NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CALLAO

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - ENERGY

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING

"DESCRIPTION OF WIND SYSTEMS"

Advisory teacher: Ing. Carlos Zevallos Castañeda

Course: Technical English II

Student: Acosta Oyarce Nander

Bellavista – Callao

2018
Content
ABSTRACT ................................................................................ 3
1. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................... 4
1.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVE ...................................................... 4
1.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES...................................................... 4
2. IMPORTANCE ...................................................................... 5
3. JUSTIFICATION .................................................................... 7
4. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION................................................ 9
4.1 ORIGINS OF WIND ENERGY .............................................. 9
4.2 THE BOOM OF WIND ENERGY ........................................ 10
4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND RESOURCES ........................ 12
4.4 IMPORTANT ASPECTS IN WIND PROJECTS ...................... 14
4.5 WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION ................................................. 16
4.6 THE ROSE OF WINDS ...................................................... 16
4.7 COMPONENTS OF A WIND TURBINE ............................... 17
4.8 ELECTRICITY ................................................................... 22
5. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................. 23
6. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ......................................... 24
ABSTRACT

As is already known, a problem worldwide is the pollution that occurs every day

in any industry, generating greenhouse gases and the deterioration of the

ozone layer, causing global warming, this is why tirelessly seeks ways to reduce

the production of pollutants within all industries by implementing new systems,

methods and technologies that are less harmful to our planet.

One of the industries that most pollutes our planet is the energy sector, which is

why we are currently looking to generate electricity through renewable or clean

resources. In Peru it is tried to contribute more and more with projects for the

clean generation of energy and several complexes have already been installed

with these characteristics as they are it the photovoltaic, hydroelectric, nuclear,

wind among others, but in this case we will focus on the electrical energy

generated by the wind resource since it is a resource that is believed to be quite

abundant in the country.

3
1. OBJECTIVES

1.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVE

Describe a system of electricity generation with wind power supply

power.

1.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

- Describe the concept of wind energy and the uses that have.

- Desribir the wind turbine and the components needed for its

operation.

- Describe additional wind generation system electrical devices.

4
 2. IMPORTANCE

Worldwide investments in projects of renewable energy resources (RER)

have quadrupled in the last 10 years and generation costs of the RER

decreased significantly enabling competitive with conventional generation

technologies. See a graph of the installed generation capacity

technologies RER (GW), 2015:

Installed generation capacity with RER technologies (GW),

2015

13.2
0.5

106

HYDRAULICS
433
SOLAR CONCENTRATION
PHOTOVOLTAIC
WIND
BIOMASS
1064
GEOTERMIC
MAREOMOTRIZ
227

4.8

Image 1 – Installed generation capacity with RER technologies (GW) 2015

Source: www.osinergmin.pe

Now let's look at the main countries that use wind energy worldwide:
5
 N° Central Country Capacity (MW) Start of operation.

1 Gansu China 6000 2009

2 Awec Usa 1547 2010

3 Muppandal India 1500 2010

4 Jaisalmer India 1064 2011

5 Shepherds Flat Usa 845 2012

At present the Peru is a country with a large electric generation potential with

alternative sources; such sources to be an aspect of little importance for the

State since there is no meaningful participation in the energy matrix. Let's look

at a comparison between the installed capacity of solar and wind plants in Peru:

Wind power plants

Name Installed capacity
Marcona 32.0
Cupisnique 80.0
Talara 30.0
Tres Hermanas 90.0
Parque Nazca 126.0
Huambos 18.0
Duna 18.0
TOTAL 394

It is relevant to note that the Peru does not have significant amounts of

hydrocarbons (resources used for power generation). Aware of this reality, it is

necessary to disseminate and implement systems of generation with

renewables such as wind and solar, since this may contribute to mitigate air

pollution and also means a greater economic and social development in

underserved populations of electric power. The importance of this study lies in

6
that may contribute to a clearer view of how comprises an electrical generation

system with wind turbines; so we can contribute to the knowledge and

dissemination of this type of renewable energy sources.

