Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
as Alternative Mosquito
Repellent
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Science 9
By:
Hadjimalik, Alaisah M.
Manginsay, Gerard G.
Ragmac, Xymark T.
Juntillia ,Dan Vladimir
Grade 9- Aguinaldo
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Reader/ Panelist
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………...………………. i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………….………………………………………………... ii
ABSTRACT …………….……………………………………………………………..… iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………….………………………………………………… iv
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study …………………………………….….............. 5
B. Statement of the Problem ……………………………………….............. 5
C. Significance of the Study ……………….……………………….............. 5
D. Scope and Limitation …………………………………………….............. 6
E. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………….............. 6
Nowadays, Insecticides are getting harmful and hazardous to a person's health for
some contain chemical substances that can harm us. This research aims to produce a
cheaper alternative mosquito repellent to those commercial products. Mosquito
repellent was applied to the different parts of the body particularly in arms and legs. The
following are the experimental setups: twenty-five of the respondents rub their arms with
the product while the other twenty-five were in their legs. Itchy bites on the uncovered
skin were recorded and analyzed.
Results had showed that 62% of the respondents claimed that the said product is
very effective. This can be attributed to the additional repellent properties and
insecticidal value of garlic, lemon, and mineral oil which are not present in the other
commercial products. On the other hand, 7% of the respondents claimed that the
product is not effective. This suggests that the aroma of garlic and the citronella that is
present on the lemon are not comparable with the commercial ones.
This study is of great significance to the people who want to get rid of mosquito bites
and also to lessen their expenses when it comes in buying insecticides products but of
assured high quality and will help you avoid scratching the itchy skin.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to our friends and classmates for giving us
feedbacks for our product, mosquito repellent. To our Science teacher, Ms. Paula Marie
Llido for guiding and teaching us the things we need to know about conducting the said
experiment and for introducing us the things that are needed in Science Investigatory
Project. Lastly, to Almighty God for giving us the wisdom and the capabilities needed to
make this project successful.
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
an insecticide it should not be grown using chemical fertilisers. This is because heavy doses
of fertiliser reduce the concentration of the effective substances in the garlic. It has anti-
broad spectrum insecticide. This means that it will kill beneficial insects as well as pests.
Nowadays, people are complaining about the annoying sound of mosquitoes and the
spread killer diseases of these. Some are often experienced mosquito bites and it is
because they are caused by female mosquitoes feeding on your blood. Female mosquitoes
have a mouthpart made to pierce skin and siphon off blood. Males lack this blood-sucking
ability because they don't produce eggs and so have no need for protein in blood. As a
biting mosquito fills itself with blood, it injects saliva into your skin. Proteins in the saliva
trigger a mild immune system reaction that results in the characteristic itching and bump.
Mosquitoes select their victims by evaluating scent, exhaled carbon dioxide and the
Thus, this research aims to produce this garlic as cheaper alternative mosquito repellent to
those commercial products.Unlike the other commercial products which are toxic and can
be hazardous to a person’s health especially if that person has sensitive skin.By using our
Researchers will be using other substances such as lemon and mineral oil which are easy
to find for it contains citronella that has lemony scent and repels mosquitoes
B.Statement of the problem
Generally, the study seeks to find out if garlic,lemon,and oil can be used to make an
With the increasing population of people who are experiencing mosquito bites,creation
of a homemade product mosquito repellent can be a help for you to avoid scratching
your skin.
For the people, with the help of this mosquito repellent made of garlic,lemon,and oil,
the mosquito will keep away from you due to the aroma of the garlic and lemon juice.
And for the future researchers, the result of the study will serve as their baseline
information for further research which can be a source of information that will be
The study is only limited to making a natural mosquito repellent as help to prevent
mosquito bites.It does not include mosquito repellent that are used in severe diseases
lasts for 8hrs.Furthermore,the product does not contain harmful chemicals and
materials that may irritate your skin and it is environment friendly because natural
ingredients are and ingredients can easily be find because every home have it.
