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Language Evaluation Criteria

• Readability
1. Overall Simplicity
Language Evaluation 2. Orthogonality
3. Control Statements
Outline and Reading 4. Data types and Structures
• Chapter 1 (§1.3 –§1.8) 5. Syntax considerations
• Writability
1. Simplicity and Orthogonality
2. Support for abstraction
3. Expressivity

Language Evaluation Language Evaluation

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Language Evaluation
Language Evaluation
• Reliability
• Readability = the easy with which programs can be read and 1. Type Checking
understood. 2. Exception Handling
• Orthogonality = relatively small set of primitive constructs can be 3. Aliasing
combined in a relatively small number of ways to build the control and 4. Readability and Writability
data structures of the language. The lack of orthogonality leads to
exceptions to the rules of the language. • Reliability = it performs to its specifications under all conditions.

• Writability = measure of how easily a language can be used to create
programs for a chosen problem domain.
• Abstraction = ability to define and then use complicated structures or
operations in ways that allow many of the details to be ignored.
• Type checking = testing for type errors in a given program
• Exception handling = The ability of a program to intercept runtime
errors, take corrective measures and than continue.
• Aliasing = Having two or more distinct referencing methods or names
for the same memory cell.

Language Evaluation Language Evaluation

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✬ ✩
Language Evaluation

✬ ✩
Fortran C++ LISP
Compiler Compiler Interpreter

✬ ✩
Operating
• Costs System
C Operating

✗✔
Compiler System
1. Costs of training programmers Macroinstruction
Interpreter
Command
Interpreter
Ada
2. Costs of writing programs Compiler Bare

✖✕
Machine Assembler

3. Costs of compiling programs

4. Costs of executing programs ✫ ✪
5. Costs of implementation ✫ ✪
...
6. Costs of poor reliability
7. Costs of maintaining programs. ✫ ✪

Language Evaluation Language Evaluation

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✓ ✏
Compilation vs Interpretation

✒ ✑
Source
program

• Compiled programs are faster (10 to 100 times faster).

❄
Lexical
• Interpreted programs are easily implemented, but they require more Analizer

space. Lexical Units

❄
Syntax
Analyzer
• Interpreters allow easy implementation of many source-level debugging
Parse Trees
operations. ❄ ❄ ❄
Symbol
Table
Intermediate
Code generator
✲ Optimization

✛
Intermediate Code
❄
Stages for a program:
✲ Code
Generator

Machine Language

• source code ❄ Input Data

Computer
✠
• binary code (relative addresses)
❄
Results

• executable code

Language Evaluation Language Evaluation