6/2/2013

CHAPTER 7
DEFLECTIONS OF BEAMS

OBJECTIVES

• Determine the deflection and slope at specific points

on beams and shafts, using various analytical
methods including:

o The integration method

o The use of discontinuity functions (McCaulay)
o The virtual unit-load method

1
 6/2/2013

INTRODUCTION
• Deflection is a result from the load action to the beam
(self weight, service load etc.)

• If the deflection value is too large, the beam will bend

and then fail. Therefore it is vital that deflection must
be limited within the allowable values as stipulated in
the Standards
• The theory and background of deflection comes from
‘curvature’

CURVATURE
• The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that
passes through the centroid of each cross-sectional
area of the beam is called curvature or elastic curve,
which is characterized by the deflection and slope along
the curve
P

2
 6/2/2013

ELASTIC CURVATURE
• Moment-curvature relationship:
o Sign convention:

CURVATURE
From the figure , if DE = L ; AB = DE = L

𝐿′ = 𝐴′ 𝐵′ = 𝑅𝜃 − 𝑅 − 𝑦 𝜃

Displacement, 𝛿 = 𝐿 − 𝐿′ = 𝑅𝜃 − 𝑅 − 𝑦 𝜃 B

  = y

𝛿 𝑦𝜃 𝑦
From strain, 𝜀 = 𝐿 = 𝑅𝜃 = 𝑅 R (R – y)

1 𝜀
Therefore, curvature: 𝑅 = 𝑦 A C B’
A’ L’ y
D E
𝜎 𝜎
In elastic region; 𝐸 = 𝜀
𝜀 = 𝐸 L

3
 6/2/2013

CURVATURE
𝑀𝑦
It is known that 𝜎 =
𝐼

1 𝜀 𝜎 𝑀𝑦
Therefore : = = =
𝑅 𝑦 𝐸𝑦 𝐸𝐼𝑦

𝟏 𝑴
 =
𝑹 𝑬𝑰

where:
EI = Stiffness or Flexure Rigidity
(The higher the EI value, the stiffer the material  the
smaller the curvature)

SLOPE & DEFLECTION BY DOUBLE

INTEGRATION
• Deflection is influenced by I, E and L (and load)
1 𝑀
• From 𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼 …………. (1)

• Kinematic relationship between radius of curvature R and location

x:
1 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2
=
𝑅 2 3/2
𝑑𝑦
1+ 𝑑𝑥

• But, in the case of elastic curve, the slope (dy/dx) is too small ( 0)
and can be ignored. Then:
1 𝑑2 𝑦
= …………. (2)
𝑅 𝑑𝑥 2

4
 6/2/2013

SLOPE & DEFLECTION BY DOUBLE

INTEGRATION
• Substitute Eq. (1) into Eq. (2):
𝑀 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥2 or 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥2 = 𝑀
𝐸𝐼
Elastic curve differential equation (Moment Equation)

• After integration:
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 (Slope Equation)

• Double Integration will produce:

𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥
[𝑥 𝑀𝑑𝑥]𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (Deflection Equation)

where C1 and C2 are the constant to be determined from the

boundary conditions

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
• The integration constants can be determined by imposing
the boundary conditions, or continuity condition at specific
locations
• 3 beam cases are considered:

I. Simply Supported Beam

y P

x = 0; y = 0 x = L; y = 0

5
 6/2/2013

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
II. Overhanged Beam
y
P

L L1

x = 0; y = 0 x = L; y = 0

III. Cantilever Beam y

P

x = 0; y = 0
x = 0;  = 0

SIGN CONVENTIONS
• Deflection: + -

• Slope: + -

• Bending moment:

+ve -ve

6
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 1 (Double Integration)

Determine the mid-span deflection of beam shown below. Given
E = 20 kN/mm2 and I = 1600 x 106 mm4.