E.Definition of terms
Citronella
Malaria
Dengue
- Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions
Yellow fever
- The disease is caused by the yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of an
Many repellents are nowadays available which can easily fend off the mosquitoes
but are not good for the health as it contain a harmful chemical called DEET.According
to EK. Patel, A. Gupta (2012), It is fine to use a natural repellent which can make you
oil are sold widely in the U.S. The advantages are the following; non-sticky; non-toxic
and environmentally friendly; safer on sensitive skins and some can be used on children
However, there are also disadvantages. It is more expensive; may need more frequent
their effectiveness, since essential oils can evaporate completely may need more
frequent re-application to maintain full protection and cannot apply directly on the skin, if
Other than that, Pohlit, A. M. et al. (2011) also stated that for more than 50 years, the
single repellent for mosquito species and is the basis for many commercial repellent
products on the market. Despite reports of severe toxic properties which can
dramatically affect adults and especially young children including dermatitis, allergic
reactions, neurological (seizures, coma) and cardiovascular toxicity, the risk of serious
toxic effects from DEET is considered slight. Nevertheless, DEET should always be
used at the lowest effective dose possible. Also, dimethyl and di-n-butyl phthalates
(DMP and DBP, respectively), which are effective mosquito repellents and were widely
used in the last century, are no longer generally recommended for use as mosquito
variety of medically important pests, but its mode of action still draws considerable
debate. The widely accepted hypothesis that DEET interferes with the detection of lactic
lactic acid. The most recent hypothesis suggests that DEET masks or jams the olfactory
shows that mosquitoes smell DEET directly and avoid it. We performed single-unit
recordings from all functional ORNs on the antenna and maxillary palps of Culex
terpenoid compounds. SPME and GC analysis showed that odorants were trapped in
elsewhere. With a new stimulus delivery method releasing equal amounts of 1-octen-3-
When applied to human skin, DEET altered the chemical profile of emanations by a
“fixative” effect that may also contribute to repellency. However, the main mode of
action is the direct detection of DEET as indicated by the evidence that mosquitoes are
sugar-feeding assay, both female and male mosquitoes avoided DEET. In addition,
of this is the published journal of Gama, R. A (2011), the Citronella essential oils (EOs)
are obtained mainly from varieties of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (Ceylon
citronella) and C. winterianus Jowitt ex Bor (Java citronella). They have been used in
mosquito repellency for more than a century in much of the world and are the most
widely used natural repellents today. According to a recent review of the scientific
literature, the most frequently studied repellent EOs are those obtained from species
and a number of mosquito repellent EOs have been identified in recent years having
synergistic effects between EOs and isolated natural or synthetic substances have been
reported.
substances were used as well. According to the published journal of Stashenko, E. et al.
(2010), the use of synthetic chemicals to control insects and arthropods raises several
products that possess good efficacy and are environmentally friendly. Among those
chemicals, essential oils from plants belonging to several species have been
The essential oils whose repellent activities have been demonstrated, as well as the
importance of the synergistic effects among their components are the main focus of this
review. Essential oils are volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons with a diversity of functional
groups, and their repellent activity has been linked to the presence of monoterpenes
and sesquiterpenes. However, in some cases, these chemicals can work synergistically,
improving their effectiveness. In addition, the use of other natural products in the
mixture, such as vanillin, could increase the protection time, potentiating the repellent
arthropods raises several concerns related to environment and human health. (Nerio, L.
S.,et al, 2010). Repellent activity of essential oils: a review. Bioresource technology,
101(1), 372-378.An alternative is to use natural products that possess good efficacy and
are environmentally friendly. Among those chemicals, essential oils from plants
belonging to several species have been extensively tested to assess their repellent
properties as a valuable natural resource. The essential oils whose repellent activities
have been demonstrated, as well as the importance of the synergistic effects among
their components are the main focus of this review. Essential oils are volatile mixtures of
hydrocarbons with a diversity of functional groups, and their repellent activity has been
these chemicals can work synergistically, improving their effectiveness. In addition, the
use of other natural products in the mixture, such as vanillin, could increase the
protection time, potentiating the repellent effect of some essential oils. Among the plant
families with promising essential oils used as repellents, Cymbopogon spp., Ocimum
spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are the most cited. Individual compounds present in these
mixtures with high repellent activity include α-pinene, limonene, citronellol, citronellal,
camphor and thymol. Finally, although from an economical point of view synthetic
chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents than essential oils, these natural
products have the potential to provide efficient, and safer repellents for humans and the
environment.
