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TQM can be defined as the management of initiatives and procedures that are aimed at achieving the
delivery of quality products and services. A number of key principles can be identified in defining TQM,
including:
1. Customer-Focused Organisation
2. Leadership
3. Involvement of People
4. Process Approach
6. Continual Improvement
1. Understand customer needs and expectations for products, delivery, price, dependability, etc.
2. Ensure a balanced approach among customers and other stake holders (owners, people,
suppliers, local communities and society at large) needs and expectations.
3. Communicate these needs and expectations throughout the organisation.
4. Measure customer satisfaction & act on results, and
5. Manage customer relationships.
Principle 2 - Leadership : "Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of the organisation. They
should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in
achieving the organisation's objectives."
Principle 3 - Involvement of People : "People at all levels are the essence of an organisation and their
full involvement enables their abilities to be used for the organisation's benefit".
Principle 4 - Process Approach : "A desired result is achieved more efficiently when related resources
and activities are managed as a process."
1. Define the system by identifying or developing the processes that affect a given objective.
2. Structure the system to achieve the objective in the most efficient way.
3. Understand the interdependencies among the processes of the system.
4. Continually improve the system through measurement and evaluation, and
5. Estimate the resource requirements and establish resource constraints prior to action.
Principle 6 - Continual Improvement : "Continual improvement should be a permanent objective of the
organisation."
1. Make continual improvement of products, processes and systems an objective for every
individual in the organisation.
2. Apply the basic improvement concepts of incremental improvement and breakthrough
improvement.
3. Use periodic assessments against established criteria of excellence to identify areas for potential
improvement.
4. Continually improve the efficiency and effectiveness of all processes.
5. Promote prevention based activities.
6. Provide every member of the organisation with appropriate education and training, on the
methods and tools of continual improvement such as the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle , problem
solving , process re-engineering, and process innovation.
7. Establish measures and goals to guide and track improvements,and
8. Recognise improvements.
Principle 7 - Factual Approach to Decision Making : "Effective decisions are based on the analysis of
data and information."
1. Take measurements and collect data and information relevant to the objective.
2. Ensure that the data and information are sufficiently accurate, reliable and accessible.
3. Analyse the data and information using valid methods.
4. Understand the value of appropriate statistical techniques, and
5. Make decisions and take action based on the results of logical analysis balanced with experience
and intuition.
Principle 8 - Mutually Beneficial Supplier Relationships : "An organisation and its suppliers are
interdependent, and a mutually beneficial relationship enhances the ability of both to create value."