18 kN
y
2m 4m

A x
B C

6m

EXAMPLE 1: Solution
Determine the Reaction Forces at A and C

Taking moment at C; MC = 0

VA (6) – 18(4) = 0
VA = 12 kN

Fy = 0
VA + VC = 0
VC = 6 kN

7
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 1: Solution
Segment AB (0  x  2) Segment BC (2  x  6)
18
A A
M M
B
12 12
x
x

𝑀 = 12𝑥 𝑀 = 12𝑥 − 18 𝑥 − 2 = −6𝑥 + 36

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 = 12𝑥 𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 = −6𝑥 + 36
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 −6𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 = + 𝐶1 𝐸𝐼 = + 36𝑥 + 𝐶3
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
12𝑥 3 3
−6𝑥 36𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + + 𝐶3 𝑥 + 𝐶4
6 6 2
3
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 ….(1) 3 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵𝐶 = −𝑥 + 18𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 + 𝐶4 ….(2)

EXAMPLE 1: Solution
Boundary Conditions
When x = 0, y = 0 …. (A)
When x = 6, y = 0 …. (B)

Matching Conditions
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
At x = 2; = and yAB = yBC
𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑥 𝐵𝐶

Substitute (A) into Eq. (1): EI(0) = 2(0) + C1(0) + C2  C2 = 0

Substitute (B) into Eq. (2): EI(0) = -(6)3 + 18(6)3 + 6C3 + C4

C4 = -432 – 6C3 ….(3)

8
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 1: Solution
From the Matching Conditions:

12(2)2 −6(2)2
+ 𝐶1 = + 36(2) + 𝐶3
2 2
𝐶1 = 36 + 𝐶3 ….(4)

2(2)3 +𝐶1 2 = − 2 3 + 18 2 2
+ 𝐶3 2 + 𝐶4
2C1 = 48 + 2C3 + C4 ….(5)

EXAMPLE 1: Solution
Substitute Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) into Eq. (5):
2(36 + C3) = 48 + 2C3 + (– 432 – 6C3)  C3 = -76

From Eq. (3): C4 = -432 – 6(-76) = 24

From Eq. (4): C1 = 36 – 76 = -40

Therefore:
1
𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼 2𝑥 3 − 40𝑥 (0  x  2)
1
𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼 −𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 2 − 76𝑥 + 24 (2  x  6)

9
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 1: Solution
To determine the deflection at mid-span, x = 3 m:
1 −69
𝑦3𝑚 = 𝐸𝐼 −(3)3 + 18(3)2 −76(3) + 24 = 𝐸𝐼
−69
= = 0.00215 m = 2.15 mm (ANS)
20×106 1600×10−6
*Negative deflection value shows downward direction

Conclusion:
Each different load produces different section and 2 constant
unknowns. Say if we have 4 sections (8 unknowns).Therefore, this
method is not practical.

MAC CAULAY METHOD

This is a simplified method based on the double integration concept.
In this method, only ONE section will be considered which is at the
last loading type.

10
 6/2/2013

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

• Mac Caulay functions

0 for x  a
𝑛
𝑥−𝑎 =
(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 for x  a
na

• Integration of Mac Caulay functions:

𝑛
𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑛+1
𝑥−𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

EXAMPLE 2: Mac Caulay Method

The cantilever beam shown in the figure below is subjected to a
vertical load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.

A B x
yA
A Elastic curve
x
L

11
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 2: Solution
• From the free-body diagram, with M acting in the positive
direction as shown in figure, we have M = -Px

• Integrating twice yields;

𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥2 = −𝑃𝑥 …. (1) P

𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 =− + 𝐶1 …. (2) M
𝑑𝑥 2
x V
𝑃𝑥 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 …. (3)
6

EXAMPLE 2: Solution
• Using the boundary conditions dy/dx = 0 at x = L and y = 0 at x = L,
Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) becomes;
𝑃𝐿2
0=− + 𝐶1
2 P
𝑃𝐿3
0=− + 𝐶1 𝐿 + 𝐶2
6 M
𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝐿3 V
Therefore, 𝐶1 = and 𝐶2 = − x
2 3

• Substituting these results, we get;

𝑷 𝑷
𝜽 = 𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝑳𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟔𝑬𝑰 −𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝑳𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐𝑳𝟑 (ANS)

12
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 3
Repeat Example 1 with using the Mac Caulay Method.