While based on Ansari, M. A et al, (2005), Various plant-based products are safe
Pinus longifolia is traditionally used for protection against mosquitoes in some rural
areas but there is no documented report of its use against mosquitoes. The present
study was undertaken to scientifically evaluate the activity of Pine oil against
mosquitoes.
mosquito repellent being studied.One example of this is based on the published paper
were randomly collected during March and April 2012. Crude extract of seeds were
prepared in an electric blender and the plant juice was filtered by passing through the
Whatman no. 1 filter paper. The filtrate was used as stock solution and required
concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%) were prepared through mixing of
stock extract with variable amount of distilled water and 250 g dried seeds of C. papaya
were put in a Soxhlet apparatus and the plant extracts were prepared using six different
v/v), acetone and ethanol applying one after another on same seeds. The period of
extraction for each solvent was 72 h. The extracts were collected separately, and the
column of the Soxhlet apparatus was washed with 200 mL of water and 100 mL of a
similar solvent as an eluent after each type of solvent extraction procedure. The eluted
materials and each type of extract were concentrated in combination at 40℃ to 100 mL
of extract by evaporation in a rotary evaporator. Then each of the extracts was filtered
and dried. The yield of each solvent extract was noted separately.
Another methodology is stated in the published paper of Mittal et al.(2005), the oil
was procured from the market and its contents were chemically analysed. Larvicidal
activity of oil was tested in laboratory bioassays, while repellent action was studied
during whole night bait collections in field by direct application on the skin and after its
impregnation on mats. The results showed varying degree of larvicidal activity of Pine
oil against mosquitoes with LC50 values ranging between 82 and 112 ppm. The Pine oil
had strong repellent action against mosquitoes as it provided 100% protection against
Anopheles culicifacies for 11 h and 97% protection against Culex quinquefasciatus for
nine hours respectively. Electrically heated mats prepared from Pine oil provided, 94
and 88% protection against An. culicifacies and Cx. quinquefasciatus for 10 and seven
hours respectively.
But there are also other methods that determine the mosquito control.One of the
diseases affect millions of people worldwide each year. The bite of a mosquito can
result in anything from a skin irritation to contracting malaria. Clearly, mosquitoes are
not just a nuisance, but also potentially harmful. By taking measures such as wearing
long pants in wooded areas or disposing of standing water, you can minimize the
chances of attracting mosquitoes. These measures, however, are often not enough, and
specialty products like mosquito repellent used to combat mosquitoes are required.
Each of the products used for mosquito control have varying degrees of effectiveness,
Fortunately, further studies from different researchers around the world have been
made to contribute knowledge about the chemical and natural substances that can kill
demonstrates the potential of volatile oils extracted from turmeric, citronella grass and
oils extracted by steam distillation from four plant species turmeric (Curcuma longa),
kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), citronella grass (Cymbopogon winterianus) and hairy basil
(Ocimum americanum)), were evaluated in mosquito cages and in a large room for their
repellency effects against three mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles dirus and
Culex quinquefasciatus. The oils from turmeric, citronella grass and hairy basil,
especially with the addition of 5% vanillin, repelled the three species under cage
conditions for up to eight hours. The oil from kaffir lime alone, as well as with 5% vanillin
added, was effective for up to three hours. With regard to the standard repellent, deet
alone provided protection for at least eight hours against Ae. aegypti and Cx.
quinquefasciatus, but for six hours against An. dirus. However, deet with the addition of
5% vanillin gave protection against the three mosquito species for at least eight hours.
The results of large room evaluations confirmed the responses for each repellent
treatment obtained under cage conditions. The three volatile oils can be formulated with
Ointment and cream formulations of lemongrass oil in different classes of base and the
oil in liquid paraffin solution have been evaluated for mosquito repellency in a topical
product samples applied on an experimental bird's skin against a 2-day starved culture
of Aedes aegypti L. mosquitoes. The 1%v/v solution and 15%v/w cream and ointment
preparations of the oil exhibited ≥50% repellency lasting 2–3 h, which may be attributed
mosquitoes, Culex pipiens pallens, were evaluated both in field and in vitro. In vitro, the
experiment was conducted with three controlled bands impregnated with 30% citronella
extract, 15% citronella extract and 30% citronellal extract, and with bands impregnated
30% citronella in field. Data was obtained by the means of counting numbers bitten by
mosquitoes per unit time, namely human bait method. Percentage repellencies of above
three controlled bands were calculated at 86%, 73%, and 78%, respectively in vitro, and
80% in field, showing high repellent effectiveness against mosquitoes. This estimation
was also confirmed by t‐test compared between control group and each experimental
group.
