It Workshop Record Lab Manual

JNTUK-UCEV
ITWORKSHOP
LAB MANUAL
Name
Roll No.
Branch
Section
IT WORKSHOP Information Technology
CONTENTS
Task No. Topic Page No.
Task 1 System Assembling ,Disassembling 4-6
Task2 Identification Of Parts/Peripherals 7-15
Task 3 Operating system installation 16-23
Task 4 Trouble-Shooting 24-26
Task 5 Internet and world wide web 27-32
Task 6 MS-Word 33-50
Task 7 MS-Spreadsheet 51-58
Task 8 MS-Power point 59-64
Task 9 Network Configuration and Software Installation 65-68
Task 10 MATLAB 69-73
Task 11 LATEX 74-77
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INTRODUCTION
The objective of IT Workshop is to impart basic computer usage and maintenance skills and to
introduce you to a suite of productivity tools that will aid in your day to day activities.
IT workshop works in a learning-by-doing mode. It concentrates more on hands-on experience for

the participants rather theoretical classes. It enables the participant to make the best use of
Microsoft Office Suite in their day-to-day requirements and make use of it to improve the standards
in the educational environment. The IT Workshop prepares the participant to have a hands-on
experience in maintaining and troubleshooting a PC by themselves.
Computer Hardware, Windows & Linux
Hardware comprises all of the physical parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it
contains or operates on. Software provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks.
Windows is a range of closed source proprietary commercial operating environments for personal
computers and also servers. This range was first introduced by Microsoft in 1985 and eventually has
come to dominate the world of personal computer market. All recent versions of Windows are full-
fledged operating systems.
Linux is a computer operating system. It is among the most famous examples of free software and of
open-source development. Initially, Linux was largely developed and used by individual enthusiasts.
Productivity Tools
Microsoft Office is a suite of productivity programs created by Microsoft and developed for
Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems. In addition to the office applications, it
includes associated servers and Web-based services.
Office is considered to be the de facto standard for productivity programs, and has many features
not present in other suites. However, the reverse is also true, with other programs having
capabilities that Office doesn't.
Microsoft Office suite includes Word, Power Point, Excel, Publisher, and Outlook in most of its
versions.
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Internet and World Wide Web
Internet & World Wide Web module introduces the different ways of hooking on to the internet
from home and workplace and effectively usage of the internet. Usage of web browsers, email,
newsgroups and discussion forums would be covered.
Outcomes:
PC Hardware introduces the students to a personal computer and its basic peripherals, the process
of assembling a personal computer, installation of system software like MS Windows, Linux and the
required device drivers. In addition hardware and software level troubleshooting process, tips and
tricks would be covered. The students should work on working PC to disassemble and assemble to
working condition and install Windows and Linux on the same PC. Students are suggested to work
similar tasks in the Laptop scenario wherever possible. Internet & World Wide Web module
introduces the different ways of hooking the PC on to the internet from home and workplace and
effectively usage of the internet. Usage of web browsers, email, newsgroups and discussion forums
would be covered. In addition, awareness of cyber hygiene, i.e., protecting the personal computer
from getting infected with the viruses, worms and other cyber attacks would be introduced.
Productivity tools module would enable the students in crafting professional word documents, excel
spread sheets and power point presentations using the Microsoft suite of office tools and Latex.
(Recommended to use Microsoft office 2007 in place of MS Office 2003)
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TASK 1
System Assembling, Diassembling
Disassembling the computer system

Detach the power cable:
The disassembling of the computer system starts with externally connected device detachment. Make
sure the computer system is turned off, if not then successfully shut down the system and then start
detaching the external devices from the computer system. It includes removing the power cable from
electricity switchboard, then remove the cable from SMPS (switch mode power supply) from the back
of the CPU Cabinet. Do not start the disassembling without detaching the power cable from the
computer system. Now remove the remaining external devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer
or scanner from the back of CPU cabinet.
Remove the Cover:
The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo the screws on the back of the case,
slide the cover back about an inch and lift it off. The screwdrivers as per the type of screw are required
to do the task.
Remove the adapter cards:
Make sure if the card has any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it would be easier
to remove them before or after you remove the card. Remove the screw if any that holds the card in
place. Grab the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock it lengthwise to release it.
Remove the drives:
Removing drives is easier. There can be possibly three types of drives present in your computer
system, Hard disk drive, CD/DVD/Blue-ray drives, floppy disk drives (almost absolute now a day).
They usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the device to a controller card or
a connector on the motherboard. CD/DVD/Blue Ray drive may have an analog cable connected to the
sound card for direct audio output.
The power may be attached using one of two connectors, a Molex connector or a Berg connector for
the drive. The Molex connector may require to be wiggled slightly from side to side and apply gentle
pressure outwards. The Berg connector may just pull out or it may have a small tab which has to be
lifted with a screwdriver.
Now pull data cables off from the drive as well as motherboard connector. The hard disk drive and
CD/DVD drives have two types of data cables. IDE and SATA cables. The IDE cables need better
care while being removed as it may cause the damage to drive connector pins. Gently wiggle the
cable sideways and remove it. The SATA cables can be removed easily by pressing the tab and
pulling the connector straight back.
Now remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay.
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Remove the memory module:

Memory modules are mounted on the motherboard as the chips that can be damaged by manual force
if applied improperly. Be careful and handle the chip only by the edges. SIMMs and DIMMs are
removed in a different way:
 SIMM - gently push back the metal tabs while holding the SIMM chips in the socket. Tilt the SIMM
chip away from the tabs until a 45% angle. It will now lift out of the socket. Put SIMM in a safe
place.
 DIMM- There is plastic tabs on the end of the DIMM sockets. Press the tabs down and away from
the socket. The DIMM will lift slightly. Now grab it by the edges and place it safely. Do not let the
chips get dust at all.
remove processor
Remove the power supply:

The power supply is attached into tower cabinet at the top back end of the tower. Make sure the
power connector is detached from the switchboard. Start removing the power connector connected to
motherboard including CPU fan power connector, cabinet fan, the front panel of cabinet power buttons
and all the remaining drives if not detached yet.
Now remove the screws of SMPS from the back of the cabinet and the SMPS can be detached from
the tower cabinet.
Remove the motherboard:
Before removing all the connectors from the motherboard, make sure u memorize the connectors for
assembling the computer if required, as that may require connecting the connectors at its place.
Remove the screws from the back of the motherboard and you will be able to detach it from the
cabinet. Now remove the CPU fan from the motherboard. The heat sink will be visible now which can
be removed by the pulling the tab upward. Finally, the processor is visible now, which can be removed
by the plastic tab which can be pulled back one stretching it side way.
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Assembling the computer system

The assembling of the computer system is exactly the opposite of disassembling operation. Before
starting assembling the computer system, make sure you have the screws and a screwdriver for
those.
The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the processor on the
processor socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you don't need to apply any force. The
special ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are usually used to prevent any damage to the processor
pins. Once the processor is mounted, the heat sink will be attached on top of the processor. The CPU
fan is also attached on top of the heat sink.
Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are fixed from behind
of the motherboard.
Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The power connectors
for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to be connected. If the cabinet cooling
FAN is required then it is to be screwed at the back end grill of the cabinet and its power connector is
to be connected from SMPS.
Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install the Hard disk drive
and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure once screwed there is no vibration
in either of the CD/DVD, Hard disk or Floppy disk drives.
Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive socket and
another end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA hard disk drive or CD/DVD
drives use SATA cable and its power cable, else use IDE data cable. Do the proper jumper settings as
per the usage requirement.
It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the RAM to its socket on
the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side tabs are fixed into the RAM notch. If not,
you may still have to press a bit.
Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables or power cable to it. The selection of right
socket or slot is required as per the type of socket.
Cover the tower by placing it and pressing towards front side and screw it.
Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate socket. It includes mouse and keyboard at
PS2 or USB connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect the power cable to the back of
tower in SMPS. Plug in the power cable to the electric board.
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TASK 2
Identifying the peripherals of a computer
Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the block
diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral and submit to your instructor.
AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer.
Introduction to Computer Hardware:
Hardware is the physical appearance of the devices or tools. It is what which we can touch and feel.
Computer Hardware consists of the Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse and all other devices connected
to the computer either externally or internally.
The Mother Board
There are primarily two types of motherboards, AT motherboard, and ATX motherboard. AT
motherboards. The AT and ATX motherboards differ in the form factor. Full AT is 12" wide x 13.8"
deep, and Baby AT is 8.57" wide x 13.04" deep. Full-ATX is 12" wide x 9.6" deep and Mini-ATX is
11.2" wide x 8.2" deep. Other major differences include power supply connector, and keyboard
connector. AT has 5-pin large keyboard connector, whereas ATX has 6-pin mini connector. Similarly,
AT has single row two connectors +/-5V, and +/-12V, whereas ATX motherboard has double row
single connector providing +/-5V, +/-12V, and +3.3V.
The important constituent components of an ATX Motherboard are given below:
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1. Use & keyboard

2. USB
3. Parallel port
4. CPU chip
5. Ram slots
6. Floppy controller
7. IDE controller
8. PCI slot
9. Isa slot
10. CMOS battery
11. AGP slot
12. CPU slot
13. Power supply plug in
1. Mouse & keyboard:
Keyboard Connectors are two types basically. All PCs have a Key board port connected directly to
the motherboard. The AT-style keyboard connector is quickly disappearing, being replaced by the
smaller mini DIN PS/2-style keyboard connector.
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2. USB (Universal serial bus):

