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According to the question the potential at the point on the line joining two charges
is zero.
[ - ]=0
- =0
= =
.
×
=
×
x = 0.1 m = 10 cm
Let r2 = 0.16 +x
[ - ]=0
=
.
=
.
5(0.16+x) = 3x
2x = 0.8
x = 0.4m = 40 cm
Hence, the required null points are located at 10 cm and 40 cm from the first charge
q1.
2) A regular hexagon of side 10 cm has a charge 5µC at each of its vertices.
Calculate the potential at the centre of the hexagon.
Solution:
×
=
.
× × ×
= (where = 9 x 109)
.
= 45 x 104 volts
V = 6V1
V = 6 x 45 x 104 volt
V = 270 x 104
Hence, the potential at the centre of the hexagon is 2.7 x 106 volts.
3) Two charges 2µC and -2 µC are placed at points A and B 6 cm apart.
(a) Identify an equipotential surface of the system.
(b) What is the direction of the electric field at every point on this surface?
Solution:
(a)
Clearly the system represents an electric dipole of length 0.06 m and charge = 2µC
(2 x 10-6 C)
Where,
P = dipole moment
⍬ = angle made by the line joining the point to the midpoint of the dipole with the
positive direction of electric length
For a dipole on axial line the potential is zero at only one point (i.e. midpoint)
(b) Direction of the electric field at the point on the equipotential surfaces is normal
to the surface.
Given that:
Electric field E = 0
× × . × "
= ( . )
× #
=
=105 N/C
. × "
= 9 x 109 x ( . $)
5) A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8
pF (1pF = 10-12 F). What will be the capacitance if the distance between the
plates is reduced by half, and the space between them is filled with a
substance of dielectric constant 6?
Solution:
Given that
Dielectric constant, K = 6
&
C0 = -------------------(2)
'
Cm = 2kC0
Cm = 2 x 6 x 8 x 10-12
Cm = 96 pF
(b) Since in series charge is the same for all capacitors, and the given capacitors are
identical, the potential drop across all the capacitors will be the same.
Let,
V1 = V2 = V3 = V
V1 +V2 +V3 = V
3V = 120 volt
V = 40 volt
Cp = C1+C2 +C3
Cp = (2+3+4) pF = 9 pF
(b) In parallel connection, the potential difference is the same across each capacitor.
Therefore,
q1 = c1 V
q1 = 2 x 100 = 200 pC
q1 = 200 x 10-12 C
q2 = c2 V
q2 = 3 x 100 = 300 pC
q2 = 300 x 10-12 C
For capacitor of capacitance 4 pF, charge q3 can be given as:
q 3 = c3 V
q3 = 4 x 100 = 400 pC
q3 = 400 x 10-12 C
8) In a parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates, each plate has an
area of 6 x 10-3 m2 and the distance between the plates is 3 mm. calculate the
capacitance of the capacitor. If this capacitor is connected to a 100 V supply,
what is the charge on each plate of the capacitor?
Solution:
Volt, V = 100 V
&
C= where, C = capacitance of capacitor
'
$.$ × × × +
= +
×
= 17.7 pF
= 17.7 x 10-10 C
Hence, capacitance of the capacitor is 17.7 pF and the charge on each plate is 17.7 x
10-10 C.
9) Explain what would happen if in the capacitor given in Exercise 2.8, a 3
mm thick mica sheet (of dielectric constant = 6) were inserted between the
plates,
(a) While the voltage supply remained connected.
(b) After the supply was disconnected.
Solution:
C = 6 x 17.7 x 10-12 F
C = 1.06 x 10-10 F
(a) When the supply is connected across the capacitor, its potential does not change;
it is equal to the potential of the source. Charge on each plate, q = CV0
q = 1.06 x 10-8 C
Charge on capacitor becomes six times the value before the dielectric is introduced.
q = constant
q = cVk
Voltage, V = 50 volt,
Electrostatic energy, U =?
U = ½ CV2
Loss of energy=?
Loss of energy, ∆U = Uf – Ui
= (v1 – v2)2
× × × ( )
=
( × × )
= 6 x 10-6 joule
∆U = 6 x 10-6 joule
r1 = 3 cm = 0.03 m
---.