In addition, the published journal of Carroll, S. P.& Loye, J. (2006) cited that para-
the Australian lemon-scented gum tree (updated nomenclature Corymbia citriodora ssp.
citriodora). In April 2005, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
endorsed two non-deet mosquito repellents, including PMD. However, few mosquito
professionals have in-depth familiarity with the history and efficacy of PMD. In this
article, we describe the origin and development of PMD as a repellent and offer a
Ochlerotatus. In addition, we present original data from field and laboratory studies
involving large numbers of subjects and comparisons with high-concentration deet and
other repellents. We conclude that not only is the CDC endorsement warranted but also
that it probably underestimates the value of PMD as a deet alternative for public health
applications.
Mosquitoes in the larval stage are attractive targets for pesticides because
mosquitoes breed in water, and thus, it is easy to deal with them in this habitat.As
stated in the published journal ofAmer, A., & Mehlhorn, H. (2006), The use of
conventional pesticides in the water sources, however, introduces many risks to people
and/or the environment. Natural pesticides, especially those derived from plants, are
more promising in this aspect. Aromatic plants and their essential oils are very important
sources of many compounds that are used in different respects. In this study, the oils of
41 plants were evaluated for their effects against third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti,
Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. At first, the oils were surveyed
against A. aegypti using a 50-ppm solution. Thirteen oils from 41 plants (camphor,
thyme, amyris, lemon, cedarwood, frankincense, dill, myrtle, juniper, black pepper,
verbena, helichrysum and sandalwood) induced 100% mortality after 24 h, or even after
shorter periods. The best oils were tested against third-instar larvae of the three
mosquito species in concentrations of 1, 10, 50, 100 and 500 ppm. The lethal
concentration 50 values of these oils ranged between 1 and 101.3 ppm against A.
aegypti, between 9.7 and 101.4 ppm for A. stephensi and between 1 and 50.2 ppm for
C. quinquefasciatus.
But other substances such as oil was found to be more repellent.The published paper of
Odalo, J. O.,et al (2005) stated that Volatile oils extracted by hydrodistillation from six
plant species growing in the Kenyan coast, Croton pseudopulchellus Pax, Mkilua
Benth., Ocimum fischeri Guerke and Plectranthus longipes Baker (Labiateae), were
sensu stricto. All oils were found to be more repellent (RC50 range = 0.67–9.21 × 10−5
mg cm−2) than DEET (RC50 = 33 × 10−5 mg cm−2). The individual components of the
oils were identified by GC–MS and GC co-injections with authentic standards. The
repellency of 15 of the main constituents of the different oils (which had not been
previously assayed) was evaluated. Although some of these showed relatively high
individual repellencies, none was comparable to the parent essential oils. Partial
repellency against the vector were also assayed. Four of these exhibited activities
interesting blend effects in the repellent action of the oils against the mosquito. The
potential for vector management because these chemicals are safer than conventional
natural enemies, humans and other mammals and they suffer less from problems of
compounds from plants with strong biological activities can be a tedious process
generally isolated in small amounts. In addition, the purity of natural products is highly
variable and is dependent upon the extraction method, plant part, plant age, geographic
origin and location, climate and the overall growth and health of the plant from which the
against insect vectors is constrained because of the perceived lack of economic return
to the manufacturers on investment in insect vector control and also due to the
isolated from plants that have been evaluated for control of insect vectors of human and
animal pathogens.
The study of Ukeh, J. A. (2012) was conducted between June and December 2010 in
Sitophilus oryzae used in this study was obtained from laboratory cultures maintained
on untreated rice at 25 ± 1 ºC, 65-70% relative humidity. Three day old male and female
adult weevils were used for the experiments. Untreated rice was purchased from Obudu
Local Government Foodstuff market, and matured ripe fruits of X. aethiopica and D.
tripetala were bought from Marian Foodstuff Market Calabar. The identity of plant
materials was confirmed in the Department of Crop Science, University of Calabar. The
fruits were rinsed with tap water and oven dried at 30 ºC for 3 d. Dried fruits were milled
into powder with a mechanical blender, weighed into several doses and sea.