USB is the General-purpose connection for PC. You can find USB versions of many different
devices, such as mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers. A USB connector's
distinctive rectangular shape makes it easily recognizable. USB has a number of features that
makes it particularly popular on PCs. First, USB devices are hot swappable. You can insert or
remove them without restarting your system.
3. Parallel port:
Most printers use a special connector called a parallel port. Parallel port carry data on more than
one wire, as opposed to the serial port, which uses only one wire. Parallel ports use a 25-pin female
DB connector. Parallel ports are directly supported by the motherboard through a direct
connection or through a dangle.
4. CPU Chip:
The central processing unit, also called the microprocessor performs all the calculations that take
place inside a pc. CPUs come in Variety of shapes and sizes.Modern CPUs generate a lot of heat and
thus require a cooling fan or heat sink. The cooling device (such as a cooling fan) is removable,
although some CPU manufactures sell the CPU with a fan permanently attached.
5. RAM slots:
Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores programs and data currently being used by the CPU. RAM is
measured in units called bytes. RAM has been packaged in many different ways. The most current
package is called a 168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory module).
6. Floppy controller:
The floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable, which in turn connects to the
motherboard. A floppy controller is one that is used to control the floppy drive.
7. IDE controller:
Industry standards define two common types of hard drives: EIDE and SCSI. Majority of the PCs
use EIDE drives. SCSI drives show up in high end PCs such as network servers or graphical
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Workstations. The EIDE drive connects to the hard drive via a 2-inch-wide, 40-pin ribbon
cable, which in turn connects to the motherboard. IDE controller is responsible for controlling
the hard drive.
8. PCI slot:
Intel introduced the Peripheral component interconnect bus protocol. The PCI bus is used to
connect I/O devices (such as NIC or RAID controllers) to the main logic of the computer. PCI bus has
replaced the ISA bus.
9. ISA slot (Industry Standard Architecture):
It is the standard architecture of the Expansion bus. Motherboard may contain some slots to
connect ISA compatible cards.
10. CMOS Battery:
To provide CMOS with the power when the computer is turned off all motherboards comes
with a battery. These batteries mount on the motherboard in one of three ways: the obsolete
external battery, the most common onboard battery, and built-in battery.
11. AGP slot:
If you have a modern motherboard, you will almost certainly notice a single connector that
looks like a PCI slot, but is slightly shorter and usually brown. You also probably have a video card
inserted into this slot. This is an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) slot
12. CPU slot:
To install the CPU, just slide it straight down into the slot. Special notches in the slot make it
impossible to install them incorrectly. So remember if it does not go easily, it is probably not correct.
Be sure to plug in the CPU fan's power.
13. Power supply plug in:
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The Power supply, as its name implies, provides the necessary electrical power to make the pc
operate. The power supply takes standard 110-V AC power and converts into +/-12-Volt, +/-5-
Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power.
2. CPU (Processor)
The central processing unit (CPU, occasionally central processor unit) is the hardware within a
computer system which carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic
arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.
3. SMPS (Switched mode Power Supply)
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic

power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.
4. Cabinet
A computer cabinet is an enclosure with fitted, fixed or removable side panels and doors. The
cabinet contains a computer rack for mounting computers or other electronic equipment.
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5. CPU heat Sink and fan
A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling, and may
refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move
air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.
6. RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer where the operating system, application
programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's
processor. RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a
computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM. However, the data in RAM stays there only as
long as your computer is running. When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data. When you
turn your computer on again, your operating system and other files are once again loaded into RAM,
usually from your hard disk
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7. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
The hard disk is housed inside the hard drive, which reads and writes data to the disk. The hard drive
also transmits data back and forth between the CPU and the disk.
8. FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
9. CD-ROM Drive
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10. CD Writer
A CDROM (compact disk read-only memory), also written as CD-ROM, is a type of optical storage
media that allows data to be written to it only once
11. Different Screws Used
12. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Card
Stands for "Accelerated Graphics Port." AGP is a type of expansion slot designed specifically for
graphics cards.
13. LAN (Local Area Network) card
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A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so
that it can be connected to a network. Personal computers and workstations on a local area network
(LAN) typically contain a network interface card specifically designed for the LAN transmission
technology, such as Ethernet or token ring.
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TASK 3
Operating system installation
AIM: To install Windows XP
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep on press the delete button and go to advanced BIOS feature.

[ BIOS- Basic Input Output System ]
2. And go to boot sequence. Select first boot drivers. CD ROM and press F10 to save
the bios feature. Yes and then enter. Press any key to boot from CD. Press enter
to setup windows XP.
F8 = To agree the license.
3. Press ESC to don’t repair the windows XP setup.
4. Press ‘p’ to delete the previous partitions. Then press enter.
5. Press ‘L’ to delete the partition.
6. Press ‘C’ to create the partition in the un partition space.
7. Press enter to setup windows XP on the selected items.
BASIC FILE SYSTEMS:
FAT: File Allocation Table.
NTFS: New Technology File System.
Format the create using NTFS partition
BASIC STEPS IN INSTALLATION:-
 Collecting information.
 Dynamic update.
 Preparing installation
 Installing windows.
 Tracking installation.
Select the language as English (United States), then
ok. Enter your name and organization.
Enter the product key.
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Enter the computer name and give password (if necessary) then ok.
Then select the date and time.
Then select the typical setting.
Windows XP Installation
Installation process
Installing Windows XP can take up to two hours. To make the process more manageable, it has been
broken up into several sections. When you are ready, install Windows XP:
Part 1: Begin the installation

Part 2: Continue the installation
Part 3: Complete the installation
Part 1: Begin the installation
Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer and restart your computer.
If prompted to start from the CD, press SPACEBAR. If you miss the prompt (it only appears
for a few seconds), restart your computer to try again.
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Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so you must use
the keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.
Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so you must use the
Keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.
On the Windows XP Licensing Agreement page read the licensing agreement. Press the PAGE
DOWN key to scroll to the bottom of the agreement. Then press F8.
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This page enables you to select the hard disk drive on which Windows XP will be installed. Once you
complete this step, all data on your hard disk drive will be removed and cannot be recovered. It is
extremely important that you have a recent backup copy of your files before continuing. When you
have a backup copy, press D, and then press L when prompted. This deletes your existing data.
Windows XP erases your hard disk drive using a process called formatting and then copies the setup
files. You can leave your computer and return in 20 to 30 minutes.
Part 2: Continue the installation
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Windows XP restarts and then continues with the installation process. From this point forward, you
can use your mouse. Eventually, the Regional and Language Options page appears. Click Next to
accept the default settings. If you are multilingual or prefer a language other than English, you can
change language settings after setup is complete.
On the Personalize Your Software page, type your name and your organization name. Some
programs use this information to automatically fill in your name when required. Then, click next.
On the Your Product Key page, type your product key as it appears on your Windows XP CD case.
The product key is unique for every Windows XP installation. Then, click next.
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Part 3: Complete the installation
Windows XP will spend 20 or 30 minutes configuring your computer and will automatically restart
when finished. When the Display Settings dialog appears, click OK.
On the Thank you! Page, click Finish.
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How to Install Linux