, = position vector for point Q = 4 1̂
r2 = 4 cm = 0.04 m
Since, v=
Where,
q = charge
For point P
× ×$× +
Vp = = 24 x 108 volt
.
For point Q
× ×$× +
VQ = = 18 x 108 volt
.
= - 6 x 108 volt
W = qV
W = 1.2 J
13) A cube of side b has a charge q at each of its vertices. Determine the
potential and electric field due to this charge array at the centre of the cube.
Solution:
Given that:
V1 = √+
= ( )
4 √ 4
V= 8 V1
V=8x ( )
√ 4
V=
4 √
Due to symmetry of charge about the centre of the cube the electric field at the
centre is zero.
Hence, the potential and electric field due to the charge array at the centre of the
cube is
Where,
VA = 9 x 104 volt
E = 10 x 105 -6 x 105
5 = 4 X 105 NC -1 along 96
Hence, the potential at the midpoint is 2.4 x 105 V and the electric field at the
midpoint is 4 x 105 NC-1. The field is directed from the larger charge to the smaller
charge.
15) Two tiny spheres carrying charges 1.5 µC and 2.5 µC are located 30 cm
apart. Find the potential and electric field:
At a point 10 cm from this midpoint in a plane normal to the line and passing
through the midpoint.
Solution:
E = ;5 + 5 + 25 5 C7D⍬
From figure,
⍬/2 = 56.310
⍬ = 112.620
Clearly,
For direction of E:
. × #× KL⍬
Tanα = #
. × . ×( . $ )
. × .
Tanα =
. . ×( . $ )
Tanα = 6.406/1.491
=4.3
α = 76.890
Hence, the electric field at P is 6.58 x 105 and makes an angle 76.890 with AP.
16) A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 has a
charge Q.
(a) A charge q is placed at the centre of the shell. What is the surface charge
density on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell?
(b) Is the electric field inside a cavity (with no charge) zero, even if the shell
is not spherical, but has any irregular shape? Explain.
Solution:
M 5N6 = 0 (e =0)
q’ +q =0
ε0
q = -q
The conducting shell has no net charge yet its inner shell has –q surface charge
because the net charge on the shell is zero and no charge can be internal to the
conductor, there must be +q charge on the outer surface of the conductor other than
+Q.
(b) According to the Gauss theorem the net charge on the inner surface enclosing
the cavity must be zero. We cannot say that the electric field inside the cavity of an
arbitrary shape must be zero because the cavity may have positive and negative
charges with the total charge zero. To dispose of this possibility take a closed loop,
a part of which is inside the cavity along a field line and the rest gives a net work
done by field in carrying a test charge over a closed loop. As it is impossible for an
electrostatic field hence there are no field lines inside the cavity and there is no
charge on the inner surface of the conductor irrespective of its shape.
17) (a) Show that the normal component of electrostatic field has a
discontinuity from one side of a charged surface to another given by:
S
----.
5 -5 ----..QR =
Where QR is a unit vector normal to the surface at a point and σ is the surface
charge density at that point. (The direction of QR is from side 1 to side 2)
Hence show that just outside a conductor, the electric field is
(b) Show that the tangential component of the electrostatic field is continuous
from on side of a charged surface to another. (Hint: for (a), use Gauss’s law.
For (b), use the fact that the work done by an electrostatic field on a closed
loop is zero.)
Solution:
T
---.
5 .QR =
T
E=
(b) Since the work done by an electrostatic field on a closed loop is zero, the
electric field tangential to the plane is continuous throughout.
18) A long charged cylinder of linear charged density λ is surrounded by a
hollow co-axial conducting cylinder. What is the electric field in space
between the two cylinders?
Solution:
Electric flux = φ = E x A
T
But, according to Gauss theorem, φ=
T WX
E x 2πrl = =
W
E=
W
Hence, the electric field in the space between the two cylinders is
19) In a hydrogen atom, the electron and proton are bound at a distance of
about 0.53 A:
(a) Estimate the potential energy of the system in e V, taking the zero of the
potential energy at inifinite separation of the electron from proton.
(b) What is the minimum work required to free the electron, given that its
kinetic energy in the orbit is half the magnitude of the potential energy
obtained in (a)?