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are a key threat for millions of people worldwide, since
they act as vectors for devastating pathogens and parasites.(Benelli, G. ,2015). In this
scenario, vector control is crucial. Mosquito larvae are usually targeted using
spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets are also employed. However, these chemicals
have negative effects on human health and the environment and induce resistance in a
number of vectors. Newer and safer tools have been recently implemented to enhance
strategies (sterile insect technique (“SIT”) and “boosted SIT”) and plant-borne
According to Benelli, G., & Mehlhorn, H. (2016), the fight against mosquito-borne
diseases is a challenge of huge public health importance. To our mind, 2015 was an
extraordinary year for malaria control, due to three hot news: the Nobel Prize to Youyou
Tu for the discovery of artemisinin, the development of the first vaccine against
Plasmodium falciparum malaria [i.e. RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S)], and the fall of malaria
infection rates worldwide, with special reference to sub-Saharan Africa. However, there
are major challenges that still deserve attention, in order to boost malaria prevention
and control. Indeed, parasite strains resistant to artemisinin have been detected, and
RTS,S vaccine does not offer protection against Plasmodium vivax malaria, which
Zika virus infections, occurring in South America, Central America and the Caribbean,
represent the most recent of four arrivals of important arboviruses in the Western
Hemisphere, over the last 20 years. Zika virus follows dengue (which slyly arrived in the
hemisphere over decades and became more aggressive in the 1990s), West Nile virus
(emerged in 1999) and chikungunya (emerged in 2013). Notably, there are no specific
treatments for these arboviruses. The emerging scenario highlights that the effective
and eco-friendly control of mosquito vectors, with special reference to highly invasive
species such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, is crucial. The concrete potential
molecules are often effective at few parts per million against Aedes, Ochlerotatus,
Anopheles and Culex young instars, can be used for the rapid synthesis of
low human toxicity. In addition, behaviour-based control tools relying to the employ of
sound traps and the manipulation of swarming behaviour (i.e. “lure and kill” approach)
are discussed. The importance of further research on the chemical cues routing
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are a key threat for millions of people worldwide as said
pathogens. Mosquito young instars are usually targeted with organophosphates, insect
growth regulators and microbial control agents. Indoors residual spraying and
insecticide-treated bed nets are also employed. However, these chemicals have strong
negative effects on human health and the environment. Newer and safer tools have
of plant-fabricated MNP are silver ones. The synthesis of MNP is usually confirmed by
medical and veterinary importance. Few parts per million of different MNP are highly
toxic against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, the dengue vector Aedes aegypti,
and the filariasis mosquito Culex quiquefasciatus. However, despite the growing
number of evidences about the effectiveness of MNP, moderate efforts have been
carried out to shed light on their possible non-target effects against mosquito’s natural
enemies and other aquatic organisms. In the final section, particular attention was
dedicated to this issue. A number of hot areas that need further research and
In the last few years more and more studies on the biological properties of essential oils
have been published and it seemed worthwhile to compile the studies of 2009, 2008
overview covering the scientific literature mainly from 2000 onwards, up to the first half
of the year 2007, has been published recently. The focus of this overview lies on the
antiviral and antioxidative properties of essential oils. Many essential oils have been
used for centuries in folk medicine and in recent years the biological properties of
various essential oils have been proved by a number of studies. Their use in the
treatment of pain, inflammation, viral diseases and cancer and their potential to
enhance the penetration of other drugs, their insect repellent activity and their
analyse the biological properties of other essential oils or to prove their mechanism of
action.
Mosquitoes are important vectors of diseases and nuisance pests stated byZygadlo, J.
reactions, and damage to plastic and synthetic fabric. This work evaluated the
repellency against Aedes aegypti of EO from aromatic plants that grow in Argentina:
the plant were detected. At a 90% EO concentration, A. satureoides and T. pusilla were
components of each EO suggest that limonene and camphor were the main