Linux is the foundation of thousands of open source operating systems designed to replace Windows
and Mac OS. It is free to download and install on any computer. Because it is open source, there are a
variety of different versions, or distributions, available developed by different groups. Follow this guide
for basic instructions on how to install any version of Linux, as well as specific instructions for some of
the most popular ones.
1. Download the Linux distribution of your choice.
If you're new to Linux, consider trying a lightweight and easy to use distribution, such as Ubuntu or
Linux Mint. Linux distributions (known as "distros") are typically available for free to download in ISO
format. You can find the ISO for the distribution of your choice at the distribution’s website. This format
needs to be burned to a CD or USB stick before you can use it to install Linux. This will create a Live
CD or Live USB.
 A Live CD or Live USB is a disk that you can boot into, and often contains a preview version of the
operating system that can be run directly from the CD or USB stick.
 Install an image burning program, or use your system’s built-in burning tool if you are using Windows
7, 8, or Mac OS X. Pen Drive Linux and UNetBootin are two popular tools for burning ISO files to USB
sticks.
Boot into the Live CD or Live USB.
Most computers are set to boot into the hard drive first, which means you will need to change some
settings to boot from your newly-burned CD or USB. Start by rebooting the computer.
 Once the computer reboots, press the key used to enter the boot menu. The key for your system will
be displayed on the same screen as the manufacturer’s logo. Typical keys include F12, F2, or Del.
 For Windows 8 users, hold the Shift key and click restart. This will load the Advanced Startup Options,
where you can boot from CD.
 For Windows 10 users, go to advanced boot in settings and click "Restart Now."
 If your computer doesn't give you direct access to the boot menu from the manufacturer's splash
screen, it's most likely hidden in the BIOS menu. You can access the BIOS menu in the same way
that you would get to the boot menu. At the manufacturer splash screen, the key should be listed in
one of the bottom corners.
Once you're in the boot menu, select your live CD or USB. Once you’ve changed the settings, save
and exit the BIOS setup or boot menu. Your computer will continue with the boot process.
Try out the Linux distribution before installing.
Most Live CDs and USBs can launch a "live environment", giving you the ability to test it out before
making the switch. You won’t be able to create files, but you can navigate around the interface and
decide if it’s right for you.
Start the installation process.
If you’re trying out the distro, you can launch the installation from the application on the desktop. If
you decided not to try out the distribution, you can start the installation from the boot menu.
 You will be asked to configure some basic options, such as language, keyboard layout, and timezone
5. Create a username and password. You will need to create login information to install Linux. A
password will be required to log into your account and perform administrative tasks.
6. Set up the partition. Linux needs to be installed on a separate partition from any other operating
systems on your computer if you intend dual booting Linux with another OS. A partition is a portion of
the hard drive that is formatted specifically for that operating system. You can skip this step if you
don't plan on dual booting.
 Distros such as Ubuntu will set a recommended partition automatically. You can then adjust this
manually yourself. Most Linux installations require at least 20 GB, so be sure to set aside enough
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room for both the Linux operating system and any other programs you may install and files you may
create.
 If the installation process does not give you automatic partitions, make sure that the partition you
create is formatted as Ext4. If the copy of Linux you are installing is the only operating system on the
computer, you will most likely have to manually set your partition size.
7. Boot into Linux. Once the installation is finished, your computer will reboot. You will see a new
screen when your computer boots up called “GNU GRUB”. This is a boot loader that handles Linux
installations. Pick your new Linux distro from the list. This screen may not show up if you only have
one operating system on your computer. If this screen isn't being presented to you automatically, then
you can get it back by hitting shift right after the manufacturer splash screen.
 If you install multiple distros on your computer, they will all be listed here
8. Check your hardware. Most hardware should work out of the box with your Linux distro, though
you may need to download some additional drivers to get everything working.
 Some hardware requires proprietary drivers to work correctly in Linux. This is most common with
graphics cards. There is typically an open source driver that will work, but to get the most out of your
graphics cards you will need to download the proprietary drivers from the manufacturer.
 In Ubuntu, you can download proprietary drivers through the System Settings menu. Select the
Additional Drivers option, and then select the graphics driver from the list. Other distros have specific
methods for obtaining extra drivers.
 You can find other drivers from this list as well, such as Wi-Fi drivers.
9. Start using Linux. Once your installation is complete and you’ve verified that your hardware is
working, you’re ready to start using Linux. Most distros come with several popular programs installed,
and you can download many more from their respective file repositories.
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TASK 4
Troubleshooting
Hardware Troubleshooting: Students have to be given a PC which does not boot due to improper
assembly or defective peripherals
AIM: Hardware troubleshooting
Troubleshoot:-
1. If you hit the power button & nothing happened.

 Check all power connections.
 Check for power on mother board.
2. If the system turns on but does not beep or begin to boot up.
 Remove all components except motherboard/ cpu / mother check by
giving power to them
Computer error beeps codes:
No beep: short, no power, bad CPU/ MD, loose peripherals.
One beep: everything is normal & computer posted tax.
Two beeps: post / CMOS error.
One long beep one short beep: Motherboard problem.
One long beep two short beep: video problem.
One long beep 3 short beeps: video problem.
3 long beeps: keyboard error.
Repeated long beep: memory error.
Continuous high- low beeps: CPU overheating Experiment no: 1
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b) Software Troubleshooting: Students have to be given a malfunctioning CPU due to system

software problems. They should identify the problem and fix it to get the computer back to
working condition.
AIM: Software troubleshooting
PROCEDURE:
Error messages encountered during boot before Windows loads
Ensure that your computer BIOS settings are correctly configured to the hardware that is installed in
your computer
Error messages while windows loading
1. If you have recently installed or changed something that could have caused normal windows to
stop loading, try loading the last known good configuration
2. If you are unable to get into Normal windows and believe that removing or uninstalling a program
or changing a setting may help enable you to get into windows, boot the computer into windows XP
safe mode
3.If your computer has worked fine in the past but recently has been experiencing the issue you are
encountering run the system restore option to restore the computer to an earlier date Other error
messages that occur while windows is loading or after windows is loaded
1. If error occur but windows still loads , verify no issues or conflict exits in device manager
2. Ensure that if programs are loading automatically that these errors are not associated with these
programs
3. Make sure Windows XP is up to date by checking Microsoft windows update page
4. If your computer has virus protection installed make sure that it is up to date and that no virus are
being detected
5. If your computer has worked fine in the past but recently has been experiencing the issue you
are encountering run the system restore option to restore the computer to an earlier date.
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The test consists of various systems with hardware/software troubleshooting related troubles,
Formatted disks without operating systems
Take two motherboards, identify the components and explain the functionality of each component
given the various components of a computer identify and assemble them
Given a computer, disassemble it.
1. Install any OS of choice

2. Demonstrate basic Linux commands
3. Install application software of choice
4. Hardware troubleshooting
5. Software troubleshooting
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TASK 5
Web Browsers, Surfing the Web: Students customize their web browsers with the LAN proxy
settings, bookmarks, search toolbars and pop up blockers.
PURPOSE: To learn to surf the web
THEORY:
 Web browser provides the means to the searching and also helps to download the web
content.
 Web browsers support most of the famous Internet Protocols like HTTP, FTP.
 Common file formats a browser accepts are HTML
 Well known browsers natively support a variety of other formats in addition to HTML such as
JPEG,PNG,GIF image formats
 Different web browsers available in the market are:
 Silver Smith
 Mosaic
 Netscape
 Mozilla
 Opera
 Lynx
 Safari
Bookmark:
Each web browser is built-in with the support of Internet Bookmarks which serve as a named
anchor – primarily to URLs. The primary purpose of this book mark is to easily catalog and access
web pages that the web browser user has visited or plans to visit, without having to navigate the
web to get there.
Pop-up Blockers:
Pop-ups are a form of online advertising on the WWW intended to attract the attention of the users.
These pop ups are hosted on the web sites which are frequently visited by the netizens. These pop
ups are activated when these web sites open a new web browser window and there by displaying
the advertisements.
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Plug-ins:
A plug-in is a software component program that interacts with a main application to provide a better
integration of the media. The basic difference between application programs and plug-ins is that
multimedia files are launched in a separate window where as in plug-ins multimedia play in the
browser window.
Few famous plug-INS are:
 Apple Quick Time

 Macromedia flash
 Microsoft Media Player
 Adobe Shockwave
 Sun Micro systems Java Applet
PROCEDURE:
LAN Proxy Settings:
 select tools menu in Internet Explorer

 Select Internet Options
 Select Connections
 You end up in two options
 Dial-up and virtual network settings
 LAN setting
 The selection at this step is dependent on the kind of connection you are trying to
configure. They are:
 Dial-up modem connection

 LAN connection
 DSL or Cable modem
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b) How to access the websites and email& Search Engines & various threats on the internet and
would be asked to configure their computer to be safe on the internet, Antivirus downloads to
avoid viruses and/or worms.
PURPOSE: To know what search engines are and how to use the search engines.
A search engine can be defined as a web site with tools which help you to find information on the
internet Function of a search engine You can find anything from a schedule of White house tours to
instructions for removing stains from clothes.
Limitations:
Search engines visit web sites only several weeks. Search engines cannot see information in other
data bases later on.
On the internet a search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A spider (crawler or
bot) that goes to every page or representative pages on every web site that wants to be searchable
and reads it , using hypertext links on each page to discover and read site’s other pages.
Pros:
 You can select the search terms

 You can use the same search terms with multiple search engines
 You can change search terms as much as you wish
 You will normally receive numerous links
 Its fast
Cons:
 There are so many different search engines it may be difficult to choose

 You will normally receive too many links often making it difficult to identify the most
relevant sites.
 The vast majority of links may be only marginally relevant or altogether irrelevant
EX:
 Alta Vista
 Ask Jeeves
 Google
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 Lycos
Etc...
Meta Search Engines:
Meta search engines or “met crawlers” don’t crawl the web themselves. Instead they search the
resources of multiple search engines by sending a search to several search engines at once
aggregating the result.
Pros:
 You only need to use one search tool which is time- efficient
 You only need to learn how to use one search engine reducing learning curve
 You benefit from the difference among several search tools at once
Cons:
 Meta search services may not be able to leverage each individual search engines full
range of query tools resulting in less refined searches
 You cannot personally select the search engines queried by Meta search services.
Viruses and/or worms.
PURPOSE: To learn various threats on the internet and configure the computer to be safe on the
internet.
THEORY:
Antivirus:
Antivirus software is a program that either comes installed on your computer or that you purchase
and install yourself. It protects your computer against most viruses, worms, Trojan horses and other
unwanted invaders that can make your computer sick.
Firewall:
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A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect a private computer network from
unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located at a network gateway server
which protects the resources of the private network from users from other networks.
PROCEDURE:
Installing Symantec antivirus for Windows:
 Insert Symantec antivirus CD into your CD drive

 Double click on the Symantec-setup.exe
 The installer will open
 Click next to proceed
 License agreement will open .Click I accept the terms of the license agreement and
then click next.
 Follow the instruction on the screen to complete the installation.
Get Computer Updates:
 Click start> settings>control panel