18 kN
y
2m 4m

A x
B C

6m

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Determine the Reaction Forces at A and C

Taking moment at C; MC = 0

VA (6) – 18(4) = 0
 VA = 12 kN

Fy = 0
VA + VC = 0
 VC = 6 kN

13
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Consider to make a section after last load, i.e. in region BC (section
made from left to right). Therefore, the moment equation:

Mx = 12x – 18(x – 2)

18

2m
A M
B

12
x

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Moment: 𝑀 = 12𝑥 − 18 𝑥 − 2
𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥2 = 12𝑥 − 18 𝑥 − 2 …. (1)

𝑑𝑦 12𝑥 2 18 𝑥−2 2
Slope: 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = − + 𝐶1
2 2
2 2
= 6𝑥 − 9 𝑥 − 2 + 𝐶1 …. (2)

12𝑥 3 18 𝑥−2 3
Deflection: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − +𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6
3 3
= 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 2 + +𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 …. (3)

14
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Boundary Conditions

At x = 0, y = 0 and from Eq. (3):

𝐸𝐼(0) = 2 0 3 − 3 0 − 2 3 + +𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
 C2 = 0

At x = 6, y = 0 and from Eq. (3):

𝐸𝐼(6) = 2 6 3 − 3 6 − 2 3 + +𝐶1 (6) + 0
 C1 = 40

EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Therefore, Eq. (2) becomes:
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 − 9 𝑥 − 2 2 − 40 …. (4)

and Eq. (3) becomes:

𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 3 𝑥 − 2 3
− 40𝑥 …. (5)

At mid-span, x = 3 m:
𝐸𝐼𝑦3𝑚 = 2(3)3 − 3 3 − 2 3 − 40 3 = 69
−69
 𝑦3𝑚 = 20×106 1600×10−6 = 0.00215 m = 2.15 m (ANS)

𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 6(3)2 −9 3 − 2 2
− 40 = 5
𝑑𝑥 3𝑚
𝑑𝑦 5
 = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 rad (ANS)
𝑑𝑥 3𝑚 20×106 1600×10−6

15
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 4
Determine the maximum deflection of the beam shown in the figure
below. EI is constant.

8 kN
D
120 kNm
yD
B
yC A
C

10 m 20 m

EXAMPLE 4: Solution
The beam deflects as shown in the figure. The boundary conditions
require zero displacement at A and B (yA = yB = 0).
8 kN
x 120 kNm
B
A
VA = 6 kN x VB = 2 kN

x
10 m 30 m

• The moment equation section at x-x is:

𝑀 = −8𝑥 + 6 𝑥 − 10
= −8𝑥 + 6 𝑥 − 10 kNm

16
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 4: Solution
Integrating twice yields:
𝑑2 𝑦 1 1
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥2 = −8 𝑥 + 6 𝑥 − 10 …. (1)
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 10 2
+ 𝐶1 …. (2)
4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 10 3
+ 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 …. (3)

Boundary Conditions
y = 0 at x = 10 m and from Eq. (3):
0 = −1333 + 10 − 10 3 + 𝐶1 10 + 𝐶2
y = 0 at x = 30 m and from Eq. (3):
0 = −36000 + 30 − 10 3 + 𝐶1 30 + 𝐶2

 C1 = 1333 and C2 = 12000

EXAMPLE 4: Solution
From Eq. (2):
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 = −4𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 − 10 2
+ 1333 …. (4)
From Eq. (3):
4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 10 3
+ 1333𝑥 − 12000 …. (5)

To obtain the deflection at C, x = 0. Therefore, from Eq. (5):

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
 𝒚𝑪 = − kNm3 (ANS)
𝑬𝑰
*The negative sign indicates that deflection is downward

17
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 4: Solution
To determine the length at point D, use Eq. (4) with x  10 and
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥

0 = −4𝑥𝐷 2 + 3 𝑥𝐷 − 10 2 + 1333
4𝑥𝐷 2 + 60𝑥𝐷 − 1633 = 0
Solving for the positive root, xD = 20.3 m

EXAMPLE 4: Solution
Hence from Eq. (5):
4
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐷 = − 20.3 3 + 20.3 − 10 3
+ 1333(20.3) − 12000
3
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟔
𝒚𝑫 = kNm3 (ANS)
𝑬𝑰
*The positive sign indicates that deflection is upward

Comparing yD with yC, ymax = yC (ANS)

18
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 5
Determine the slope and deflection at x = 3 m. Also, determine the
location and magnitude of the maximum deflection. Given EI = 4000
kNm2.