(c) What are the answers to (a) and (b) above if the zero of the potential
energy is taken at 1.06 A separation?
Solution:
U = 9 x 109 x
× ×( . × )×( . × )
U=
. ×
U = − = -27.17 e V
KE = PE/2
= 27.17/2 = 13.585 e V
= - 27.17 + 13.5
= - 13.585 e V
= 0 – (-13.585) = 13.585 e V
U’ =
× ×( . × )×( . × )
=
. ×
U’= -21.74 x 10-19 joule
Z.Z ×
U’ = = -13.585 eV
. ×
Potential energy of the system when a proton and electron are at 0.53 A
U’ = -27.17 – (-13.585)
= - 13.585 e V
PE = KE =+13.85 e V
We know that the potential energy for each pair of the charge is given by the
relation:
P. E =
Where,
PE = potential energy
( × )( . × ) 1
= [ -1 – 1]
1.5
= -19.2 e V and potential energy at infinity is zero.
21) Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and b are connected to each
other by a wire. What is the ratio of electric fields at the surfaces of the two
spheres? Use the result obtained to explain why charge density on the sharp
and pointed ends of a conductor is higher than on its flatter portions.
Solution:
When both the charged conducting spheres of Radius a and b are connected by a
wire then both acquire the same potential.
E = V/R
E1 a = E2b
^
= b/a ----------(3)
^
The ratio of electric fields is the inverse of the ratio of the radius of the two spheres.
Electric charge density for the pointed surface will be more because a flat surface
can be equated to a spherical surface of a large radius and a pointed portion to a
spherical surface of a small radius.
23) Two charges –q and +q are located at points (0, 0, -a) and (0, 0, a),
respectively.
(b) Obtain the dependence of potential on the distance r of a point from the
origin when r/a>>1.
(c) How much work is done in moving a small test charge from the point (5, 0,
0) to (-7, 0, 0) along the x-axis? Does the answer change if the path of the test
charge between the same points is not along the x-axis?
Solution:
(b) Let ‘P’ be a point which is at a distance ‘r’ from the midpoint of the electric
dipole of electric length ‘2a’
Let AP = r1
Total potential at p = V+ + V-
V=A -A ----------------(1)
_
Now, cos⍬ =
X
Putting the value of 1/r1 and 1/r2 in equation (1) and on solving:
( × X) ⍬
V=
` ⍬
V= , where, P = dipole moment
(c) Zero, because (5, 0, 0) and (-7, 0, 0) are the points on the equatorial plane of the
charges placed at (0, 0, a) and (0, 0, -a) which is an equipotential surface.
Explanation: the answer will not change if the path is changed because work done
does not depend upon the actual path. It simply depends upon the initial and final
positions.
24) Figure 2.34 shows a charge
array known as an electric
quadruple. For a point on the axis of
the quadruple, obtain the
dependence of potential on r for r/a>>1, and contrast your result with that due
to an electric dipole, and an electric monopole (i.e., a single charge)
Solution:
Total potential at p = Vp = kq [ - + ]
_ _
( _) ( _ ) ( _)
Vp = kq [ (
]
_)( _)
_ × _
Vp = kq +
= +
Since each capacitor can with stand a potential difference of 400 volt. At least three
must be used in series to share 1 kilovolt (1 kV) potential difference
To have 2µF combination we must connect six such series combination in parallel.
Total capacitors required = 3 in series x 6 in parallel = 18
Hence, 18 capacitors are required having 6 parallel connections and three of them in
series in each parallel connection.
26) What is the area of the plates of a 2 F parallel plate capacitor, given that
the separation between the plates is 0.5 cm? (You will realize from your
answer why ordinary capacitors are in the range of µF or less. However,
electrolytic capacitors do have a much larger capacitance (0.1 F) because of
very minute separation between the conductors)
Solution:
&
C= , where A = area of each plate
'
Hence, the area of the plates is too large. To avoid this situation, the capacitance is
taken in the range of µF.
Where,
P. d across them V2 = V3 = 50
28) The plates of a parallel plate capacitor have an area of 90 cm2 each and are
separated by 2.5 mm. the capacitor is charged by connecting it to a 400 V
supply.
(a) How much electrostatic energy is stored by the capacitor?