 Click Automatic Updates icon to open Automatic Updates dialog box
 Check the box Keep my computer up to date
 Choose a setting
 Click OK
Block Pop ups:
 In the IE open tools>pop-up blocker

 Click on Turn on Pop- up blocker
Windows Firewall:
 Go to Start>control panel>Network and Internet Connections>windows firewall

 In the general tab check the On(recommended) box
 If you don’t want any exceptions check on Don’t allow exceptions box
A test which simulates all of the above tasks would be crafted and given to the students.
PURPOSE: Test to simulate all the tasks related to Internet Security
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THEORY:
 Identify and explain the components required to establish a network

 Establish internet connection and create a new email id , send mail and attachment file to
other mail account
 Define search engine. List the various search engines. Navigate through any of the search
engine like Google and explore its features.
 Download a file from the internet. Write the various steps involved in downloading
 What is Antivirus software? List a few popular anti-virus kits available.
 Explain the functionality of the firewall quoting a few examples
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TASK 6
Word Orientation: an overview of Microsoft (MS) office 2007/ 10: Importance of MS office
2007/10, overview of toolbars, saving files, Using help and resources, rulers, format painter.
INTRODUCTION TO MS-OFFICE
Microsoft office is a set of inter related desk top applications ,servers and services, collectively refers to
as an office suit for the micro soft windows and MAC OSX operating systems .
MS WORD:
Microsoft Word is a word processing software package. we can use it to type letters, reports, and
other documents. In Word 2007, how a window displays depends on the size of your window, the
size of Your monitor and the resolution to which your monitor is set. Resolution determines how
much information your computer monitor can display.
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STARTING MS WORD:-
Two ways of starting MSWORD:-
Double click on Microsoft word icon on the desk top.
Click on start ->programs->ms office ->ms word.
The Microsoft Office Button
In the upper-left corner of the Word 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. When you click
the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a
file, and perform many other tasks.
The Quick Access Toolbar
The Quick Access toolbar provides you with access to commands you frequently use. By default
Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You can use Save syour file, Undo to
rollback an action you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back.
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The Ribbon
We use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the screen, below the
Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs; clicking a tab displays several
related command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to
issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes
The Ruler
We can use the ruler to change the format of your document quickly
The Text Area
You type your document in the text area. The blinking vertical line in the upper-left corner of the
text area is the cursor.
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The Status Bar
The Status bar appears at the very bottom of your window and provides such information as the
current page and the number of words in your document.
Using Latex and Word to create project certificate. Features to be covered:-Formatting Fonts in
word, Drop Cap in word, Applying Text effects, Using Character Spacing, Borders and Colors,
Inserting Header and Footer, Using Date and Time option in both LaTeX and Word.
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b) Using Word to create project certificate. Features to be covered:-Formatting Fonts in word, Drop
Cap in word, Applying Text effects, Using Character Spacing, Borders and Colors, Inserting Header
and Footer, Using Date and Time option in Word.
The graphical user interface (GUI) provides ways to apply the various font formatting options (or
character formatting options) to your text. In Word 2010 and Word 2007, many of these options
are displayed directly in the Font group on the Home tab of the Ribbon and on the contextual
toolbar that appears when you right-click within text. Additional options are available in the
Font dialog box, which you can open by clicking the Font dialog box launcher ( ) in the lower
right-hand corner of the Font group on the Home tab. In Word 2003, many of these options
are displayed directly on the Formatting toolbar, and additional options are available in the Font
dialog box, which you can open by right-clicking and then clicking Font ( ) on the context-sensitive
menu that opens or by clicking Font on the Format menu. The Font dialog box has two tabs.
Font
Character Spacing
The font formatting options that you can configure on the Font tab in the Font dialog box influence
the appearance of the individual characters in your text.
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A drop cap is a specially formatted letter that appears at the beginning of a paragraph. Word 2007
offers two styles of drop caps. The first, and more common, begins the paragraph with a large letter
that spills down into the text. Thus, the drop cap displaces the first few lines of the paragraph. The
second style places the large first letter in the margin adjacent to the paragraph.
Add an effect to text
Select the text that you want to add an effect to.
On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Text Effect.
Click the effect that you want.
For more choices, point to Outline, Shadow, Reflection, or Glow, and then click the effect that you
want to add.
Remove an effect from text
Select the text that you want to remove an effect from.
On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Clear Formatting.
If you want to add a graphic or text at the top or the bottom of your document, you need to add a
header or footer. You can quickly add a header or footer from the galleries or you can add a
custom header or footer.
You can use these same steps to add a header or footer without page numbers.
Add a header or footer from the gallery
On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Header or Footer.
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Click the header or footer that you want to add to your document.
To return to the body of your document, click Close Header and Footer on the Design tab (under
Header & Footer Tools).
Click where you want to insert the date or time.
On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Quick Parts.
Click Field.
In the Categories box, click Date and Time.
In the Field names box, click Create Date, Print Date, or Save Date.
In the Date formats box, click the date and time format that you want — for example, 2/12/2008
9:45 PM or 12 February 2008.
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Creating project abstract Features to be covered:-Formatting Styles, Inserting table, Bullets and
Numbering, Changing Text Direction, Cell alignment, Footnote, Hyperlink, Symbols, Spell Check,
Track Changes.
To create a document applying the above mentioned techniques.
THEORY:
Table: A table consists of rows and columns.
Cell Alignment:
Aligns contents written in a table in the top left corner or top right corner or in the center etc.
Foot Note:
Foot notes are used to comments on, or provide references for text in a document.
Hyperlink:
It is a colored and underlined text or a graphic that you click to go to a file, a location in a file , an
HTML page on the world wide web, or an HTML page in an intranet.
Symbols:
You may not be able to enter certain symbols into your word document, as there is a limitation on
the keys on the key board. Creating these new symbols especially when working with mathematical
terms it becomes very difficult .For example we can insert symbols such as,,,
Spell check:
It automatically checks for spelling and grammatical errors
Bullets and Numbering:
In Microsoft word we can easily create bulleted or numbered list of items.
Formatting Styles:
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A style is a set of rules to be followed for the effective document. Style can be applied to text,
paragraph, table or a list.
Changing text direction:
You can change the text orientation in drawing objects, such as text boxes, shapes, and callouts, or
in table cells so that the text is displayed vertically or horizontally.
Track changes:
Track changes are an excellent feature of Microsoft word as it enables a user or reviewer to keep
track of the changes that have taken a period. Changes like insertion, deletion or formatting changes
can be kept track of.
Procedure:
Changing Text direction:
1. Click the drawing object or table cell that contains the text you want to change.
2. On the Format menu, click Text Direction.
3. Click the orientation you want.
Table:
1. Click where you want to create a table.

2. On the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Table.
3. Under Table size, select the number of columns and rows.
4. Under AutoFit behavior, choose options to adjust table size.
5. To use a built-in table format, click AutoFormat.
Select the options you want
Cell Alignment:
1. Click the cell that contains text you want to align.

2. On the Tables and Borders toolbar, select the option for the horizontal and vertical alignment
you want— for example, Align Bottom Center or Align Top Right.
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Foot Note:
1. In print layout view, click where you want to insert the note reference mark.
2. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, and then click Footnote.
3. Click Footnotes or Endnotes.
By default, Word places footnotes at the end of each page and endnotes at the end of the
document. You can change the placement of footnotes and endnotes by making a selection
in the Footnotes or Endnotes box.
4. In the Number format box, click the format you want.

5. Click Insert.
Word inserts the note number and places the insertion point next to the note number.
6. Type the note text.

7. Scroll to your place in the document and continue typing.
As you insert additional footnotes or endnotes in the document, Word automatically applies
the correct number format.
Hyper link:
Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink, and then click Insert Hyperlink on the
Standard toolbar
Do one of the following:
1. Link to an existing file or web page:
1. Under Link to, click Existing File or Web Page.

2. In the Address box, type the address you want to link to or, in the Look in box, click
the down arrow, and navigate to and select the file
2. Link to a file you haven’t created yet
Under Link to, click Create New Document.
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3. In the Name of new document box, type the name of the new file.
4. Under When to edit, click either Edit the new document later or Edit the new
document now
An e-mail address:
1. Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink, and then click Insert Hyperlink
on the Standard toolbar
2. Under Link to, click E-mail Address.
3. Either type the e-mail address you want in the E-mail address box, or select an e-mail address
in the recently used e-mail addresses box.
4. In the Subject box, type the subject of the e-mail message
A specific location in another document
1. Insert a bookmark in the destination file or Web page.

2. Open the file that you want to link from, and select the text or object you want to display as
the hyperlink.
3. On the Standard toolbar, click Insert Hyperlink .

4. Under Link to, click Existing File or Web Page.
5. In the Look in box, click the down arrow, and navigate to and select the file that you want to
link to.
6. Click Bookmark, select the bookmark you want, and then click OK.
Symbol:
1. Click where you want to insert the symbol.