3. JUSTIFICATION

The use of wind energy for electricity generation systems is very little diffused in

the country. In Latin America, there is a significant growth in the use of this type

of source in recent years:

Image 2- Growth of installed capacity RER (GW) in Latin America to 2018

Source: global-climatescope.org

7
 Image 3 - Installed capacity RER (GW) in Peru and Brazil
Source: global-climatescope.org

Windfarms in the country contribute to the care of the environment since they

do not emit polluting gases such as power plants that operate based on diesel

and coal. This gives an added value to the national economic sector, since the

use of renewable generation sources to move the use of hydrocarbons for use

in other activities such as industry and transport.

Social way to wind energy in the country can contribute to access to electric

power of communities isolated from the network of the SEIN, such is the case of

the fishing village of Sector Pier in Ica, where the use of a wind turbine.

Technological way the use of wind power can contribute for research purposes,

making studies of wind potential with field research throughout the country, to

determine specific areas may be useful for the installation of wind turbines.

8
4. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

4.1 ORIGINS OF WIND ENERGY

Wind energy is basically the use of the kinetic energy of a mass of air

moving. The origin of this energy is basically based on existence on land

masses of air at different temperatures that these same are caused by the

different intensities of sunlight, at global or local level, of which you are

produce currents ascending and descending, forming rings of the same

airflow. The wind energy by consequence will be a small percentage part

of the solar energy that falls on the earth.

Wind energy even though we know that it is from the kinetic energy of the

wind, to say thanks to its movement. Different air masses that constantly

form in the atmosphere will not be at the same pressure, these mass

movements ranging from areas of higher to lower pressure, which is what

we are familiar with the wind.

But nevertheless once we already know that wind power is nothing more

than just the generation of electricity from wind turbines, their beginnings

date back many centuries back exactly in the year 3000 A.C.

In those times were found remains of ancient sailing ships that came from

the ancient Egypt, that it was thought that they would be made with wood

or Papyrus, and that they had a square sail and oars. For their simplicity of

these vessels, these were enough to sail to waters as the Nile and

occasionally by the Mediterranean Sea. At that time the trade and

navigation were not only unique applications, since the first windmills were

developed during the 7th century in ancient Persia. No doubt this great

9
invention was adopted by the Arabs, in which spread it throughout Europe.

Today we must recognize. The mills remain part of our nature.

Image 4 – Windmills
Source: energyavm.es

4.2 THE BOOM OF WIND ENERGY

The first machines in be designed were essentially to produce electricity

from wind energy. This first machine was designed by Poul la Cour (1980).

At the same time making the opening of the "Society of Wind Electrians",

as well as various comments about wind energy magazines. This

character is considered as the father of modern wind power.

In the 80's started to manufacture the first commercial wind turbines, wind

power therefore began to acquire a more important role, as a result, large

anti-nuclear conscience occurring at this time. In these years began to

build large advances an example of them is Denmark that I install 2 wind

10
turbines with a capacity of 630 kW each, from that moment the wind power

boom began with a steady growth.

Wind turbines of 55 kW which began with the development, kicked off a

new era for wind power, it must be said that at the time the cost of

electricity fell to half, this industry was professionalized with great force,

and began with the new creation of numerous associations by modifying

the energy paradigm.

The megawatt market began to take off from the year 1998, now has a

technology needed for the production of more 1 MW wind turbines.

However, the large part of the electricity production is being carried out by

600 or 750 kW turbines. In Denmark in 2001 was founded the World

Association of wind energy, whose headquarters are located in the

German city of Bonn, the main objective of this organization is to promote

wind power as an alternative source.

Image 5 - Wind turbines

Source: energyavm.es

11
4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND RESOURCES

A wind power generation project shows two important points which are

the evaluation of the wind resource and energy efficiency in which are

the main determinant of the viability and profitability of any project.

