SCHEDULE

7:45 AM 8:30 AM Registration/Breakfast

8:30 AM 10:00 AM Session I

10:00 AM 10:30 AM Break

10:30 AM 12:00 PM Session II

12:00 PM 1:15 PM Lunch

1:15 PM 2:30 PM Session III

2:30 PM 3:00 PM Break

3:00 PM 4:45 PM Session IV

ENERGY DIAGRAM
ENERGY DIAGRAM w/ HYSTERETIC
IMPLIED NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR
STEEL STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
INELASTIC WORK DONE
HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR
MOMENT ROTATION RELATIONSHIP
IDEALIZED MOMENT ROTATION
 DUCTILITY

LATERAL
LOAD

Brittle Partially Ductile Ductile

DRIFT
 CAPACITY DESIGN
• STRONG COLUMNS & WEAK BEAMS IN FRAMES
• REDUCED BEAM SECTIONS
• LINK BEAMS IN ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES
• BUCKLING RESISTANT BRACES
• BASE ISOLATORS
• DAMPERS & OTHER ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES
• HINGED BRIDGE COLUMNS
• HINGES AT THE BASE LEVEL OF SHEAR WALLS
• ROCKING FOUNDATIONS
• OVERDESIGNED COUPLING BEAMS
• OTHER SACRIFICIAL ELEMENTS
SHEAR LINKS FOR ENERGY DISSIPATION
 PERFORMANCE LEVELS

t
Restaurant Restaurant ran
st au
Re

Operational Immediate Life Safety Collapse

Occupancy Prevention

Less Damage More Damage

Ref: FEMA 451 B

PERFORMANCE LEVELS
ASCE 41 FORCE DEFORMATION CURVE

FORCE C

D
E

A
DEFORMATION
ASCE 41 BEAM MODEL
STRENGTH vs. DEFORMATION
ELASTIC STRENGTH DESIGN - KEY STEPS

CHOSE DESIGN CODE AND EARTHQUAKE LOADS

DESIGN CHECK PARAMETERS STRESS/BEAM MOMENT
GET ALLOWABLE STRESSES/ULTIMATE– PHI FACTORS
CALCULATE STRESSES – LOAD FACTORS (ST RS TH)
CALCULATE STRESS RATIOS

INELASTIC DEFORMATION BASED DESIGN -- KEY STEPS

CHOSE PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND DESIGN LOADS – ASCE 41
DEMAND CAPACITY MEASURES – DRIFT/HINGE ROTATION/SHEAR
GET DEFORMATION AND FORCE CAPACITIES
CALCULATE DEFORMATION AND FORCE DEMANDS (RS OR TH)
CALCULATE D/C RATIOS – LIMIT STATES
 ASCE 41 ASSESSMENT OPTIONS

• Linear Static Analysis

• Linear Dynamic Analysis (Response Spectrum or Time History Analysis)
• Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover Analysis)
• Nonlinear Dynamic Time History Analysis (NDI or FNA)
 ANALYTICAL METHODS
Linear Static Analysis
Linear Time History Analysis by Direct Integration (DI)
Linear Time History Analysis by Mode Superposition
Linear Response Spectrum Analysis

Nonlinear Static Analysis

Nonlinear Time History Analysis by Direct Integration (NDI)
Nonlinear Time History Analysis by Mode Superposition (FNA)
Nonlinear Response Spectrum Analysis (Pushover)
WIND DYNAMICS – STRUCTURAL MODEL
WIND DYNAMICS – VORTEX SHEDDING
DYNAMIC LOADING FROM WIND TUNNEL
WIND TIME HISTORIES
TIME HISTORY ENVELOPES
PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN FOR WIND
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
F-D RELATIONSHIP
BACKBONE CURVE
ASCE 41 BACKBONE CURVES

• This can be used for components of all types.

• It can be used if experimental results are available.
• ASCE 41 gives capacities for many different components. .
ASCE 41 MOMENT HINGE AUTOMATED
 HYSTERESIS LOOPS
ELASTIC KINEMATIC ISOTROPIC

STRENGTH STIFFNESS BUCKLING

DEGRADATION DEGRADATION RESTRAINED
(ELASTIC) (STIFFNESS) BRACE

TAKEDA PIVOT UNREINFORCED

CONCRETE
HYSTERESIS LOOPS AUTOMATED
IMPORTANCE OF DUCTILITY

LATERAL
LOAD

Brittle Partially Ductile Ductile

DRIFT
ASCE 41 – DUCTILITY
FORCE AND DEFORMATION CONTROL
ASCE 41 BEAM MODEL
STEEL COLUMN AXIAL & BENDING
CONCRETE COLUMN AXIAL & BENDING
CONCRETE COLUMN BIAXIAL-BENDING
STEEL STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
STEEL COLUMN FIBER MODEL

