voltage induced in the rotor is multiplied by the slip s,
because the induced voltage is proportional to the speed difference between the stator
field and rotor.
E2 = s E1 / T
• The rotor induced voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage drop across the rotor
resistance (I2 R2), and the leakage inductance (I2 X2).
• The voltage drop across the secondary leakage inductance L2 is:
I2 j wr L2 = I2 j (2 π fr) L2 = I2 j (2 π f ) s L2 = I2 j s (w L2) = I2 j s X2
• The rotor voltage equation is:
E2 = I2 (R2 + j s X2 )
• The equations derived for the induction motors are:
V1 = E1+ I1 ( R1+ j X1) E2 = s E1 / T
E2 = I2 (R2 + j s X2 ) I2 = I1 (N1/ N2) = I1 T
• Combining the equations we have:
E1 = E2 T / s = T I2 (R2 + j s X2 ) /s = I1 T2 (R2 /s + j X2 )
= I1 [(R2 T2 /s) + j (T2 X2 )] = I1 (R*2 /s) + j X*2 )
where: R*2 = R2 T2 and X*2 = T2 X2 are rotor resistance & reactance referred to stator.
• The derivation results in the following equations:
V1 = E1+ I1 ( R1+ j X1) E1 = I1 (R2* / s + j X2* )
• We substitute the second equation into the first one to obtain the following equation
for the induction motor:
V1 = I1 (R2* / s + j X2* ) + I1 ( R1+ j X1) = I1 [( R1 + R2* / s) + j ( X1+ X2*)]
• The final equation is:
V1 = I1 [( R1 + R2* / s) + j ( X1+ X2*)]
• The induction motor equation is:
V1 = I1 [(R1 + R2* / s) + j ( X1+ X2*)]

30
• This equations suggests that the induction motor equivalent circuit contains two
resistances and reactance’s connected in series.
• The magnetizing current can be represented by a resistance Rc and a reactance Xm
connected in parallel.
– The resistance represents the hysteresis and eddy current losses.
– The reactance represents the magnetizing current that generates the air-gap
magnetizing flux.
The induction motor/generator equivalent circuit is:

FIGURE 4.10

4.4. INDUCTION GENERATOR OPERATION

Figure 5 shows the speed torque characteristics of an induction motor operating from a
constant frequency power source. Most readers are familiar with this characteristic of
the Induction motor operation. The operation of the induction motor occurs in a stable
manner in the region of the speed torque curve indicated in Figure 5. The torque output
as well as the power delivered by the motor varies as the motor speed changes. At
synchronous speed no power is delivered at all. The difference between the
synchronous speed and the operating speed is called the slip. The output torque and
power vary linearly with the slip. If the induction motor is driven to a speed higher than
the synchronous speed, the speed torque curve reverses as shown in Figure 6. In the
stable region of this curve, electric power is generated utilizing the mechanical input
power from the prime mover. Once again the generated power is a function of the slip,
and varies with the slip itself

31
 Figure 4.11: Induction Motor Torque v/s Speed

Figure 4.12: Induction Generator Torque v/s Speed

32
 In the generator mode, if the slip is controlled in accordance with the load
requirements, the induction generator will deliver the necessary power. It must be
remembered that the synchronous speed is a function of the electrical frequency applied
to the generator terminals. On the other hand, the operating shaft speed is determined
by the prime mover. Therefore to generate power, the electrical frequency must be
adjusted as the changes in the load and the prime mover speed occur. In addition to the
requirement stated above, the excitation current must be provided to the generator
stator windings for induction into the rotor. The magnitude of the excitation current
will determine the voltage at the bus. Thus the excitation current must be regulated at
specific levels to obtain a constant bus voltage. The controller for the induction
generator has the dual function as follows:
i) Adjust the electrical frequency to produce the slip corresponding to the load
requirement.
ii) Adjust the magnitude of the excitation current to provide the desirable bus voltage.
Figure 7 depicts the region of generator mode operation for a typical induction
generator. A number of torque speed characteristic curves in the stable region of
operation are shown to explain the operation. As an example, consider the situation
when the prime mover is at the nominal or 100% speed. The electrical frequency must
be adjusted to cater for load changes from 0 to 100% of the load. If a vertical line is
drawn along the speed of 100%, it can be observed that the electrical frequency must be
changed from 100% at no load to about 95% at full load if the prime mover speed is
held at 100%.

