ABSTARCT

• Important of your research.

• Problem / improvement / limitation of the existing
technology / method / knowledge.
• Propose solution - Describe how your work is
different from other researchers – novelty.
• What you have done.
• Most significant result .
• Application / Impact of your research.
BACKGROUND

• General definition / information of the topic.

• Focus on the targeted issue.
• What have been done by other researchers.
• What is the problems or improvements can be done.
• Explain why this project is important / Benefit of this
project. (The obtained knowledge of this study …..)
INTRODUCTION

• General definition / information of the subject.

• Focus on the targeted topic.

• Current situation / status.

• What have been done by other researchers.
• What are the problems / improvements can be
done. ( However,…)
• Objectives
• Why this project is important.

• Propose solution / hypothesis. ( For this

reason…)
• How to achieve it - Procedures / methodology
• Evaluation / characterization. – Expected result.

• Benefit of this project. (The obtained knowledge

of this study …..)
LITERATURE REVIEW

• General info
• Focus on specific issue

• What the problems /improvements

• Objective & Why this project is important.

• Current status / situation

• What have been done by other researchers

i. How they do it?
ii. How the results?

• Propose solutions
i. Hypothesis
ii. Info needed to support hypothesis.
iii. Advantages
 LITERATURE REVIEW:Things to do…

Literature --→ GAP analysis ---→ New Ideas generation ---→

Own original research

LITERATURE Study:
• Selective on what you need.
• Focus on keywords.
• Be specific
• Take important notes: Method, good/ advantages
points, bad / disadvantages points.
• List out in table / diagram:

Year Autho Paper Objectiv Method Hypothes Significan Advan N

r Title e is t results tages / o
Disadv t
antage e
s s
METHODOLOGY

• How to achieve the objectives:

i. Procedures / methodology for sample preparation +

equipment + parameters
ii. Type of samples
iii. Evaluation / characterization: what to measure +
reason to measure + equipment + details of
parameters / condition.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

RESULTS

Interpretation / Analysis of results ---→ Connect your

research works with the existing knowledge

• Show the results in graph.

i. Explain the graph

• Put significant results in a table.

i. Conclude results in overall

DISCUSSION
• Give reason of your result.
i. Refer to journal, theories, other supporting results /
data such as SEM, TEM etc.

• Link your results / findings with existing knowledge

i. Compare with what other people had done before.
ii. Highlight the gap that you have filled.
CONCLUSION

• Explain what you know /get from your research

works in overall.
• Put your most significant results with the reason.
• Impact of your research works.
• Advantage of your work.