Viva voice (Impulse turbine)

1. Define hydraulic machines.

Hydraulic machines which convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.
2. Give example for a low head, medium head and high head turbine.
Low head turbine – Kaplan turbine
Medium head turbine – Modern Francis turbine
High head turbine – Pelton wheel

3. What is impulse turbine? Give example.

In impulse turbine all the energy converted into kinetic energy. From these the turbine will
develop high kinetic energy power. This turbine is called impulse turbine. Example: Pelton
turbine
4. Define gross head and net or effective head.
Gross Head: The gross head is the difference between the water level at the reservoir and the
level at the tailstock.
Effective Head: The head available at the inlet of the turbine.
5. Define hydraulic efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the water jet.
6. Define mechanical efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power developed by the
turbine runner.
7. Define volumetric efficiency.
It is defied as the volume of water actually striking the buckets to the total water supplied by the
jet.
8. Define over all efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power available from the
water jet.
9. What do you mean by gross head?
The difference between the head race level and tail race level when no water is flowing is
known as gross head. It is denoted by Hg.
10. What do you mean by net head?
Net head is also known as effective head and is defined as the head available at the inlet of te
turbine. It is denoted as H
11 Define the term 'governing of turbine'.
Governing of turbine is defined as the operation by which the speed of the turbine is kept
constant under all conditions of working. It is done by oil pressure governor.
 Viva voice (Francis Turbine)
1 What is known as Euler’s equation for turbo-machines?
Ans.The general expression for the work done per second on impeller is
ρQ[Vw1u1 + Vw2u2]
2. What is reaction turbine? Give example.
In a reaction turbine, the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. Here portion of
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy before entering into the turbine.
Example: Francis and Kaplan turbine.
3. What is axial flow turbine?
In axial flow turbine water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft.
Example: Kaplan turbine
4. What is mixed flow turbine?
In mixed flow water enters the blades radially and comes out axially, parallel to the turbine shaft.
Example: Modern Francis turbine
5. What is the function of spear and nozzle?
The nozzle is used to convert whole hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. Thus the nozzle
delivers high speed jet. To regulate the water flow through the nozzle and to obtain a good jet
of water spear or nozzle is arranged.
6. Define volumetric efficiency.
It is defied as the volume of water actually striking the buckets to the total water supplied by the
jet
7. What is draft tube? why it is used in reaction turbine?
The pressure at exit of runner of a reaction turbine is generally less than the atmospheric
pressure. The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually
increasing area is used for discharging water from exit of turbine to tail race. This tube of
increasing area is called draft tube.
8. What is the significance of specific speed?
Specific speed plays an important role for selecting the type of turbine. Also the performance of
turbine can be predicted by knowing the specific speed of turbine.
9. What are unit quantities?
Unit quantities are the quantities which are obtained when the head on the turbine is unity. They
are unit speed, unit power unit discharge
 Viva voice (Kaplan Turbine)
1. Why unit quantities are important
If a turbine is working under different heads, the behavior of turbine can be easily known from
the values of unit quantities
2. What do you understand by characteristic curves of turbine?
Characteristic curves of a hydraulic turbine are the curves, with the help of which the exact
behavior and performance of turbine under different working conditions can be known.
3. What are the types of draft tubes?
The following are the important types of draft tubes which are commonly used.
a. Conical draft tubes
b. Simple elbow tubes
c. Moody spreading tubes and
d.Elbow draft tubes with circular inlet and rectangular outlet.