Figure 4.13: Induction Generator Torque v/s Speed in Operating Range

33
4.5. BENEFITS OF INDUCTION GENERATOR TECHNOLOGY
Induction generator has several benefits to offer for the micro, mini power systems
under consideration. These benefits relate to the generator design as follows:
i) Cost of Materials: Use of electromagnets rather than permanent magnets means
lower cost of materials for the induction generator. Rare earth permanent magnets are
substantially more expensive than the electrical steel used in electromagnets. They also
must be contained using additional supporting rings.
ii) Cost of Labour: PM’s require special machining operations and must be retained on
the rotor structure by installation of the containment structure. Handling of permanent
magnets that are pre-charged is generally difficult in production shops. These
requirements increase the cost of labour for the PM generator.
iii) Generator Power Quality: The PM generator produces raw ac power with
unregulated voltage. Depending upon the changes in load and speed, the voltage
variation can be wide. This is all the more true for generators exceeding about 75 kW
power rating. The induction generator produces ac voltage that is reasonably sinusoidal
as shown in the example from an actual test in Figure 9. This voltage can be rectified
easily to produce a constant dc voltage. Additionally, the ac voltage can be stepped up
or down using a transformer to provide multiple levels of voltages if required.

Figure 4.14: Induction Generator AC Output Voltage Waveform

iv) Fault Conditions: When an internal failure occurs in a PM generator, the failed
winding will continue to draw energy until the generator is stopped. For high-speed
generators, this may mean a long enough duration during which further damage to
electrical and mechanical components would occur. It could also mean a safety hazard
for the individuals working in the vicinity. The induction generator on the other hand is

34
safely shut down by de-excitation within a few milliseconds, preventing the hazardous
situations.

4.6. MATHEMATICS OF WIND POWER

The amount of mechanical power captured from wind by a wind turbine can be
formulated as:
Pm=(1/2)ACpv3 -------------------
(1)
= Air density (Kg/m3)
A = Swept area (m2)
CP = Power coefficient of the wind turbine
V = Wind speed (m/s)
Therefore, if the air density, swept area and wind speed are constant the output power
of the turbine will be a function of power coefficient of the turbine. In addition, the
wind turbine is normally characterized by its CP-λ curve; where the tip speed ratio, λ, is
given by:
=(R)/ -----------------(2)
In (2), , R and v are the turbine rotor speed in “rad/s”, radius of the turbine blade in
“m”, and wind speed in “m/s” respectively. Figure above shows a typical “CP- λ” curve
for a wind turbine. It shows that CP has its maximum value at λopt, which results in
optimum efficiency; therefore, maximum power is captured from wind by the turbine.
The output power of a wind turbine versus rotor speed while speed of wind is changed
from v1 to v3 (v3>v2>v1). They show that if the speed of wind is v1, then the maximum
power could be captured when the rotor speed is 1; in other words, the operating point
of the system is point A, which corresponds to the maximum output power. If wind
speed changes from v1 to v2 while the rotor speed is fixed at 1, the operating point of
system is point B, which does not correspond to maximum power tracking. The rotor
speed should be increased from, 1 to 2, which results in the maximum power at
operating point C.

Fig 4.15: Power Coefficient vs. Tip-Speed Ratio.

35
 Fig 4.16: power with different TSR
Based on (2), the optimum speed of rotor can be estimated as follows:
vopt
ωopt =
R
Rωopt
v= --------(3)
opt

Unfortunately, measuring the wind speed in the rotor of turbine is very difficult; thus,
to avoid using wind speed, (1) needs to be revised. By substituting the wind speed
equivalent from (3) into (1), the output power of the turbine is given as:
3
1 Rωopt
Pm = ρACp ( )
2 opt
Finally, the target torque can be written as:
1 R 3
Ttarget = k opt ω2opt Where, k opt =2 ρACpmax (opt)

CHAPTER – 5
LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR LOAD
5.5.0 NON LINEAR LOADS:
Applies to those ac loads where the current is not proportional to the voltage.
Foremost among loads meeting their definition is gas discharge lighting having
saturated ballast coils and thyritor (SCR) controlled loads. The nature of non-linear
loads is to generate harmonics in the current waveform. This distortion of the current
waveform leads to distortion of the voltage waveform. Under these conditions, the
voltage waveform is no longer proportional to the current.
Non Linear Loads are: COMPUTER, LASER PRINTERS, SMPS,
RECTIFIER, PLC, ELECTRONIC BALLAST, REFRIGERATOR, TV ETC.