SECTION FIBERS
 MATERIAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES

Unconfined and Confined Concrete Confined Concrete Steel

( Compared )
CONCRETE COLUMN FIBER HINGE MODEL

Reinforced Concrete Column Steel Rebar Fibers

Confined Concrete Fibers Unconfined Concrete Fibers

 MATERIAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES

Unconfined and Confined Concrete Confined Concrete Steel

( Compared )
SHEAR WALL FIBER HINGE MODEL

Reinforcement Layout

Steel Fibers

Confined Concrete Fibers

Unconfined Concrete Fibers

 SHEAR WALL FIBER HINGE MODEL

Shear Wall Cross Section Rebar Fibers Confined and Unconfined Concrete Fibers
 STRAIN AS A PERFORMANCE MEASURE

Concrete Rebar
Tension Compression Tension Compression
IO 0.0001 -0.0015 IO 0.02 -0.02
LS 0.0005 -0.003 LS 0.06 -0.06
CP 0.001 -0.0045 CP 0.09 -0.09
STRAIN AND ROTATION MEASURES
 CONCRETE WALL MODELING

P-M Action P-M Action

With No Shear Coupling With Shear Coupling
Nonlinear Fiber Model (Multi-layered Nonlinear Darwin-Pecknold Concrete Shell Model )
 SQUAT CONCRETE SHEAR WALL MODELS

Uni-directional Concrete Material Biaxial Concrete Material

CORRELATION WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA
 ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES
Buckling-Restrained
Friction Isolator Rubber Isolator Viscous Damper Friction Damper Brace (BRB)
SHEAR HINGE MODEL
PANEL ZONE ELEMENT
 ANALYTICAL METHODS
Linear Static Analysis
Linear Time History Analysis by Direct Integration (DI)
Linear Time History Analysis by Mode Superposition
Linear Response Spectrum Analysis

Nonlinear Static Analysis

Nonlinear Time History Analysis by Direct Integration (NDI)
Nonlinear Time History Analysis by Mode Superposition (FNA)
Nonlinear Response Spectrum Analysis (Pushover)
LINEAR vs. NONLINEAR

60
 ITERATION SCHEMES
P iteration
P iteration
1 2 3 4 5 6… 9… 1 2 3

∆P ∆P

∆ u u ∆u u
CONSTANT STIFFNESS NEWTON – RAPHSON
ITERATION ITERATION
 STATIC YIELDING OF A BRACE
iteration
F
P 1 2 3 4 5 6789

(F,d)

CONSTANT STIFFNESS ITERATION

 ITERATION SCHEMES
P

∆P

u
∆u

EVENT TO EVENT ITERATION

EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS Displ = u
Veloc = u
Accn = u
Static Equilibrium is :
Ku = P R = -Mug
M
Over a change in load of DP, the static equilibrium is :
K Du = DP C
For any point in time, the dynamic equilibrium is :
Mu + Cu + Ku = R K
Over a change in load of DR,
Over a time step, Dt, the dynamic equilibrium is :
M Du + C Du + K Du = DR

u g
DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY & ACCELERATION
u1 u1
u=0 Du
u0 u0

u1 u0
u = constant Du
u0 u0
Acceleration is slope of Velocity
u1 u1 Area Under Acceleration Diagram
Du is change in Velocity
u = linear
u0 u0
Velocity is slope of Displacement
Area Under Velocity Diagram
is change in displacement

Dt Dt
 DYNAMIC STEP-BY-STEP INTEGRATION
(Newmark Average Acceleration Method)

Equilibrium :
u1 M Du + C Du + K Du = DR
Du From Kinematics :
Du = Dt (u0+ u1) = Dt (2u0 + Du )
u0
2 2
Du = Dt (u0+ u1) = Dt (2u0 + Du )
u0
Du 2 2 Area Under Acceleration Diagram
u0 is change in Velocity
Hence get effective stiffness and load :
u1
Keff = 4 2 M + 2 C + K Area Under Velocity Diagram
Dt Dt
Du is change in displacement
u0 DReff = -Mug+ M(2u0 + 4 u0 ) + 2C u0
Dt
R1

K eff Du = DReff
Solve Keff Du = DReff Then :
DR
R0 2
Du = -2u0+ Du
Dt
Dt 2
Du = -2u0+ Du
Dt
 THE POWER OF RITZ VECTORS
APPROXIMATELY THREE TIMES FASTER THAN
THE CALCULATION OF EXACT EIGENVECTORS

IMPROVED ACCURACY WITH

A SMALLER NUMBER OF VECTORS

CAN BE USED FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS

TO CAPTURE LOCAL RESPONSE
FAST NONLINEAR ANALYSIS (FNA)
DISCRETE NONLINEARITY

FRAME AND SHEAR WALL HINGES

BASE ISOLATORS (RUBBER & FRICTION)

STRUCTURAL DAMPERS
STRUCTURAL UPLIFT

STRUCTURAL POUNDING
BUCKLING RESTRAINED BRACES
 RITZ VECTORS

MODE 1 MODE 2 MODE 3

 FNA ADVANTAGES
MODAL SOLUTION - NO STIFFNESS REDUCTION
CLOSED FORM SOLUTION – VERY FAST

TIME STEP INDEPENDENT

CAPTURES HIGH FREQUENCY RESPONSE

RITZ VECTORS CALCULATED ONCE

MULTIPLE TIME HISTORIES ARE FAST
 SO HOW IS DOES MODAL SUPERPOSITION
ACCOUNT FOR NONLINEAR EFFECTS?