5 kN
10 kNm 2 kN/m

A B

2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

EXAMPLE 5: Solution
Determine the reaction forces at A and B

Taking moment at A, MA = 0

10 + (2)(2)(5) + (5)(8)  VB(10) = 0
VB = 7 kN

Fy = 0
VA – 2(2) – 5 + VB = 0
VA = 2 kN

19
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 5: Solution
Cut at section x-x as shown in the figure. Therefore, the moment
equation is given as:
2 𝑥−4 2 2 𝑥−6 2
𝑀𝑥−𝑥 = 2 𝑥 1 + 10 𝑥 − 2 0 − + −5 𝑥−8 1
2 2

5 kN
x
10 kNm 2 kN/m

2 kN x

2m 2m 2m 2m
x

EXAMPLE 5: Solution
𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑥−4 2 2 𝑥−6 2
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 = 2 𝑥 1 + 10 𝑥 − 2 0 − + −5 𝑥−8 1
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑥 2 10 𝑥 − 2 1 2 𝑥 − 4 3 2 𝑥 − 6 3 5 𝑥 − 8 2
𝐸𝐼 =𝜃= + − + − + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 1 6 6 2
2 𝑥 3 10 𝑥 − 2 2 2 𝑥 − 4 4 2 𝑥 − 6 4 5 𝑥 − 8 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + − + − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 2 24 24 6

Boundary Conditions
At x = 0 m, y = 0:
 C2 = 0

At x = 10 m, y = 0:
2 10 3 10 8 2
264 244 52 3
0= + − + − + 10𝐶1
6 2 24 24 6
 C1 = 56

20
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 5: Solution
Slope Equation:
𝑥−4 3 𝑥−6 3 5 𝑥−8 2
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑥 2 + 10 𝑥 − 2 1 − + − − 56
3 3 2

Deflection Equation:
𝑥3 2
𝑥−4 4 𝑥−6 4 5 𝑥−8 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = +5 𝑥−2 − + − − 56𝑥
3 12 12 6

Now, we can find the slope and deflection at x = 3 m. Given EI =

4000 kNm2

1 2 1
𝜃 = 4000 3 + 10 3 − 2 − 56 = 0.00925 rad
1 3 3
2
𝑦 = 4000 = +5 3−2 − 56(3) = 0.00385 m
3

EXAMPLE 5: Solution
To determine the position and magnitude of the maximum
𝑑𝑦
deflection, ymax when = 0:
𝑑𝑥

x (m) 𝒅𝒚
𝑬𝑰
𝒅𝒙
5 -1.3
5.5 +8.13
5.2 +2.5 From interpolation; xmax = 5.1 m

Therefore, at xmax = 5.1 m; ymax = 48.3 mm (ANS)

21
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 6
Find the deflection equation for the given beam. Then, determine
the maximum deflection at mid-span along span AB. Given E = 200
kN/mm2 and I = 10  106 mm4.

20 kN
16 kN/m

C
A B
4m 2m

EXAMPLE 6: Solution
Determine the reactions forces at A and B

Taking moment at B, MB = 0; 20(2)  (16)(4)(2)+ VA(4) = 0

 VA = 22 kN

Fy = 0; VA + VB – 16(4) – 20 = 0
 VB = 62 kN

Cut at section x-x as shown in the figure. x

16 kN/m

4m
22 62
x
x

22
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 6: Solution
Therefore, the moment equation is given as:
𝑥 𝑥−4
𝑀𝑥−𝑥 = 22 𝑥 1 + 62 𝑥 − 4 1 − 16𝑥 + 16 𝑥 − 4
2 2
𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 = 22 𝑥 1 + 62 𝑥 − 4 1 − 8 𝑥 2 + 8 𝑥 − 4 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 22 𝑥 2 62 𝑥 − 4 2 8 𝑥 3 8 𝑥 − 4 3
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = + − + + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 2 3 3
3 3 4 4
22 𝑥 62 𝑥 − 4 8𝑥 8 𝑥−4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + − + + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6 12 12
11 𝑥 3 31 𝑥−4 3 2𝑥 4 2 𝑥−4 4
= 3 + − 3 + 3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3