4. What is operating head of francis turbine?

Francis turbines are medium head(30 to 200 m) and medium flow turbines. Using it for low or
high head will cause inefficient operation. Their life is about decades so maintenance cost is low.
5. why Guide vanes are used as governor in Kaplan turbine.
Guide vanes are used as governor in Francis and Kaplan turbines. These guide vanes controls the
flow of water to the turbine and hence governs the speed of rotation of turbine. Under different
loading conditions the speed of rotation of turbine is needed to be controlled for constant
frequency output.
6. The ratio of actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel is known
as __________ efficiency.
Ans : mechanical
7. In a Kaplan turbine, what is the direction of water flow?
The Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine. The water inlet is axial and the water outlet
is axial too.
8. For which heads may Kaplan turbine be used?
The Kaplan turbine is said to be a Low head turbine. The low head ranges from 0 to 60 m.
9. The velocity of the flow at the inlet of Kaplan turbine is V. In an experimental setup,
what could be the possible value of the velocity of the flow at the outlet of Kaplan turbine?
The flow velocity of turbine at the outlet of the Kaplan turbine will be lesser than that of the inlet
due to effects of friction in the blade. Hence, practically a lower value would be obtained. 0.8V
is the only option lower than V.
 Centrifugal Pump
1. What is the The main function of nozzle ?
The main function of nozzle is to vary the pressure of fluid passing through the nozzle. It
is done by opening and shutting the sets of nozzles. Thus, its main function is to regulate
pressure of the fluid.
2. What is the main function of centrifugal pump?
The primary objective of a centrifugal pump is to transfer energy. Centrifugal pump is a
turbomachinery. Turbomachines are machines that transfer energy between a rotor and a
fluid, including both turbines and compressors. It is a mechanical device.
3. What is the function of gear pump?
A gear pump uses meshing of gears. This meshing is done to pump fluid by
displacement. Gear pumps are widely used in chemical installations.
4. Which is NOT a type of positive displacement pumps?
Centrifugal pump
5. Which pump is also called as velocity pump.
Centrifugal
6. Which pump is more suitable for an application where very high pressure is required to
be developed at moderate discharge?
Reciprocating pump
7. The process of filling the liquid into the suction pipe and pump casing upto the level of
delivery valve is called as _________.
Priming
8. Pump transfers the mechanical energy of a motor or of an engine into _________ of a
fluid.
pressure energy, kinetic energy or both
9. For small discharge at high-pressure which pump is preferred?
Reciprocating
10. In a centrifugal pumps maximum efficiency is obtained when the plates are .....
Bent backward
 Reciprocating Pump
1. Reciprocation pump is which type of pump?
Reciprocation pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It has a piston pump,
plunger and diaphragm. Reciprocating pumps have a good life provided that they are not
left untouched.
2. What happens to the reciprocating pump when left untouched?
When left untouched over a period of time, the reciprocating pump undergoes wear and
tear. Reciprocating pumps have a good life provided that they are not left untouched.
3. The cylinder of reciprocating cylinder is made up of by which material?
The cylinder of reciprocating cylinder is made up of cast iron. Sometimes it is also made
of steel alloy. The movement of piston is obtained by a connecting rod which connects
piston and rotating crank inside the cylinder.
4. Reciprocating pumps are also called as __________
Reciprocating pumps are also called as force pumps. It helps to lift the liquid by the help
of a pressure and thus it is called as a force pump.
5. What is the reason of Internal cavitation in reciprocating pumps?
At high pressure, the voids can generate shock waves. Cavitation usually occurs due to
the changes in pressure. The pressure change is so rapid that it leads to formation of
liquid free layers or cavities that start to affect the overall performance.
6. Operation of reciprocating motion is done by a which source?
Operation of reciprocating motion is done by a power source. This power source consists
of electric motor or IC engines. Power source gives rotary motion to crank.
7. What is The speed at which the reciprocating pump runs (in m/min)?
The reciprocating pump runs at low speed. Its speed is less than 30m/min. If they are
connected to driving machines, speed reducing devices is necessary.
8. What is The maximum efficiency of a reciprocating pump?
The efficiency of the reciprocating pump lies between 40% and 85%. Long stroke
engines have 85% efficiency while smaller pumps have 40%.
9. In which type of pump, the liquid is in contact with both sides of the plunger?
At the double acting reciprocating pump, the liquid is in contact with both sides of the
plunger. It has two suction and deliver pipes having appropriate valves.
10. Which type of reciprocating pump has a 1200 crank?
In a Triple cylinder reciprocating pump, each cylinder has its own suction and delivery
pipes and has a 1200 crank.