2. On the Insert menu, click Symbol, and then click the Symbols tab.
3. In the Font box, click the font that you want.
4. Double-click the symbol that you want to insert.
5. Click Close
Spell check: On the Standard toolbar, click Spelling and Grammar .
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1. When Word finds a possible spelling or grammatical problem, make your changes in the
Spelling and Grammar dialog box.
Bullets and Numbering:
1. Type 1.to start a numbered list or * (asterisk) to start a bulleted list, and then press
SPACEBAR or TAB.
2. Type any text you want.
3. Press ENTER to add the next list item.
Word automatically inserts the next number or bullet.
4. To finish the list, press ENTER twice, or press BACKSPACE to delete the last bullet or number
in the list
Formatting Styles:
1. Select the words, paragraph, list, or table you want to change.

2. If the Styles and Formatting task pane is not open, click Styles and Formatting on the
Formatting toolbar
3. Click the style you want in the Styles and Formatting task pane.
If the style you want is not listed, click All Styles in the Show box
Track Changes:
1. Open the document you want to revise.

2. On the Tools menu, click Track Changes
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b) Creating a Newsletter: Features to be covered:- Table of Content, Newspaper columns, Images
from files and clipart, Drawing toolbar and Word Art, Formatting Images, Textboxes, Paragraphs
and Mail Merge in word.
Description about MS-word:
To create news Letter Microsoft Word is a popular and commonly used word processing
program. It is one of the most popular word processing programs, if not the most popular. Microsoft
Word is often used in businesses, schools and universities.
THEORY:
Microsoft Word is a popular and commonly used word processing program. It is one of the most
popular word processing programs, if not the most popular. Microsoft Word is often used in
businesses, schools and universities.
Table of contents:
Table of contents displays a list of headings in a created document. It basically

provides an outline of the entire document created
Newspaper columns:
One can create a newspaper columns document by specifying the number of new
letter-style column required and then adjust their width,and add vertical lines between columns.
Images from files and clipart:
Inserting a picture (graphic) from a file and clipart may be required for a document.
This picture could be a scanned photograph or any other digitally produced one. These pictures can
be modified, resized, cropped and enhanced.
Drawing toolbar and Word Art:
One can create his/her own drawings in Microsoft word.Ms word provides a full
fledged drawing tool bar. Word Art in Microsoft word enables you to create special and
decorative text.
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Formatting Images, Textboxes and Paragraphs:
Formatting an image includes selecting appropriate color, size, layout and cropping. Generally
the text in a document follows a standard orientation (line after line). A text box provides a
different orientation to the text with in a document. It can arrange the text in anywhere and can
be resized and moreover moved to any section of the document or even outside.
When you are formatting a paragraph, you do not need to highlight the entire
paragraph. Placing the cursor anywhere in the paragraph enables you to format it. After you set a
paragraph format, subsequent paragraphs will have the same format unless you change the format
PROCEDURE:
Table of contents:
1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents.

2. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, and click Index and Tables.
3. Click the Table of Contents tab.
4. To use one of the available designs, click a design in the Formats box.
5. Select any other table of contents options you want.
Newspaper columns:
1. Select the entire or part of document to be converted into a newsletter-style
2. Click on format menu , select columns
3. Any desired number of columns are presets-one or two or three or left or right b\can be selected.
4. Width and spacing can be fixed and equal columns width can be checked for uniformity
5. If a newspaper columns are to be separated by a line, then check line between
6. Under apply to will be whole document if entire document is selected else we have to select a
selected text.
7. Click ok
Inserting images from files and clip art:
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1. Click where you want to insert the picture.

2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click From File.
3. Locate the picture you want to insert.
4. Double-click the picture you want to insert.
CLIP ART:
1. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click Clip Art.
2. In the Clip Art task pane, in the Search for box, type a word or phrase that describes
the clip you want or type in all or some of the file name of the clip.
3. To narrow your search, do one or both of the following:
 To limit search results to a specific collection of clips, in the Search in box, click
the arrow and select the collections you want to search.
 To limit search results to a specific type of media file, in the Results should be
box, click the arrow and select the check box next to the types of clips you
want to find.
4. Click Go.
5. If you don't know the exact file name, you can substitute wildcard characters for one
or more real characters. Use the asterisk (*) as a substitute for zero or more characters in a
file name. Use the question mark (?) as a substitute for a single character in a file name.
6. In the Results box, click the clip to insert it.
Drawing Toolbar and Word Art:
1. Click in your document where you want to create the drawing.

2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click New Drawing.
A drawing canvas is inserted into your document.
3. Use the Drawing toolbar to add any shapes or pictures that you want.
WORD ART:
1. On the Drawing toolbar, click Insert WordArt .
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2. Click the WordArt effect you want, and then click OK.
3. In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, type the text you want.
4. Do any of the following:
 To change the font type, in the Font list, select a font.

 To change the font size, in the Size list, select a size.
 To make text bold, click the bold button.
 To make text italic, click the Italic button.
Formatting Images:
1. Formatting of the images can be achieved by selecting the image and double click on the
picture, format picture dialog box appears.
2. The same can be achieved by selecting the tools menu > customize>tool bars tab>picture
and click close.
Basic formatting features of an image
Resize a drawing
1. Select the drawing canvas

2. On the Drawing Canvas toolbar, do one of the following:
o To make the drawing canvas boundary larger without changing the size of the objects
On the canvas, click Expand .

o To make the drawing canvas boundary fit tightly around the drawing objects or
Pictures, click Fit .

o To scale the drawing and make the objects and canvas proportionately smaller or
larger, click Scale Drawing, and then drag the edges of the canvas.
Resize a picture or shape
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1. Position the mouse pointer over one of the sizing handles

2. Drag the sizing handle until the object is the shape and size you want.
To increase or decrease the size in one or more directions, drag the mouse away from or
toward the center, while doing one of the following:
o To keep the center of an object in the same place, hold down CTRL while dragging the
mouse.
o To maintain the object's proportions, drag one of the corner sizing handles.
o To maintain the proportions while keeping the center in the same place, hold down
CTRL while dragging one of the corner sizing handles.
Crop a picture
1. Select the picture you want to crop.
2. On the Picture toolbar, click Crop .

3. Position the cropping tool over a cropping handle and then do one of the following:
o To crop one side, drag the center handle on that side inward.
o To crop equally on two sides at once, hold down CTRL as you drag the center handle
on either side inward.
o To crop equally on all four sides at once, hold down CTRL as you drag a corner handle
inward.
4. On the Picture toolbar, click Crop to turn off the Crop command.
Text Box:
1. On the Drawing toolbar, click Text Box .

2. Click or drag in your document where you want to insert the text box
3. You can use the options on the Drawing toolbar to enhance a text box— for example, to
change the fill color— just as you can with any other drawing object
Paragraphs:
Change line spacing
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Select the text you want to change.
1. On the Formatting toolbar, point to Line Spacing, and then do one of the following:
o To apply a new setting, click the arrow, and then select the number that you want.
o To apply the most recently used setting, click the button.
o To set more precise measurements, click the arrow, click more, and then select the
options you want under Line Spacing.
Change spacing before or after paragraphs
1. Select the paragraphs in which you want to change spacing.

2. On the Format menu, click Paragraph, and then click the Indents and Spacing tab.
3. Under Spacing, enter the spacing you want in the before or after box.
Change paragraph direction
1. Place the insertion point in the paragraph that you want to change, or select several
paragraphs.
2. Do one of the following:
o To have text begin from the left, click Left-to-Right on the Formatting toolbar.
o To have text begin from the right, click Right-to-Left on the Formatting toolbar.
When you change the paragraph direction, Microsoft Word leaves justified and centered text as it is.
In the case of left-aligned or right-aligned text, Word flips the alignment to its opposite. For
example, if you have a left-to-right paragraph that is right aligned, such as the date at the top of a
letter, clicking Right-to-Left results in a right-to-left paragraph that is left aligned.
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TASK 7
Excel Orientation: the importance of MS office 2007/10 tool Excel as a Spreadsheet tool,
Accessing, overview of toolbars, saving excel files, Using help and resources.
Creating a Scheduler - Features to be covered: - Gridlines, Format Cells, Summation, auto fill,
Formatting Text
Excel Introduction
Excel Orientation: The mentor needs to tell the importance of MS office 2007/ equivalent (FOSS)
tool Excel as a Spreadsheet tool, give the details of the two tasks and features that would be covered
in each. Using Excel – Accessing, overview of toolbars, saving excel files, Using help and resources.
PROCEDURE:
First click start button of the screen on status bar. Click on programs and then Microsoft
excel. To get a new blank work sheet go to programs and then click on excel sheet. On the file menu
click page setup and then click sheet tab click gridlines. In this way do the required changes using
format cell, make the required changes using formatting text also make the required changes. Enter
the data in the data in the worksheet consisting of week name person name and timings 7 a.m. to 3
p.m. Make all the above changes to the text.
Introduction to MS-Excel
Excel is a computerized spreadsheet, which is an important business tool that helps you report
and analyze information. Excel stores spreadsheets in documents called workbooks. Each
workbook is made up of individual worksheets, or sheets. Because all sorts of calculations can be
made in the Excel spreadsheet, it is much more flexible than a paper spreadsheet. The Excel window
has some basic components, such as an Active cell, Column headings, a Formula bar, a Name box,
the mouse pointer, Row headings, Sheet tabs, a Task Pane, Tab scrolling buttons and Toolbars.
Sample Worksheet
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Excel worksheet and workbooks
When you set up calculations in a worksheet, if an entry is changed in a cell, the spreadsheet will
automatically update any calculated values that were based on that entry. When you open
Excel, by default it will open a blank workbook with three blank worksheets. When you save a
workbook, you have a Save As option that can save the spreadsheet to earlier versions of Excel or to
Quattro Pro, Lotus 123 formats, dBase formats, and even to a comma or tab-delimited text file.
Identify Excel components
Navigate within worksheet
To navigate within a workbook, you use the arrow keys, Page Up, Page Down, or the Ctrl key in
combination with the arrow keys to make larger movements. The most direct means of
navigation is with your mouse.
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Scroll bars are provided and work as they do in all Windows applications. To move to other
Worksheets, you can:
A. Click their tab with the mouse
B. Use the Ctrl key with the Page Up and Page Down keys to move sequentially up or down through the
worksheets.
If you are familiar with Microsoft Access, you will find the tab scrolling buttons for moving between
worksheets to be similar to record browsing on an Access form or datasheet.
Developing a Worksheet
Determine the worksheet’s purpose.
Enter the data and formulas.
Test the worksheet and make any necessary edits / corrections.
Document the worksheet and improve appearance.
Save and print the complete worksheet.
Entering data into a worksheet
To enter data, first make the cell in which you want to enter the data active by clicking it.
Enter the data (text, formulas, dates, etc.) into the active cell.
Use the Alt+Enter key combination to enter text on multiple lines within the same cell.
Use TAB key, arrow keys, or ENTER key to navigate among the cells.
Entering Formulas
A formula is a mathematical expression that calculates a value.
In Excel, formulas always begin with an equal sign (=).
A formula can consist of one or more arithmetic operators.
The order of precedence is a set of predefined rules that Excel follows to calculate a formula.
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Resize worksheet rows and columns
There are a number of methods for altering row height and column width using the mouse or
menus:
Click the dividing line on the column or row, and drag the dividing line to change the width of the
column or Height of the row Double-click the border of a column heading, and the column will
increase in width to match the length of the longest entry in the column Widths are expressed
either in terms of the number of characters or the number of screen pixels.
Identify cell ranges
A group of worksheet cells is known as a cell range, or range.
 Working with ranges in a worksheet makes working with the data easier.
 Ranges can be adjacent or nonadjacent.
 An adjacent range is a single, rectangular block of cells
 Select an adjacent range by clicking on a cell and dragging to an opposite corner of a