(b) View this energy as stored in the electrostatic field between the plates, and
obtain the energy per unit volume u. hence arrive at a relation between u and
the magnitude of electric field E between the plates.
Solution:
$.$ × × × @
C= +
. ×
Z . ×
C= +
. ×
C= 31.86 pF
=
× . ×
= x 10-10 F
.
= 3.187 x 10-11 F
W = 2.55 x 10-6 J
b
Energy per unit volume, u =
&'
. ×
u= @× +
× . ×
.
u= = 0.113 J/m3
×
U = ½ x ε0 A E2 d = energy stored
U = ½ ε0 E2 (A xd)
Energy stored in the system before the 4 µF and 2µF is connected together, U1 = ½
C1V12
= 4x 10-6 x 200 +0
= 8 x 10-4 C
U2 = ½ x 6 x 10-6 x (400/3)2
U2 = 5.33 x 10-2 J
Loss in energy of the system, ∆U = U1 – U2
∆U = 2.67 x 10-2 J
30) Show that the force on each plate of a parallel plate capacitor has a
magnitude equal to (1/2) QE, where Q is the charge on the capacitor, and E is
the magnitude of electric field between the plates. Explain the origin of the
factor ½
Solution:
But, U = ½ ε0 E2 and F = Ua
On solving we set:
F = ½ QE
Since inside the conductor field is zero where outside the conductor field is E.
Hence, E/2 is the average value of electric field i.e. E/2 decides the force.
Where r1 and r2 are the radii of outer and inner spheres respectively.
Solution:
Given that
Potential of sphere A:
VA = q/r1
VB = (-q/r2)
V= [1/r2 - 1/r1]
C = q/v =
/ [ ]
e e
C=
C = 5.547 x 109 F
(b) V = q/c
. ×
= = 450.7 volts
. Z×
(c) C’ = 4πε0r
x 12 x 10-2
×
= 1.33 x 10-11 F
. Z×
Now, c/c’ = = 416
. ×
(a) No, Coulomb’s law is valid only for point charges. The distribution of charge on
the conducting spheres remain on their surfaces only, so it cannot be uniform
(b) Both Gauss’ law and Coulomb’s law are independent laws. If coulomb’s law
involves 1/r3 dependence, then Gauss law in the existing state would not be true.
(c) It will travel along the field line passing through that point. It is true only when a
field line is a straight line.
(f) It means that a single conductor is a capacitor whose other plate can be
considered to be at infinity.
(g) A water molecule has a permanent dipole moment so its dielectric constant is
high. Mica does not have polar molecules. Hence, the dipole moment of water
molecule is greater than that of mica.
Length of capacitor, L= 15 cm
Inner radius of the cylindrical, a = 1.4 cm and outer radius of the cylindrical
capacitor, b= 1.5 cm
g
Then, C = i
. X h
j
× . ×($.$ × )×( × )
C= .#×
. X h ( )
.@×
C = 1.21 x 10-10 F
V = q/c
. ×
V= = 2.89 x 104 volts
. ×
E = 10 % of 107 V/m
E = V/r
V = potential
r = v/E
= "
= 10-3 m
. ×
e&
C= [formula]
'
×'
A=
e
× ( × ) ×( +)
= =
e ($.$ × )×
A = 19 cm2
(b) The field that uniformly increases in magnitude but remains in a constant
direction is the plane parallel to the xy plane, but the planes having different fixed
potential will become closer with the increase in field intensity.
(d) A time dependent changing shape nearer to the grid which slowly becomes
planar and parallel to the grid at far off distances from the grid.
39) In a Van de Graff type generator a spherical metal shell is to be a 15 x 106
V electrode. The dielectric strength of the gas surrounding the electrode is 5 x
107 Vm-1. What is the minimum radius of the spherical shell required? (You
will learn from this exercise why one cannot build an electrostatic generator
using a very small shell which requires a small charge to acquire a high
potential.)
Solution:
= VA = [q1/r1 + q2/r2]
VA – VB = + - -
VA – VB = -
= 4[\ [ - ] = +ve
Alternative method
When the inner sphere is connected to the outer sheet, they become one metallic
body electrically. Hence, the entire charge of this body will reside on its surface
(On the outer surface of the outer shell) whatever q1 and q2 are.