According to the scale of a project generating power with different levels

of accuracy can be estimated, to understand we will mention the

following example: installation to small scale some kW, may need only an

estimated through the wind maps or other tool, but when we talk about

projects on a larger scale will require a determination of wind resources

at sites through different measures, a recommendation more than 1 year

with the contribution of other tools of analysis that are sophisticated.

The evaluation of the wind maps is based on existing measurements and

analysis and modeling will provide an approximation of the wind resource

at the national level.

12
Image 6 - Wind potential of Peru
Source: Wind Atlas of Peru

13
Then you have to provide a wind production tool, based on an Excel format,

where it considers the energy produced by a wind turbine at a given site,

according to the data of the wind map.

4.4 IMPORTANT ASPECTS IN WIND PROJECTS

In the investment of projects, previously it has been necessary to make

decisions that have been verified that are solid in knowledge about the

energy performance that is estimated and the level of confidence.

Since the winds are air currents that are motivated by the uneven heating

of the atmosphere thanks to incident solar radiation. The air temperatures

that are different create zones with different atmospheric pressures, as a

consequence of this pressure inequality there is a movement of the air

masses from the high pressure to the low pressure zones.

For the determination of the available power in a wind energy conversion

system, there will be 3 wind components, these will be:

- Wind speed.

- Air turbulence

- Density of air

While increasing the wind speed, the available wind generation will

increase exponentially, the available power will be proportional to the cube

of the speed.

In the characteristics of the wind, the global time models will determine

broadly the wind resource in a given region, however, the local

topographic features, which include flora geographical formations. Finally,

the density of the air will affect the power, low temperatures will produce a

14
higher density of air, which will obtain a better performance of the power,

we must be clear that the density of the wind will decrease with increasing

temperature.

Evaluation of the wind resource of a site due to the high viability of the

winds, will be fairly complex what you'll need campaigns of measurement

with data of high frequency and medium to long periods to carry out an

adequate assessment.

There will be other meteorological variables such as pressure and ambient

temperature, which will undoubtedly be much easier their measurements,

developing maps of an area with these measured values in this way. The

wind has some strong variations, both temporarily as spatially so it will be

necessary to characterize it by the same measures and calculations of

statistical values in a given period. Statistical values considered for a year

to take into account such seasonal variations are usually used.

The values that are used are:

- Average speed value

- Predominant wind rose

- Frequency curve of speed

- Mean values of temperature and ambient pressure

15
4.5 WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION

In the given characteristics so scattered and random wind power, the only
way to study whether a site is suitable or not, is by using the statistic.
Representation of the wind speed as a random variable with a certain
distribution function is used for this purpose.
Wind variation is usually described using the so-called Weibull distribution.
This is basically based on a biparametric distribution that defines the
characteristics of a site site.

Image 7 - Example of a Histogram with the Weibull distribution

Source: repositorio.unsa.edu.pe
4.6 THE ROSE OF WINDS

When we have the data obtained to show information about the

distributions of wind speeds and the frequency of variation of wind

directions, the so-called wind rose is used.

Image 8 - Example of a Rose of the Winds

Source: repositorio.unsa.edu.pe 16
A compass rose provides information about the relative wind speeds in

different directions.

4.7 COMPONENTS OF A WIND TURBINE

The components of a wind turbine are based mainly on the type of turbine,

this classification is according to several criteria, among which is the

position of the axis of rotation, which can be vertical or horizontal.

Horizontal axis wind turbines (TEEH)

They are the most common and are divided at the same time into those in

which the rotor rotates in front of the tower (windward) and those that

rotate behind the tower (leeward).

Image 9 – Wind turbine Type TEEH

Source: windside.org

17
A TEEH windward are those that are installed in most wind farms.

These machines are composed:

1. Foundation

2. Tower.

3. Gondola with power train.

4. Blades and Electrical Equipment.

5. Rotor.

The figure does not show the transformer, which is not part of the

turbine, but is an element that can not be missed in an installation

of this type, it converts the voltage or voltage delivered by the

turbine's electric generator to the electric network

Image 10 - Parts of a wind turbine

Source: windside.org

18
1-2 TOWER AND FOUNDATION

The stability in a wind turbine is contributed by the foundations, which can be

superficial or deep. The type of foundation depends on the consistency of the

ground where the machine is to be installed.