rectangle of cells
 A nonadjacent range is comprised of two or more adjacent ranges that are not contiguous to
each other
 .To select a nonadjacent range, begin by selecting an adjacent range, then press and hold
down the Ctrl key as you select other adjacent ranges
Select and move worksheet cells
To select a large area of cells, select the first cell in the range, press and hold the Shift key, and then
click the last cell in the range.
Once you have selected a range of cells, you may move the cells within the worksheet by clicking
and dragging the selection from its current location to its new one.
By pressing and holding the Ctrl key as you drag, Excel will leave the original selection in its place and
paste a copy of the selection in the new location. To move between workbooks, use the Alt key
while dragging the selection.
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Insert worksheet rows and columns
You can insert one or many additional rows or columns within a worksheet with just a few steps using
the mouse or menu options. You can insert individual cells within a row or column and then choose
how to displace the existing cells. You can click the Insert menu and then select row or column, or
right click on a row or column heading or a selection of cells and then choose Insert from the shortcut
menu.
Delete worksheet rows and columns
To delete and clear cells, rows, or columns, you can use the Edit menu, or right click on a heading or
a selection of cells and choose Delete from the shortcut menu. Clearing, as opposed to deleting,
does not alter the structure of the worksheet or shift unclear data cells. What can be confusing about
this process is that you can use the Delete key to clear cells, but it does not remove them from the
worksheet as you might expect.
Use undo and redo features

Editing is an intrinsic task in any document, and especially useful are the Undo and Redo actions.
The Undo feature allows you to sequentially back up to a certain action, such as a delete, a move, an
entry, etc. And allows you to reverse those actions.
Redo allows you to reapply actions one step at a time that you have previously undone.
Print as workbook
To print a worksheet, you can use:
A menu
The Print button on the standard toolbar
The Ctrl-P keystroke to initiate a printout of the worksheet
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b) Calculating GPA - .Features to be covered:- Cell Referencing, Formulae in excel – average, std.
deviation, Charts, Renaming and Inserting worksheets, Hyper linking, Count function,
LOOKUP/VLOOKUP, Sorting, Conditional formatting .
PURPOSE:
To maintain a control chart for printing books with given data.
THEORY:
1. On the chart menu click chart type

2. Text direction.
Click the arrow down next to the text direction button. For right to left click right to left. For
left to right reading order, click left to right.
For reading order that is consistent with the language of the first entered character, click
context. For reading order that is inconsistent with the language of the first entered character,
click control.
3. In the tools menu click options and then click chart tab.
4. To show all worksheet data in the chart even if some rows and columns are hidden, clear the
plot visible cells by check box.
5. To prevent hidden rows and columns from displaying in the chart, select the plot cells only
check box.
Hyper Linking:
1. Create a worksheet: On the file menu, click new, and then click blank workbook task pane.
2. Insert a worksheet: C lick worksheet on the insert menu. Right click on sheet tab and then
click insert double click the template for the type of sheet you want.
3. Hyperlink: Using hyperlink we can insert one more sheet in the present sheet
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4. Count function: Create a blank worksheet press control +c. In the worksheet select cell A
and press control +c. On the tools menu point to formula auditing and then click formula
auditing menu.
Worksheet:
1. In the file menu go to menu then a new worksheet is created.
2. To add a single worksheet, click worksheet on the Insert menu. To add multiple worksheets hold
down shift and then click the number of worksheet tasks to add in a open workbook
Sort:
1. Click a cell in the list you want to sort.

2. On the Data menu click sort.
3. Under first key sort click the custom sort order you want and then click ok.
4. Click any other sorting option you want.
PROCEDURE:
Formulae in Excel:
First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on programs and
then on Microsoft excel. Then open a new document. Give the main heading and subheading by
changing the size so that they look in block letters. Enter the data. To calculate go to Insert menu in
the menu bar and then click on function and then ok. Then select the data to which you want to
calculate mean. Then you get the required answer. In same way, sample means standard deviation
lower count limit and upper count limit. Go to insert menu and click on function and select the
required operation to be done and select the data and calculate. Formulas for all the above are
given below.
Mean = (s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 + s5)/5;
Sample mean = avg (mean)
Standard deviation = (mean, sample, mean)
Sample standard deviation= avg (Standard deviation)
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Lower count limit = sample mean – sample standard deviation.
Upper count limit = Sample mean + Sample Standard deviation
Hyper linking:
First click on start button of the screen on status bar. Click on programs and then Ms-
excel. To get a new blank worksheet go to programs and then click on excel sheet. Rename the first
sheet as student by right clicking on sheet 1 and renaming. Insert hyperlink insert and click on
hyperlink. Then go to sheet 2 and rename as CSE type in particulars of ECE right click on sheet 3.
Then go to sheet -4 rename as IT. In this type all the four sheets are created.
WORKSHEET
First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on programs
and then Ms-excel. Then enter the data as given. Enter the student’s names, Subjective wise marks,
total and avg. Then calculate the total and avg by using formula. Then go to Data menu and click
sort. Under first key sort, click custom sort order needed i.e. ascending order or alphabetical order
and then click o.k. Then the required worksheet is prepared,
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TASK 8
Basic power point utilities and tools which help ful to create basic power point presentation. Topic
covered during this includes PPT Orientation, Slide Layouts, Inserting Text, Word Art, Formatting
Text, Bullets and Numbering, Auto Shapes, Lines and Arrows in both Latex and Power point.
Introduction
PowerPoint is a application used for the creation of presentations. These presentations are laid out in
a "storyboard" type fashion, where individual slides are created and formatted with text and
images. PowerPoint presentations are widely used in classrooms as note outlines for teachers and
for project presentations by students. The point of the slides in PowerPoint presentations is NOT
to fit as much detailed information as you can onto a single slide. Rather, each slide should
contain elements that briefly sum up the major idea(s) of what you will be presenting for the
duration of the slide. The style in which you create slides is completely up to you. PowerPoint
allows you to choose from a wide variety of formats that include sections such as titles, lists,
images, or charts. Any of these can be incorporated into your presentation. The main thing to keep
in mind, however, is that an audience will be viewing this material; it must be large enough to read,
yet not so large that it takes up far too much of the screen to include relevant information. All
Writing Program computer classrooms come equipped with PowerPoint already installed on the
computers.
TITLE:
Create a power point presentation consists of slide layouts inserting text, formatting text,
bullets and numbering of five slides with following information’s.
Slide 1 – contents
Slide 2 – Name
Slide 3 – Address
Slide 4 – Hobbies
Slide 5 – Friends
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PURPOSE:
To maintain a PowerPoint presentation with some specifications
THEORY: Microsoft PowerPoint is the name of a proprietary commercial software

presentation program developed by Microsoft. It was developed by Microsoft and officially
launched on May 22, 1990
SLIDE LAYOUT:
1. On the format menu, click slide layout.

