NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanocomposite – multiphase structure with at least one phase

on the nanoscale dimension

LECTURE 1
Nanostructured material – material containing surface
British Standards Institution – proposed definitions for nanostructure
scientific terms used
Effects of sizing down in the material properties
Nanoscale – approximately 1 to 100 mm in size  Physical properties
 DNA  Chemical properties
 Antibody  Electrical properties
 Oligonucleotide  Mechanical properties
 Glucose  Optical properties
 Protein  Biological properties
 Virus
Types and Classification of nanomaterials
Nanoscience – the science and study of matter at the 1. Carbon based nanomaterials
nanoscale that deals with understanding of their size and Contain carbon usually found in hollow tubes,
structure dependent properties ellipsoids, and spheres

Nanotechnology – Manipulation and control of matter on the 2. Inorganic based nanomaterials

nanoscale dimension by using scientific knowledge of various Include metal and metal oxides.
industrial and biomedical applications Can be synthesized into metals

Nanomaterial – Material with any internal or external 3. Organic based nanomaterials

structures on the nanoscale structure Contains organic matters except inorganic and carbons
Utilization of weak (noncovalent) interaction
Nanoparticles – Nano object with three external nanoscale
dimensions Liposome
 Nanorod spherical vesicle having at least one lipid
 Nanoplate bilayer
 Used as vehicle for administration of nutrients
and pharmaceutical drugs
Micelle
Aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in
a liquid colloid
4. Composite based nanomaterials
Combinations of different based nanomaterials
Classification of nanomaterials based on their dimensions
Classification of nanomaterials based on their origin
1. Natural nanomaterials
Produced in nature
2. Synthetic nanomaterials
Produced by mechanical grinding, engine exhaust, and
smoke, or are synthesized by physical, chemical,
biological, or hybrid methods
3. Incidental nanomaterials
Produced incidentally as a byproduct

Royal Society of Chemistry – classify nanomaterials by the 4. Naturally produced nanomaterials

spatial confinement Found in the bodies of organisms, insects, plants,
animals, and human bodies
1. One Dimensional Nanomaterials
Includes thin films and engineered surfaces 5. Engineered nanomaterials
Manufactured by humans
2. Two Dimensional Nanomaterials
Includes nanotubes and nanowires

3. Three Dimensional Nanomaterials

Nanoparticles
- Particles less than 100nm in diameter that exhibit
new or enhanced size dependent properties
compared with larger particles of the same
material
Fullerenes
Quantum Dots
LECTURE 2 Positive resist
- The exposed structure is deeper than the
Two Approach to synthesis nanomaterials surrounding due to chopping of polymer chains

1. Top Down Photoresist

Starting material is in the macro or micro scale and - Light sensitive material used in several industrial
using different techniques the particles are processes to form patterned coating on a surface
transformed to the nanoscale
Positive Photoresist
2. Bottom Up - The portion of the photoresist that is exposed to
The nanoparticles are formed starting from atomic light becomes soluble to the photoresist developer
level to the nanoscale level
Negative Photoresist
Ball Milling - The portion of the photoresist that is exposed to
- Equipped with grinding media (wolfram carbide or light becomes insoluble to the photoresist
steel) developer
- Rotate horizontal
- Uses impact and attrition 1. Wafer preparation
2. Photoresist spin coating
Nanoscale Lithography 3. Prebake
- Branch of nanotechnology concerned with the 4. Align/ Exposed/ Develop
study and application of fabricating nanometer 5. Etching/ remove photoresist
scale structures
E-beam lithography (uses electron)
Photolithography
- Process used in microfabrication to pattern parts of X-ray Lithography (uses chemical)
a thin film or the bulk of a substrate

Negative resist
- The exposure structure is higher than the
surrounding due to crosslinking of polymer chains