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Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Trends in Technology Development

Conference Paper · March 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1608.6169

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 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Trends in Technology
Development
Ahmad Ghaderi

Abstract— Over the past several decades, the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels has led to the environmental problems, such as global
warming, air pollution and energy crisis. Considering the vehicles consume the vast majority of fossil fuels used in the world, any
improvement in the efficiency of vehicles reduces the above mentioned problems. In recent years, vehicle electrification technologies
including, electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles are considered as alternative technologies for sustainable transport. In this
paper, at first, vehicle electrification technologies have been reviewed and various technical aspects of electric, hybrid and plug in
hybrid vehicles have been discussed. The different topologies of electric drive vehicles as well as the components that can be used to
build such vehicles, including energy storages, electric machines and electric drives are discussed. As well the aspects and advantages of
the electrical systems for performing vehicle functions traditionally achieved by mechanical systems are explained. Also the vehicles
charging standards and the concepts of vehicle to building and vehicle to grid are explained.

Index Terms Hybrid Vehicle, Electric Vehicle, Vehicle, Electric Drive, Motor.
 Outline
• History
• Current Challenges
• 2025 fuel economy requirement
• Vehicle Electrification Trends
– Auxiliary electrification.
– powertrain electrification
• Comparison between Electric Drive Vehicles
Technologies
• CHAdeMO
• V2X (V2G, V2H, V2B)
• Conclusion
2
History of Electric Drive Vehicles
• 1832: First electric carriage was developed.
• 1890 – 1910: Period of significant
improvements in battery technology lead to
electric vehicles expansion.
• 1900 First Hybrid Car was developed by
Ferdinand Porsche .
• EVs advantages in the early 1900s:
– No vibration, No noise, No smell, Not require gear
changes, Not require the manual effort to start.
• In 1900, cars made in US: 1,681 steam
cars,1,575 electric cars, 936 gasoline cars.3
 Downfall of the electric
cars (After 1920)
• Market dominance of the internal
combustion engines (ICG).
– Henry Ford overcame the challenges posed by
ICG cars, noise, vibration, and odor — and
began assembly-line production of low-priced,
vehicles.(1904)
– The invention of the electric starter by Charles
Kettering (Delco) eliminated the need for the
hand crank.(1912)
– In 1913
• Sales of EV: 6,000
4
• Only Model T sold 182,809 Ford Model T
 One Century later
• Problems caused by the internal
combustion engines cars
Stiff environmental
– Energy Crisis
regulations in the late
– Global Warming
20th century and the
– Air Pollution
early 21st century
– Soil Pollution
– Greenhouse Gas (CO2,..)
– Depleting Ozone Layer 2017-2025 fuel
– Noise Pollution economy requirement
– Acid Rain by Department of
– .. Transportation (DOT) 5
DOT Fuel efficiency standards doubles between
2011 and 2025.
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
standards (L/100km) for C-segment
9
Compact cars (such as Corolla, MAZDA3,..) in
8
the United States must deliver a fuel economy
7 equivalent to 3.85 L/100km by 2025.
6
5
4 standard impacts cars manufactured
3
as early as 2017

Accepted by Ford, GM, Chrysler, BMW, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar/Land

6
Rover, Kia, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota, and Volvo.
 Methods to achieve the 2025
fuel economy requirement
• Vehicle weight reduction (lightweight aluminum
rather than steel, composite material ).
• Lower tire rolling resistance.
• Vehicle aerodynamics (lower Drag Coefficient).
• Advances in engines (thermal efficiency,..).
• Vehicle Electrification (breakthrough technology).
– Improved CPUs and MCs
– Advanced CAD designed Electric Machines.
– Improved power electronics devices.
– Advanced Batteries.
7
 Vehicle Electrification Trends
• Auxiliary electrification
– Electric power steering (EPS) reduce the fuel
consumption about 5%.
– Electric supercharger fuel saving of 8% to 10%.
– Brake by wire
– Steer by wire
– Shift by wire
–…
• Powertrain electrification (Electric Drive
Vehicles) 8
Comparison between Electric Drive
Vehicles Technologies
Function Stop/ Micor- Mild Full Plug-in EV
Start Hybrid Hybrid Hybrid Hybrid

Idle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Reduction
Regenerative Limited Yes Yes Yes Yes
Braking and
Coasting
Electric Limited Yes Yes Yes
Assistance
Electric-only Limited Yes Yes
drive
Long- Limited Yes
distance
electric range
zero Yes
emissions 9
 Electric Power and Fuel
Reduction for different EDVs
Electric Power (kW) Fuel Reduction (%)
120 120
30-100 100
100 100
30-80 40-80
80 80
60 20-50 60 20-50
40 40
8–20 10–16
20 3-7 3–10 20 2–5 3–10
0 0

Min Max Min Max

10
 Drive by wire
In this EV configuration
most conventional
mechanical
components, are replaced
by electrical motors and
actuators.
Advantages:
Interior Spaciousness
Design Freedom
Vehicles Stability
Rotate on the Spot
less maintenance,
better ride quality and
handling,
Less NVH
Toyota Fine-X Concept (Noise, vibration, and 11
harshness),
….
 Fast Charging Standard:
CHAdeMO

O cha demo ikaga

desuka

"How about some tea?",

62.5 kW of high-voltage direct current, (up to 500

VDC) high-current (125 A)
The number of CHAdeMO chargers by 2016/Feb/04 10377.(Japan
5960 Europe 2755 USA 1554 Others 108) 12
V2X(V2B, V2G, V2H) Power Grid

• Vehicle to Building (V2B), Vehicle to

Grid (V2G), Vehicle to Home (V2H)
• A V2X system makes the energy
stored in EVs batteries available to
commercial and residential
buildings, homes, or power grid.
• These systems can help stabilize the Low
Price
High
power grid. Price
• Our researches show the V2B has a
relatively significant net profit even
considering the battery cost
degradation.
IECON 2015
 Conclusion
• Vehicle electrification can reduce fuel
consumption and reduce pollution.
• 2025 fuel economy requirement leads to
EDVs sales.
• Other vehicle electrification advantages.
– Improve reliability, requires less
maintenance, better ride quality and
handling, Improved safety, Less
NVH, Compatible with autonomous
cars, design freedom.
• EDVs can be used in V2X systems. 14
Thank You

15
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