The tower is built not only to withstand the weight of the gondola and the rotor

blades, but also to absorb the loads caused by the variation of wind power.

3. GONDOLA AND FORCE TRAIN

The gondola supports all turbine machinery and must be able to rotate to follow

the direction of the wind, so it joins the tower with bearings. The design of the

nacelle depends on how the manufacturer decided to locate the components of

the power train (rotor shaft with bearings, gearbox, generator, coupling and

brake).

4 - 5 ROTOR AND ALABES

The rotor is the component that helps the blades or rotor blades to convert the

energy of the wind into rotational mechanical movement. The rotor is composed

of the blades themselves and the hub (element that connects the blades to the

main shaft by means of the main bearing). The hub is the center of the rotor and

is made of cast iron or steel.

If the wind turbine has a gearbox, the bushing is connected directly to the low

speed shaft of the gearbox and converts the energy of the wind into energy in

rotation.

19
 MULTIPLIER BOX

The multiplier box is a speed multiplier that converts the rotational movement of

18-50 rpm of the rotor at approximately 1750 rpm with which the generator

rotates. The speed of rotation of the generator depends on the frequency of the

electric current and the number of pairs of poles of the machine

The gearbox has the task of coupling the low speeds of rotation of the rotor and

the high speeds of the generator, and support the wide ones.

The transmission ratio of the multiplier is determined by its gear train, which is

made up of current wind turbines by cylindrical gear wheels with parallel axes

whose teeth when engaged link their rotation frequencies. Current designs are

based on two types of basic gear trains: the planetary train A and the tandem

train.

Main Main Brake Generator

bearing tree

Bushing

Speed Flexible
multiplier coupling

Guidance
system.

Image 11 – Internal parts of a wind turbine

Source: windside.org

20
GENERATOR

The generator of a turbine converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

For high-powered turbines, double-fed asynchronous generators are used more

frequently. In this case, the speed of rotation can be varied, different from when

conventional asynchronous generators are used. Another concept is to use

synchronous generators.

There are differences between synchronous and asynchronous generators. The

latter are more used, since they can be connected directly to the network and

are more robust and less maintenance. A synchronous constant speed

generator connected to the network presents technical problems that are very

difficult to eliminate.

This can not be connected directly to the alternating current network with

constant frequency, so it is necessary to use a frequency converter as an

intermediate element between the generator and the network.

OTHER COMPONENTS

In a wind turbine contains other components not included in the above topics:

systems to follow the direction of wind or guidance systems, elements for

cooling and heating, equipment for protection against electric shock, cranes and

elevators, and fire extinguishers.

Also of interest is the use of wind turbines for radio and television repeaters,

weather stations and similar facilities, located far from power grids

21
4.8 ELECTRICITY

In áreas with enough wind, electricity production is used by wind turbines

(two- or three blades). As in the case of solar energy, we can use the

wind farm for own consumption.

The systems consist consumption

 Aerogenerator.

 Regulator.

 Batteries.

 Investor.

The latter converts the energy stored in the batteries, electricity suitable

for home use.

In rural areas without electrical connection, it is often used a hybrid wind

system, consisting of a photovoltaic solar installation, a wind turbine, and

a diesel generator.

Image 12 – System wind and solar

Source: www.energywind.com 22
5. CONCLUSIONS

Each concept related to the study of wind energy was described.

The most important parameters in wind energy were identified.

The main components of a wind turbine and its operation were

described.

The parameters relative to the components of the wind turbine were

defined

It was possible to establish an importance of this type of energy source.

23
6. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

- www.osinergmin.pe

- www.climatoscope.com

- www.minem.com.pe

- www.windasociation.com

- www.energywind.com

- www.windside.org

24