EXAMPLE 6: Solution
Boundary Condition at A
At x = 0 m, y = 0:
 C2 = 0
Boundary condition at B
At x = 4 m, y = 0:
11 4 3 31 4 − 4 3
24 4
2 4−4 4
𝐸𝐼(0) = + − + + 4𝐶1
3 3 3 3
 C1 = 16

Therefore, the slope and deflection equations are:

𝑑𝑦 8 𝑥 3 8 𝑥−4 3
𝐸𝐼 = 11 𝑥 2 + 31 𝑥 − 4 2 − + − 16
𝑑𝑥 3 3
11 𝑥 3 31 𝑥 − 4 3 2 𝑥 4 2 𝑥 − 4 4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = + − + − 16𝑥
3 3 3 3

23
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 6: Solution
To determine the maximum deflection and where it occurred,
𝑑𝑦
= 0. Therefore:
𝑑𝑥
3 3
2 2
8𝑥 8 𝑥−4
𝐸𝐼(0) = 11 𝑥 + 31 𝑥 − 4 − + − 16
3 3

Consider the maximum deflection occurs along span AB (0  x  4)

2 2
8𝑥3 803
𝐸𝐼(0) = 11 𝑥 + 31 0 − + − 16
3 3
8𝑥 3
0 = 11𝑥 2 − 3 − 16 or
3 2
8x – 33x + 48 = 0

By try and error: xmax = 1.52 m from A.

EXAMPLE 6: Solution
Therefore, the maximum deflection occurs when x = 1.52 m from A.
To calculate the maximum deflection:

11 1.52 3 31 1.52 − 4 3 2 1.52 4 2 1.52 − 4 4

𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + − + − 16(1.52)
3 3 3 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −15
−15
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (200×106 )(10×10−6 ) = 0.0075 m = 7.5 mm (downward)

24
 6/2/2013

MOMENT AREA METHOD

• Based on the properties of elastic curve and bending
moment diagram.
• Suitable to use for determining deflection and slope at a
particular point.
• Also suitable for beam with different cross-section.
• There are two important theorems used in this method.

MOMENT AREA METHOD

Theorem 1
• The angle between the tangents at any two points on the elastic
𝑀
curve equals the area under the 𝐸𝐼 diagram between these two
points.
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
EI 2 = 𝐸𝐼 =𝑀
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑀
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑦 𝑀
• Since 𝜃 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 , so 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝑥𝐵 𝑀 1
• Therefore, 𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥𝐴 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐸𝐼 ∙ 𝑀𝐴−𝐵 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

25
 6/2/2013

MOMENT AREA METHOD

Theorem 1 (Continued)
• This equation forms the basis for the first moment-area
theorem:
𝐵
𝑀
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵/𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝐴

MOMENT AREA METHOD

Theorem 2
• The vertical deviation of the tangent
at point A on the elastic curve with
respect to the tangent extended
from another point B equals the
moment of the area under the
𝑴
diagram between these two
𝑬𝑰
points (A and B). This moment is
computed about point, A where the
vertical deviation tA/B is to be
determined.

26
 6/2/2013

MOMENT AREA METHOD

Theorem 2 (Continued)
• The vertical deviation of the tangent at A with respect to the
tangent at B is given as:
𝐵
𝑀
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝐴

• Then:
𝐵
𝑀
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼
𝐴

where x is the location of the centroid of the shaded area

𝑀
𝑑𝑥 between A and B.
𝐸𝐼

MOMENT AREA METHOD

Theorem 2 (Continued)
• Centroid and Area

𝑏ℎ h
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 =
(𝑛 + 1) 
x
𝑏 b
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑, 𝑥 =
(𝑛 + 2)

*Notes:
o Draw BMD separately for each load, with one reference point
o Write the bending moment equation in f(x) terms
o Upward force produces positive bending moment and vice versa

27
 6/2/2013

MOMENT AREA METHOD

Procedures:

EXAMPLE 7
The beam is subjected to the concentrated force shown in the
figure. Determine the reactions at the supports. EI is constant.

A B

L L

28
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 7: Solution
• The free-body diagram is shown in Fig. (b).

P
VA
MA A B
HA

L L
(b)
VB

EXAMPLE 7: Solution
𝑀
• Using the method of superposition, the separate 𝐸𝐼 diagrams for
the redundant reaction VB and the load P are shown in Fig. (c).