2. On the slides tab in normal view, select the slides; you want to apply a layout too.
3. In the slide layout task pane, point to layout you and then click it.
4. A new slide can also be inserted within the task pane. Point the layout you want the slide
to have, click the arrow and then click the insert new slide.
INSERT TEXT:
1. Text can be added to layout.

2. Align text in the top, middle or bottom of a cell.
3. Align text on the right or left, or in the center of a cell.
4. Change cell margins.
5. Insert a tab in a table.
6. To make the symbol command available, in normal view, place the insertion point on the
outbox tab or in a text place holders on the slide.
7. On the insert menu, click symbol.
8. To change fonts, click a name in the font box.
FORMATTING TEXT:
1. Select the text you want to format as superscript or subscript.

2. On the format menu, click font.
3. To show or hide text formatting, on the standard toolbar, click show formatting.
BULLETS AND NUMBERINGS:
1. Select the lines of text that you want to add bullets or numbering to.
2. Click bullets or numbering.
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AUTOSHAPES:
1. Select the auto shape that has the text you want to position.
2. Double-click the selection rectangle of the auto shape or text box and then click the text
box tab in the format dialog box.
3. In the text anchor point box, click the position you want the text to start in.
LINES AND ARROWS:
1. In Microsoft power point, double click the chart.

2. Double click the chart item you want to change.
3. On the patterns tab, do one or both of the following.
4. To change the colors, patterns or lines, select the options you want.
5. To specify a fill effect, click fill effect and then select the options you want on the
gradient, text patterns or picture tabs.
To return to the slide, click outside the about.
PROCEDURE:
First click on start button at the button of the screen on status bar. Click on programs and
then Microsoft PowerPoint. Go to file and new. Then you find different pattern of slides on right side
of your screen. Then select which is completely empty. Then enter the contents in the first slide as
per given information, name in the second slide, Address in the third slide, Hobbies in the fourth
slide and friends in the fifth slide. Except first slide, all the second, third, fourth, fifth slides should be
inserted. When you select pattern of slide from a new slide, on slide which you selected you will find
an arrow towards its right side, click that arrow and then again click insert slide. Then save it. Then
adjust the layout. Then format the text then give bullets or numbering to the text if required. Go to
auto shapes. Select more auto shapes and insert wherever required. Then again go to insert option
and select new slides. And select chart and a chart with datasheet appear. Give the name, roll no,
marks in three subjects and calculate the total. Then save the file
Create a power point presentation consisting of hyperlinks, inserting images, clip art, audio,
video objects of 4 slides with the following information.
Slide 1:- Name of your college in bold letters.
Slide 2:- Address of your college in bold letters.
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Slide 3:- List of all available courses.
Slide 4:- Extra co-curricular activities.
And apply the transaction effects and set the time three seconds for each slide and view it in
slide show.
PURPOSE:
To maintain a PowerPoint presentation using some specifications
THEORY:
HYPERLINK:
1. Select the text or object that you want to represent the hyperlink.
2. Click insert hyperlink.
3. Under link to, click place in this document.
INSERT IMAGES:
1. Click where you want to insert the picture.

2. On the drawing tool bar, click insert picture.
3. Locate the folder that contains the picture that you want to insert, and then click the
picture file.
CLIP ART:
1. On the insert menu, point to structure and then click clipart.

2. in the clipart task pane, in the search for box, type a word or phrase that describes the
clip, you want to type in all or some of the file menus of the clip.
3. in the results box, click the clip to insert it.
AUDIO VIDEO OBJECTS:
1. On the slide show menu, click setup show. Under performance check box. If your
computer has their capability, office PowerPoint will attempt to use it.
2. Animation performance will be much better with a video card that has Microsoft direct
3D.
TABLE:
1. On the standard tool bar, click insert table.
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2. Print to select the numbers of rows and columns you want and then click.
CHART:
1. Click the slide where you want to place the embedded object.
2. On the insert menu, click chart.
3. Click a cell on the data sheet and then type the information you want.
To return to the slide, click outside the chart
PROCEDURE:
First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on programs and
then Microsoft power point go to file menu. Then you find different pattern of slides on right side
of your screen. Then select which is completely empty. Then enter the name of your college in
bold letters. Address of your college in bold letters in the second slide. List of all the available
courses in the third slide, extra co-curricular activities in the fourth slide except first slide, all the
second, third, fourth slide should be inserted. When you select pattern of slide from a new slide,
on slide which you selected, you will find an arrow towards it right side click that arrow and then
again click insert slide. Then save it the select the slide show and then select the view show
option. Then review the presentation in slide show by selecting next and after completing the
slide show then click end show. Click on start button at the button of the screen on status bar,
click on programs and then Microsoft power point. Go to file menu. On insert menu and select
table option and give no. of rows and no. of columns and give the name, Roll no and marks in
three subjects and find the total
TITLE:
Create a power Point presentation on business by using master layouts and see the
presentation in different views.
PURPOSE:
To maintain a power point presentation with some specifications
THEORY:-
MASTER LAYOUTS:-
1. On the view menu, point to master, and then click slide master.
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2. To insert a slide master, do the presentation given in slides and lastly add date and
footer to the slides.
SLIDE SHOW:
1. On the slides tab in the normal view, select the slides you want to set the things for.
2. On the slide show menu, click side transition.
3. Under advance slide, select the automatically after checkbox, and then number of
seconds you want the slide to appear on the screen.
PROCEDURE:
First click on start button. Then click programs, and then power point presentation. Then
select file menu and click on new. Then you get a new blank presentation. Then in the first slide,
enter the title as business and give product name as sub title. Then insert the second slide. Then
enter the title as about the product and give description as sub title. Then insert the third slide and
enter the title as sales about product and enter something about it sales. In this way, complete the
three slides. Then click on view and then master and then enter date in the space provided for
footer. Then you find these two in all slides and then again go to view and click on slide show.
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TASK 9
Network configuration and software
installation
Network configuration:
Network configuration is the process of setting a network's controls, flow and operation to support the
network communication of an organization and/or network owner. This broad term incorporates
multiple configuration and setup processes on network hardware, software and other supporting
devices and components.
Network configuration is also known as network setup.
Network configuration allows a system administrator to set up a network to meet communication

objectives. The process involves the following tasks::
 Router configuration: Specifies the correct IP addresses and route settings, etc.
 Host configuration: Sets up a network connection on a host computer/laptop by logging the
default network settings, such as IP addressing, proxy, network name and ID/password, to
enable network connection and communication.
 Software configuration: Any network-based software, like an intrusion detection system (IDS),
is allowed access and provided with the appropriate credentials to monitor network traffic..
Moreover, network configuration includes Internet/network sharing, software/application installation

and firewall installation/configuration.
How do I configure TCP/IP?
 While still in the Network control panel, double-click TCP/IP in the components list.
 In the Advanced TCP/IP Settings window, click the DNS Configuration tab.
 Choose Enable DNS.
 Click OK to continue. Then Click OK from the Network control panel.
 Depending on your system configuration, you may be prompted for your Windows 95/98
installation CD. Many newer systems have the Windows 95/98 installation files available on the
hard drive (so you don't need your CD every time you make a change). Check your system
documentation.
 You will be prompted to restart your computer. Click Yes.
Your computer's TCP/IP settings are now ready for Internet Access.
Difference Between a Firewall and a Proxy Server:
A firewall and a proxy server are both components of network security. To some extent, they are
similar in that they limit or block connections to and from your network, but they accomplish this in
different ways. Firewalls can block ports and programs that try to gain unauthorized access to your
computer, while proxy servers basically hide your internal network from the Internet. It works as a
firewall in the sense that it blocks your network from being exposed to the Internet by redirecting Web
requests when necessary.
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Blocking Malware
Firewalls and proxy servers both can help you block viruses and other forms of malware from infecting
your computers. A firewall can block ports commonly used by malicious viruses and worms. You can
also use the firewall to specify which ports can be open. Common ports that are usually open are
HTTP (port 80), SMTP (port 25) and POP3 (port 110). You may wish to leave certain other ports open
as well, while closing other ports. Proxy servers, on the other hand, create a barrier by being the
"middleman" that sits between your network and the Internet. Users outside your network can see only
your proxy server, while those inside the network can access the Internet only by passing through the
proxy. This limits the window of opportunity through which viruses and worms can enter.
Blocking Programs
A firewall can prevent programs from running on your computer. A proxy server cannot do this.
Specific programs such as games and instant messaging applications can be blocked by the firewall.
You can also block services and create exceptions for programs that you wish to allow.
Blocking Websites
You can block websites through a firewall, but you may bring your Internet access down. A firewall
can block port 80, which the HTTP protocol uses to serve Web pages, but if you do this, you won't be
able to access any websites at all. A proxy server is better suited to this task in that it is more
discriminating in filtering websites. For example, you can choose to block all social networking sites
during office hours but allow access to them during lunch breaks and after hours. Some proxy servers
have the option to categorize websites, making it easier for you to block all entertainment websites or
all adult websites without having to type Web addresses one by one.
Functional Differences
A firewall essentially blocks communication, while a proxy server simply redirects it. When you cannot
access a website because a proxy is blocking it, it is not exactly blocking the communication. When a
user tries to access a disallowed website, the proxy server has an internal mechanism that redirects
those requests to a Web page in your network. It appears to the user that the website is blocked, but
the request was simply redirected to point to something else.
Other Proxy Server Functions
A proxy server is not only capable of redirecting websites, but it can also cache them. If users access
a particular website every day, instead of fetching pages from the site again and again, the proxy
server simply sends cached information to the users. This considerably reduces network traffic
because your request won't have to go out to the Internet every time.
Installing The Applications (Manual Installation)
If you do not want to install the applications through the installation interface, use these alternate,
manual installation procedures.
Before You Begin
Before beginning installation, you need to know your application license key. The key was provided
with the installation CD.
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Installation Steps
Follow these general installation and configuration steps, located in this appendix and other chapters:
o Step 1: Install and configure the application server software