5.5.1 LINEAR LOAD:

36
AC electrical loads where the voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal. The
current at any time is proportional to voltage. Linear Loads are: POWER FACTOR
IMPROVEMENT CAPACITORS, INDESCENT LAMPS, HEATERS ETC.

5.5.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINEAR AND NON LINEAR LOADS

Fig: 5.2 Difference between linear and non linear loads

If the system is integrated with non linear loads then the system shall be earthed
through conducting material suitable to carry the fault current. The minimum cross
section of the earth conductor shall be calculated based on maximum current, which
can flow at the time of short circuit/earth fault. It’s an effort to linearise the waveforms,
though in some cases the wave forms will be distorted in nature.

5.5.3 DIFFERENCE IN CURRENT WAVEFORMS

37
Fig : 5.3 Current waveforms of linear and non linear loads

CHAPTER – 6

38
 IMPLEMENTATION IN MATLAB (SIMULINK)

6.1 Introduction to MATLAB

The name MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB is a software package
for high performance numerical computation and visualization. It provides an
interactive environment with hundreds of built-in functions for technical computation,
graphics and animations.
The combination of analysis capabilities, flexibility, reliability and powerful
graphics makes MATLAB the premier software package for electrical engineers. best
of all, MATLAB provides easy extensibility with its own high level programming
language.
MATLAB provides an interactive environment with hundreds of reliable and
accurate built-in mathematical functions, these built-in functions provide excellent
tools for linear algebra computations, data analysis, signal processing, optimization,
numerical solution of ODEs, quadrature and man other types of scientific
computations. They provide solutions to a broad range of mathematical problems
including matrix algebra and complex arithmetic. There are also numerous an external
interface to run programs written in FORTAN or C language from MATLAB.
TYPICAL USES OF MATLAB
1. Math and computation.
2. Algorithm development.
3. Modelling, simulation and prototyping.
4. Data analysis, exploration and visualization.
5. Scientific and engineering graphics.
6. Application development including graphical user interface.
Since the basic data element in MATLAB is an array which does not require
dimensioning, this allows us to solve many technical computing problems in a fraction
of time it would take to write a program in a scalar non-interactive language such as C
or Fortran.
THE MATLAB system has five main parts:
1. MATLAB language.
2. MATLAB Working Environment.
3. Handle Graphics.

39
 4. MATLAB Mathematical Function Library.
5. MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).
6.2 INTRODUCTION TO SIMPOWER SYSTEMS:
SimPowerSystems and other products of the Physical Modeling product family
work together with Simulink to model electrical, mechanical, and control systems.
SimPowerSystems operates in the Simulink environment. Power systems are
combinations of electrical circuits and electromechanical devices like motors and
generators. Engineers working in this discipline are constantly improving the
performance of the systems. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency have
forced power system designers to use power electronic devices and sophisticated
control system concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further
complicating the analyst's role is the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the
only way to understand it is through simulation. Land-based power generation from
hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is not the only use of power systems. A common
attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics and control systems to
achieve their performance objectives.
SimPowerSystems is a modern design tool that allows scientists and engineers to
rapidly and easily build models that simulate power systems. SimPowerSystems uses
the Simulink environment, allowing you to build a model using simple click and drag
procedures. Not only can you draw the circuit topology rapidly, but your analysis of the

circuit can include its

FIGURE 6.0

40
interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is possible
because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact with the extensive Simulink
modeling library. SimPowerSystems and SimMechanics share a special Physical
Modeling block and connection line interface.

6.3 SIMULINK BLOCKS USED AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Synchronous Machine:
Model the dynamics of three-phase round-rotor or salient-pole
synchronous machine. The synchronous Machine block operates in
generator or motor modes. The operating mode is dictated by the
sign of the mechanical power (positive for generator mode, negative
for motor mode). The electrical part of the machine is represented by a sixth-order
state-space model and the mechanical part is the same as in the Simplified Synchronous
Machine block.

