Result

Table 1. Pressure Drop at Different Water Flow Rate and Air Flow Rate.

Flow Rate Pressure Drop

(L/min) (mBar)
Air

Water 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1.0 1 2 4 10 18 29 51 74 66 (F)
2.0 1.2 17 18 29 34 50 89 96 (F) F
3.0 25 26 37 41 70 (F) F F F F
*F = Flooding

Table 2. Pressure Drop at Different Water Flow Rate and Air Flow Rate.

Flow
Pressure Drop
Rate
(mm H2O/m)
(L/min)

Air
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Water
1.0 12.746 25.492 50.986 127.465 229.436 369.647 650.069 943.237 841.266
2.0 15.296 216.690 229.436 369.647 433.379 637.323 1134.434 1223.659 F
3.0 318.661 331.408 471.619 522.605 892.252 F F F F
*F = Flooding

Table 3. Theoretical Pressure Drop at Different Water Flow Rate and Air Flow Rate.

Flow Rate Theoretical Pressure Drop

(L/min) (in H2O/ft)
Air
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Water

1.0 0.0000 0.0906 0.2000 0.2917 0.4205 0.7500 1.1667 F F

2.0 0.0750 0.2500 0.3958 0.5000 1.0000 F F F F

3.0 0.1600 0.4318 0.7500 1.5000 F F F F F

*F = Flooding
Table 4. Theoretical Pressure Drop at Different Water Flow Rate and Air Flow Rate.

Flow
Theoretical Pressure Drop
Rate
(mm H2O/m)
(L/min)
Air
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Water

1.0 0.0000 7.5479 16.6620 24.3015 35.0319 62.4825 97.1978 F F

2.0 6.2483 20.8275 32.9741 41.6550 83.3100 F F F F

3.0 13.3296 35.9733 62.4825 124.9650 F F F F F

*F = Flooding

Table 5. Log Pressure Drop and Log Air Flowrate Value (Experimental)

Flow
Log Pressure Drop
Rate
(mm H2O/m)
(L/min)

Air
1.3010 1.6021 1.7782 1.9031 2.0000 2.0792 2.1461 2.2041 2.2553
Water
1.0 1.105 1.406 1.707 2.105 2.361 2.568 2.813 2.975 2.925
2.0 1.1846 2.336 2.361 2.568 2.637 2.804 3.055 3.088 F
3.0 2.503 2.520 2.674 2.718 2.950 F F F F
*F = Flooding

Table 6. Log Pressure Drop and Log Air Flowrate Value (Theoretical)

Flow Rate Log Theoretical Pressure Drop

(L/min) (mm H2O/m)
Air

Water 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

1.0 - 0.8778 1.2217 1.3856 1.5445 1.7958 1.9877 F F

2.0 0.7958 1.3186 1.5182 1.6197 1.9207 F F F F

3.0 1.1248 1.5560 1.7958 2.0968 F F F F F

*F = Flooding
Table 7. Data from Calculation to Determine Theoretical Pressure Drop

Liquid Mass Velocity Flow Parameter

Gas (Gx) Kg/m2s (x-axis)
Air Flowrate Mass Capacity
(Vy) Velocity Parameter
LPM (Gy) (y-axis) 1 2 3 1 2 3
Kg/m2s LPM LPM LPM LPM LPM LPM

20 0.0779 0.00115 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 1.4566 2.9132 4.3698

40 0.1558 0.00459 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 0.7283 1.4566 2.1849
60 0.2338 0.01032 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 0.4855 0.9711 1.4566
80 0.3117 0.01836 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 0.3641 0.7283 1.0924
100 0.3896 0.02868 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 0.2913 0.5826 0.8740
120 0.4675 0.04130 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 0.2428 0.4855 0.7283
140 0.5454 0.05622 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 0.2081 0.4162 0.6243
160 0.6234 0.07341 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 0.1821 0.3641 0.5462
180 0.7013 0.09292 3.3025 6.6050 9.9075 0.1618 0.3237 0.4855

Table 8. Percentage Error of The Experiment

Experimental
Theoretical Flooding
Water Flow Rate Flooding Air Flow Percentage Error
Air Flow Rate
(L/min) Rate (%)
(L/min)
(L/min)

1 160 180 12.5

2 120 160 33.3
3 100 100 0
Calculation

Density of Air, ρy = 1.175kg/m3

Density of Water, ρx = 996kg/m3 (R.H.Perry,1973)

Packing Factor, FP = 900m-1

Column Diameter, D = 80mm = 0.08 m

Water viscosity, μx = 0.0008 kg/ms (Bingham, 1922)

*All properties at T = 30℃

*All calculations are done via excel so values may vary from calculator

Sample Calculations for Experimental Pressure Drop Units, mBar to mmH2O/m

Pressure drop, ∆PExp 1mBar 10.19716 mmH2 O

= ( )
Height of column 0.8m 1 mBar
∆PExp =12.75 mmH2 O/m

*1 mBar = 10.9716 mmH2O (convertunits.com, n.d.)

*Column height = 0.8m
Sample Calculations for Theoretical Pressure Drop Units, inH2O/ft to mmH2O/m
0.09160 inH2 O 25.4 mmH2 O 3.28 ft
Theoretical pressure drop ∆Ptheo = ( )( )
ft 1 inH2 O 1m
∆Ptheo = 7.6314
*1 inH2O = 25.4 mmH2O (convertunits.com, n.d.)
*1 m = 3.28 ft (rapidtables.com, n.d.)

Sample Calculations for Kinematic Viscosity of Water, vx

Dynamic viscosity, μx
Kinematic viscosity of water, vx =
Density of water, ρx
0.0008 kg/ms
vx =
996kg/m3
vx = 8.032 x 10−7 m2 /s

Sample Calculations for Cross-Sectional Area of Packed Column, Ac

πD2
cross − sectional area, Ac =
4
 π(0.08m)2
Ac =
4
Ac = 5.0265 × 10−3 m2

Sample Calculations for Liquid Mass Velocity, Gx

Volume flowrate, Vy (Density of gas, ρy )
Gas mass velocity, Gy =
Cross − sectional area, Ac
L 1m3 1min 1.175kg
20 min (1000L) ( 60s ) ( )
m3
Gy =
5.0265 × 10−3 m2
Gy = 0.07792 kg/m2 s

Sample Calculations for Capacity Parameter, y-axis

Gy2 FP vx0.1
y − axis =
g c (ρx − ρy )ρy
0.1
0.07792 kg 2 −7 2
−1 ) 8.032 x 10 m
( ) (900m ( )
m2 s s
y − axis =
996 kg 1.175kg 1.175kg
(1) ( − )( )
m3 m3 m3
y − axis = 0.00115

Sample Calculations for Flow Parameter, x-axis

Gx ρy
x − axis = √
Gy ρx − ρy

3.3025kg 1.175kg
( 2 ) ( )
m s m3
x − axis = √
0.07792kg 996 kg 1.175kg
( 2 ) ( − )
m s m3 m3
x − axis = 1.4570

sample calculations for percentage error

Experimental Value − Theoretical Value

Percentage Error(%) = | | × 100%
Theoretical Value
180 − 160
Percentage Error (%) = | | × 100%
160
Percentage Error (%) = 12.5%