𝟐𝑷𝑳
−
𝑬𝑰
𝑷𝑳
−
𝑬𝑰

B C
A
+ L 2L

𝑽𝑩 𝑳 (c)
𝑬𝑰

29
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 7: Solution
• The elastic curve for the beam is shown in Fig. (d).

tB/A = 0

A
tan A

B tan B
(d)

EXAMPLE 7: Solution
• Applying Theorem 2, we have:
2 1 𝑉𝐵 𝐿 𝐿 −𝑃𝐿 2 1 −𝑃𝐿
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 𝐿 𝐿 + 𝐿 + 𝐿 𝐿 =0
3 2 𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼
VB = 2.5P (ANS)

• Using this result, the reactions at A on the free-body diagram,

of Fig. (b), are:
+ Fx = 0; HA = 0 (ANS)
+ Fy = 0; VA + 2.5P – P = 0
VA = 1.5P (ANS)
+ MA = 0; MA + 2.5P(L) – P(2L) = 0
MA = 0.5PL (ANS)

30
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 8
The beam shown in the figure is pin supported at A and roller at B. A
point load of 60 kN is applied at 6 m from A. Determine:
i) Deflection at B
ii) Slope at B
iii) Maximum deflection

3m 3m 3m

60 kN
A B C

EXAMPLE 8: Solution
The deflection and slope diagram of the beam. Reference point is
taken from A.
3m 3m 3m

60 kN
A B C

yB
VA = 20 kN tB/A VB = 40 kN
B’
tC/A

From the figure, yB = BB’ – tB/A …. (1)

𝐵𝐵′ 𝑡𝐶/𝐴 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
where =  𝐵𝐵 ′ = …. (2)
3 9 3

31
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 8: Solution
The BMD for each loading i.e. VA = 20 kN and P = 60 kN

180 kNm
3m

B
A C
+
60 kNm

180 kNm
6m 3m

1 1 1 90
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = + × 3 × 60 ×3 =+
𝐸𝐼 2 3 𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1 2160
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 =+ × 9 × 180 × 9 − × 3 × 180 ×3 =+
𝐸𝐼 2 3 2 3 𝐸𝐼

EXAMPLE 8: Solution
1 2160 720 A = AB + B
𝐵𝐵′ = =  B = A AB
3 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
720 90 630 𝑡𝐶/𝐴 2160
 From Eq. (1); 𝑦𝐵 = − = ↓ 𝜃𝐴 ≈ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝐴 = =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 9 9𝐸𝐼
1 1 90
Let say EI = 30,000 kNm2 𝜃𝐴𝐵 = + × 3 × 60 = +
𝐸𝐼 2 𝐸𝐼
𝒚𝑩 = 𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒎 ↓ (ANS)  𝜃𝐵 =
2160 90
− =
150
9𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

60 kN Let say EI = 30,000 kNm2

A B C B = 0.005 rad (ANS)

B

A AB tC/A

32
 6/2/2013

EXAMPLE 8: Solution
Say ymax between 0  x  6 as x 60 kN
shown in the figure:
A M C

ymax

ymax = MM’ – tM/A tM/A

tC/A
𝑀𝑀′ 𝑡𝐶/𝐴 𝑥
where =  𝑀𝑀′ = 𝑡 M’
𝑥 9 3 𝐶/𝐴

1 1 1 10𝑥 3
𝑡𝑀/𝐴 = + ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 20𝑥 𝑥 =
𝐸𝐼 2 3 3𝐸𝐼

𝑥 2160 10𝑥 3
 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∙ 𝐸𝐼 −
9 3𝐸𝐼
1 10𝑥 3
= 𝐸𝐼 240𝑥 − 3 …. (3)

EXAMPLE 8: Solution
𝑑𝑦
Maximum deflection occurs when =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 10𝑥 3
From Eq. (3): = 𝐸𝐼 240𝑥 − =0
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 = 24 = 4.9 𝑚 < 6 𝑚  OK as assumed

1 10(4.9)3 785
 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸𝐼 240(4.9) − =
3 𝐸𝐼

Let say EI = 30,000 kNm2

𝟕𝟖𝟓
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝒎 ↓ (ANS)

33