The deformations generated from the Ritz

modes associated with the nonlinear elements
continuously modify the modal behavior of the
structure whenever the nonlinear elements
have unbalanced loads!
NLTH ANALYSIS - 30 STORY SHEAR WALL
(125 Secs, 12500 Steps)

ANALYSIS OPTION RUN TIME

Perform-3D 275 sec

ETABS
8 sec
FNA

ETABS
159 sec
Direct Integration
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS

.. + C u. + Ku = M
Mu 0
t C
.. . ..
M u + C u + Ku = - Mu
g K
.. . 2 ..
u + 2xwu + w u = - u
g
..
u g
RESPONSE FROM GROUND MOTION
.. + .+ 2 = + ..
u 2 x wu w u A B t = - ug
..
ug

.. 2
ug2

t1
.. t2 t
ug1
1
CLOSED FORM DAMPED RESPONSE
. - xwt
. B
ut = e { [u t - 2 ] cos wd t
1 w
1 . B B
+ [ A - w u t - xw(u t + 2 )] sin wd t } + 2
2
wd 1 1 w w
- xwt A 2xB
ut = e { [ut - + ] cos wd t
1 w 2
w3

1 . x A B (2x2 - 1)
+ [u t + xwu t - + ] sin wd t }
wd 1 1 w w 2

A 2xB Bt
+[ - + ]
2 3 2
w w w
BASIC DYNAMICS WITH DAMPING

M
&& + Cu& + Ku
Mu = 0
t C
Mu&& + Cu& + Ku = - Mu
&&
g K
&u& + 2x wu& + w 2 u = - u
&&
g

&&
u
g
RESPONSE MAXIMA

ut = u 0 cos( w t )

u& t = - w u 0 sin( w t )

u&&t = - w u 0 cos( w t )
2

&u& max = - w 2 u max

RESPONSE SPECTRUM GENERATION
Earthquake Record
16
0.40

GROUND ACC, g 14
0.20

12
0.00

DISPLACEMENT, inches
10
-0.20

8
-0.40
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
6
TIME, SECONDS
4
T= 0.6 sec
4.00 2
DISPL, in.

2.00
0
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
-2.00
-4.00 PERIOD, Seconds
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

T= 2.0 sec
8.00
DISPL, in.

4.00
0.00 Displacement Response Spectrum
-4.00
5% damping
-8.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
 SPECTRAL PARAMETERS
16

PS V = w S d
DISPLACEMENT, in.
12

PS a = w PS v
8

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

PERIOD, sec
40 1.00

0.80

ACCELERATION, g
VELOCITY, in/sec

30

0.60
20
0.40

10
0.20

0 0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

PERIOD, sec PERIOD, sec

 Spectral Acceleration, Sa
ADRS Curve

Spectral Acceleration, Sa
Spectral Displacement, Sd

0.5 Seconds

1.0 Seconds
Period, T
THE ADRS SPECTRUM

2.0 Seconds
RS Curve
THE ADRS SPECTRUM
THE LINEAR PUSHOVER
EQUIVALENT LINEARIZATION

How far to push? The Target Point!

 ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKES

CREATING HISTORIES TO MATCH A SPECTRUM

FREQUENCY DOMAIN & TIME DOMAIN MATCHING

 SPECTRAL MATCHING IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN

FFT Inverse FFT

Scale Amplitudes for Each Freq. (Scale factor = At/As)

Scaled Cyclic Signals for Each Frequency of Interest
De-aggregated Cyclic Signals for Each Frequency of Interest

Seed Acceleration Time History Acceleration Time History Matched to Target Spectrum

As
At

Target Spectrum and Spectrum for Target Spectrum and Spectrum for
Seed Acceleration Time History Matched Acceleration Time History
 SPECTRAL MATCHING IN TIME DOMAIN
A B C D E F G H I

Seed Acceleration Time History

Target Spectrum and Spectrum for
Adjust Wavelet Seed Acceleration Time History

No Yes
Misfit < Tol

Adjust Wavelet
Wavelet for Freq. Band A

No Yes
Misfit < Tol
ADD

Wavelet for Freq. Band B

. . . .
ADD

Misfit < Tol for all Freq. Bands

Target Spectrum and Spectrum for

Acceleration Time History Matched to Target Spectrum Matched Acceleration Time History
CONSEQUENCE BASED DESIGN

Servers/Network, Cabinets, 1% Bookcases, 1% Roof Equipment,

7% 1%
Computers, 6% Cladding, 2%

Partitions, 27%

Elevators, 21%

Moment Frame,
2%

Ceiling, 32%
RATING FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE

CoRE Rating Safety Reparability Functionality

Occupiable Immediately
5-Star Life Safe Loss <5%
Functional < 72 hours
Occupiable Immediately
4-Star Life Safe Loss <10%
Functional < 1 month
Occupiable < 1 month
3-star Life Safe Loss <20%
Functional < 6 months

Certified Life Safe Not estimated Not estimated

Life Safety
Not Certified Not estimated Not estimated
Hazard