Three-Phase Transformer (Two Windings): Implements three-phase transformer

with configurable winding connections. he Three-Phase Transformer (Two
Windings) block implements a three-phase transformer using three single-
phase transformers. You can simulate the saturable core or not simply by
setting the appropriate check box in the parameter menu of the block

Asynchronous Machine: Model the dynamics of three-phase asynchronous machine,

also known
as induction machine. The Asynchronous Machine block operates
in either generator or motor mode. The mode of operation is
dictated by the sign of the mechanical torque: If Tm is positive,
the machine acts as a motor. If Tm is negative, the machine acts as
a generator.

Universal Bridge: Implements universal power converter with selectable topologies

and power electronic devices. The Universal Bridge block implements a
universal three-phase power converter that consists of up to six power

41
switches connected in a bridge configuration. The type of power switch and converter
configuration is selectable from the dialog box.

Wind Turbine: Implements model of variable pitch wind turbine. The model is based
on the steady-state power characteristics of the turbine. The stiffness
of the drive train is infinite and the friction factor and the inertia of the
turbine must be combined with those of the generator coupled to the
turbine.
6.4 MODELLING THE SUB SYSTEMS:
6.4.1 DISTRIBUTION GENERATOR

FIGURE 6.1 Hydraulic generation as a distribution generation

Here from the fig 6.8 we can see the synchronous alternator that is used in the hydraulic
power plant. HTG is the hydraulic turbine governor used to give the power input to the
Alternator. The poles are excited by the excitation system. Here in the simulation we
are virtually regenerating the 3 phase power output by giving the power output as input
to the hydraulic turbine governor. Similarly the voltage at the direct and quadrature axis
are fed back to generate the required dc voltage by the excitation system. The
generation is at13.8 KV at power of 200MVA. A step up transformer is used to step up
the voltage to 230 KV. Here the shunt loads are just to avoid the error being induced
due to connecting the machines alternator and transformer in series. The output ports A,

42
B, C are given to the grid through a step down transformer, as the grid voltage is at
415V.
6.4.2 WIND POWER GENERATION

FIGURE 6.2 wind power generation

Wind generation using wind turbine, pitch control, Induction Generator. Here we are
using the induction generator as generating machine due to its advantages over other
machines for its simplicity and economical factors. The pitch angle controller makes
the angle of the turbine blade to adjust in such a way that the speed of rotation at every
velocity of the wind is maintained constant. And the parallel capacitive bank is to
supply the reactive power to the IM running as the generator. Here we considered the
per unit values in the closed loop that can be seen from the fig 6.9. The rms values of
the current and voltage generated is taken and the power is being calculated at every
sampling time interval and the wave form is being traced in the scope. A timer is used
in fig for assigning the wind velocity at 3 different states which will be linearise after
some loop operations.

43
6.4.3 STATCOM (VSI) WITH BESS AND CONTROLLER

FIGURE 6.3 Voltage source inverter with battery and controller.

Here the VSI used comprises of the 6 pulse converter in which the components are the
IGBT’s with anti parallel diodes. It consists of a capacitor and back up energy storage
system for back up under long duration real power outage. Here we are using the PI
controller and PWM (pulse width modulation technique) to generate the gate pulses to
the IGBT’s.

FIGURE 6.4 CONTROLLER WITH PWM

44
The DC link voltage Vdc is sensed and is given to the controller. And also the grid
voltage is sensed Vabc and is given using ‘goto’ and ‘from’ blocks from signal routing.
From fig 6.11 the error from the Vabc and the 1.0 pu value is given to the PI controller
the transfer function generates the control voltage. Similarly from the Vdc voltage the
phase angle is adjusted accordingly. Here the control method adopted is phase shift
control and Regulation of ac bus and dc link voltage.

6.4.4 NON LINEAR LOAD

FIGURE 6.5 NON LINEAR LOAD (RECTIFIER)

The nature of non-linear loads is to generate harmonics in the current waveform. This
distortion of the current waveform leads to distortion of the voltage waveform. Under
these conditions, the voltage waveform is no longer proportional to the current. Non
Linear Loads are: COMPUTER, LASER PRINTERS, SMPS, RECTIFIER, PLC,
ELECTRONIC BALLAST, REFRIGERATOR, and TV ETC.

6.5 PARAMETERS
Grid voltage - 415 V.
Operating frequency - 60 HZ.
Induction generator - 3.35KVA, 415V, 60 Hz, P=4,
Speed=1440rpm, Rr=0.01Ω,Rs=0.015Ω, Ls=Lr=0.06H.
Inverter - DC Link Voltage=800V, DC Link Capacitance=100μF,
Switching Frequency=2 kHz.
Non linear load – 25 KW.

45
 FIGURE 6.6 over all circuit diagram in simulink with sub systems

6.6 Simulation Result

FIGURE 6.7.1 grid voltage without statcom

46
FIGURE 6.7.2 Voltage and current from DG

FIGURE 6.7.3 Injected current into the grid

47
 FIGURE 6.7.4 compensated wind output

FIGURE 6.7.5 compensated grid voltage

Here the voltage is in P.U. That is as below

415 V/ 13.8 KV = 0.03007 p.u

48
 CHAPTER – 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 CONCLUSION
In this paper we present the FACTS device (STATCOM) -based control scheme
for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and with
nonlinear load. The power quality issues and its consequences on the consumer and
electric utility are presented. The operation of the control system developed for the
STATCOM in MATLAB/SIMULINK for maintaining the power quality is to be
simulated. It has a capability to cancel out the harmonic parts of the load current. It
maintains the source voltage and current in-phase and support the reactive power
demand for the wind generator and load at PCC in the grid system, thus it gives an
opportunity to enhance the utilization factor of transmission line.
Thus the integrated wind generation and FACTS device with BESS have shown
the outstanding performance in maintaining the voltage profile as per requirement.
Thus the proposed scheme in the grid connected system fulfils the power quality
requirements and maintains the grid voltage free from distortion and harmonics.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

 STATCOM can be replaced with UPQC for better power control.
 Replacing the Induction Generator with Doubly fed Induction generator is
preferred for better results.
 Now a day the statcom control scheme is based on various methods mentioned
in chapter 2 basing on the requirements.
 In future the off-shore wind turbines will be well implemented due to its
advantages of producing high power.

49
REFERENCES:
[1] Yuvaraj and Pratheep Raj, Anna University of Technology “Power Quality
Improvement for Grid Connected Wind Energy System using FACTS device”, ,” IEEE
Trans. on E. Conv., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 163–169, 2008.

[2] R. Billinton and Y. Gao, “Multistate wind Energy conversion system models for
adequacy assessment of generating systems incorporating wind energy,” IEEE Trans.
on E. Conv., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 163–169, 2008.

[3] J. Manel Carrasco, “Power electronic system for grid integration of renewable
energy source: A survey,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1002–1014,
2006.

[4] M. Tsili and S. Papathanassiou, “A review of grid code technology requirements

for wind
turbine,” Proc. IET Renew.power gen., vol. 3, pp. 308–332, 2009.

[5] J. J. Gutierrez, J. Ruiz, L. Leturiondo, and A. Lazkano, “Flicker measurement

system for
wind turbine certification,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 375–382,
Feb. 2009.

[6] Indian Wind Grid Code Draft report on, Jul. 2009, pp. 15–18, C-NET.

[7] C. Han, A. Q. Huang, M. Baran, S. Bhattacharya, and W. Litzenberger,

“STATCOM impact study on the integration of a large wind farm into a weak loop
power system,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 226–232, Mar. 2008.

[8] F. Zhou, G. Joos, and C. Abhey, “Voltage stability in weak connection wind farm,”
in IEEE PES Gen. Meeting, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1483–1488.

50
 APPENDIX

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) generator:

For each arm of the VSC shown in fig pulses are generated by PWM
generator. It compares a triangular carrier waveform to a reference modulating signal as
shown in fig .The modulating signals can be generated by the PWM generator itself.
Three reference signals are needed to generate the pulses for a three-phase, single or
double bridge. The reference signals used here are three-phase sinusoidal signals. These
are generated by controller circuit. The output of PWM generator is given by:

When Va0> VT T+ on; T- off; Va0 = ½Vd, and

when Va0 < VT T- on; T+ off; Va0 = -½Vd

Fig
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique

The DC link voltage Vdc is sensed and is given to the controller. And also the grid
voltage is sensed Vabc and is given using ‘goto’ and ‘from’ blocks from signal routing.
From fig the error from the Vabc and the 1.0 pu value is given to the PI controller the
transfer function generates the control voltage. Similarly from the Vdc voltage the
phase angle is adjusted accordingly. Here the control method adopted is phase shift
control and Regulation of ac bus and dc link voltage.

51