o Step 2: Install the Identity Install Pack software
o Step 3: Configure the Identity Install Pack index database connection
o Step 4: Install the Sun Identity Manager Gateway (optional)
Step 2: Install the Application Software
Follow these procedures to install the software.
On Windows
Enter the following series of commands:
set JAVA_HOME=Path to JDK

cd ApplicationDeploymentDirectory
where ApplicationDeploymentDirectory is the directory where your application server is deployed. For
example, for a Tomcat installation, change directory to c:\tomcat-3.2.3\webapps.
mkdir idm (or any other directory name)

cd idm
set WSHOME=ApplicationDeploymentDirectory\idm
jar –xvf %CDPATH%\idm.war
Step 3: Configure the Identity Install Pack Index Database Connection
The ServerRepository.xml file is an encrypted file that defines how to connect to the index repository.
Use one of the following procedures to configure the repository XML file.
The installer displays the Locate the Repository panel.
1. Select an index database:

o Oracle (JDBC Driver)
o Oracle (Data Source)
o MySQL (JDBC Driver)
o MySQL (Data Source)
o DB2 (JDBC Driver)
o DB2 (Data Source)
o SQL Server (JDBC Driver)
o SQL Server (Data Source)
o LocalFiles
Depending on your selection, setup prompts for additional setup information.
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1. Click Next.
The installer displays the License Key panel.
2. Click Import from File to import your license key data from an XML file.
3. Click Next.
4. The installer displays the Import XML Files panel.
5. Accept the default XML file ($WSHOME\sample\init.xml), or enter or browse to the path to the
XML file you will use to set initial database values. When finished, click Import File.
6. When import completes, click Done in the setup panel.
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TASK10
MATLAB
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and proprietary

programming language developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting
of functionsand data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with
programs written in other languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, Fortran and Python.
Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses
the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing abilities. An additional
package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based
design for dynamic and embedded systems.
As of 2018, MATLAB has more than 3 million users worldwide.[7] MATLAB users come from various
backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics.
Following is a list of commands used in the Control Tutorials for MATLAB and Simulink. Use help in
MATLAB for more information on how to use any of these commands.
In these tutorials, we use commands/functions from MATLAB, from the Control Systems Toolbox, as
well as some functions which we wrote ourselves. For those functions which are not standard in
MATLAB, we give links to their descriptions. For more information on writing MATLAB functions, see
the function page.
Command Description
abs Absolute value
acker Compute the K matrix to place the poles of A-BK, see also place
axis Set the scale of the current plot, see also plot, figure
bode Draw the Bode plot, see also logspace, margin, nyquist1
c2d Continuous system to discrete system
clf Clear figure
conv Convolution (useful for multiplying polynomials), see also deconv
ctrb The controllability matrix, see also obsv
deconv Deconvolution and polynomial division, see also conv
det Find the determinant of a matrix
dlqr Linear-quadratic regulator design for discrete-time systems, see also lqr
eig Compute the eigenvalues of a matrix
eps MATLAB's numerical tolerance
feedback Connect linear systems in a feedback loop
figure Create a new figure or redefine the current figure, see also subplot, axis
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for For loop

format Number format (significant digits, exponents)
function Creates function m-files
grid Draw the grid lines on the current plot
gtext Add a piece of text to the current plot, see also text
help Matlab help documentation
hold Hold the current graph, see also figure
if Conditionally execute statements
imag Returns the imaginary part of a complex number, see also real
impulse Impulse response of linear systems, see also step, lsim
input Prompt for user input
inv Find the inverse of a matrix
legend Graph legend
length Length of a vector, see also size
linspace Returns a linearly spaced vector
lnyquist Produce a Nyquist plot on a logarithmic scale, see also nyquist1
log Natural logarithm, also log10: common logarithm
loglog Plot using log-log scale, also semilogx/semilogy
logspace Returns a logarithmically spaced vector
lqr Linear quadratic regulator design for continuous systems, see also dlqr
lsim Simulate a linear system, see also step, impulse
margin Returns the gain margin, phase margin, and crossover frequencies, see also bode
minreal Produces a minimal realization of a system (forces pole/zero cancellations)
norm Norm of a vector
Draw the Nyquist plot, see also lnyquist. Note this command was written to replace
nyquist1
the MATLAB standard command nyquist to get more accurate Nyquist plots.
obsv The observability matrix, see also ctrb
ones Returns a vector or matrix of ones, see also zeros
place Compute the K matrix to place the poles of A-BK, see also acker
plot Draw a plot, see also figure, axis, subplot.
poly Returns the characteristic polynomial
polyval Polynomial evaluation
print Print the current plot (to a printer or postscript file)
pzmap Pole-zero map of linear systems
rank Find the number of linearly independent rows or columns of a matrix
real Returns the real part of a complex number, see also imag
rlocfind Find the value of k and the poles at the selected point
rlocus Draw the root locus
roots Find the roots of a polynomial
rscale Find the scale factor for a full-state feedback system
set Set(gca,'Xtick',xticks,'Ytick',yticks) to control the number and spacing of tick marks on
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the axes
Generate grid lines of constant damping ratio (zeta) and natural frequency (Wn), see
sgrid
also sigrid, zgrid
size Gives the dimension of a vector or matrix, see also length
sqrt Square root
ss Create state-space models or convert LTI model to state space, see also tf
ssdata Access to state-space data. See also tfdata
stairs Stairstep plot for discrete response
step Plot the step response, see also impulse, lsim
subplot Divide the plot window up into pieces, see also plot, figure
text Add a piece of text to the current plot, see also title, xlabel, ylabel, gtext
tf Creation of transfer functions or conversion to transfer function, see also ss
tfdata Access to transfer function data, see also ssdata
title Add a title to the current plot
wbw Returns the bandwidth frequency given the damping ratio and the rise or settling time.
xlabel/ylabel Add a label to the horizontal/vertical axis of the current plot, see also title, text, gtext
zeros Returns a vector or matrix of zeros
Generates grid lines of constant damping ratio (zeta) and natural frequency (Wn), see
zgrid
also sgrid, sigrid
SUBROUTINE:
In this tutorial we will assume that you know how to create vectors and matrices, know how to index
into them, and know about loops. For more information on those topics see one of our tutorials on
vectors (Introduction to Vectors in Matlab), matrices (Introduction to Matrices in Matlab), vector
operations (Vector Functions), loops (Loops), plotting (Plotting), or executable files (Executable Files).
Sometimes you want to repeat a sequence of commands, but you want to be able to do so with
different vectors and matrices. One way to make this easier is through the use of subroutines.
Subroutines are just like executable files, but you can pass it different vectors and matrices to use.
For example, suppose you want a subroutine to perform Gaussian elimination, and you want to be
able to pass the matrix and pass the vector (This example comes from the tutorial on loops (Loops)).
The first line in the file has to tell matlab what variables it will pass back when and done, and what
variables it needs to work with. Here we will try to find x given that Ax=b.
The routine needs the matrix A and the vector B, and it will pass back the vector x. If the name of the
file is called gaussElim.m, then the first line will look like this:
function [x] = gaussElim(A,b)

If you want to pass back more than one variable, you can include the list in the brackets with commas
in between the variable names (see the second example). If you do not know how to create a file see
our tutorial on executable files (Executable Files).
Here is a sample listing of the file gaussElim.m:
1 function [x] = gaussElim(A,b)
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2 % File gaussElim.m
3 % This subroutine will perform Gaussian elmination
4 % on the matrix that you pass to it.
5 % i.e., given A and b it can be used to find x,
6 % Ax = b
7 %
8 % To run this file you will need to specify several
9 % things:
10 % A - matrix for the left hand side.
11 % b - vector for the right hand side
12 %
13 % The routine will return the vector x.
14 % ex: [x] = gaussElim(A,b)
15 % this will perform Gaussian elminiation to find x.
16 %
17 %
18
19
20 N = max(size(A));
21
22
23 % Perform Gaussian Elimination
24
25 for j=2:N,
26 for i=j:N,
27 m = A(i,j-1)/A(j-1,j-1);
28 A(i,:) = A(i,:) - A(j-1,:)*m;
29 b(i) = b(i) - m*b(j-1);
30 end
31 end
32
33 % Perform back substitution
34
35 x = zeros(N,1);
36 x(N) = b(N)/A(N,N);
37
38 for j=N-1:-1:1,
39 x(j) = (b(j)-A(j,j+1:N)*x(j+1:N))/A(j,j);
40 end
Graphics and graphical user interface programming[edit]

MATLAB supports developing applications with graphical user interface (GUI) features. MATLAB
includes GUIDE[23] (GUI development environment) for graphically designing GUIs.[24] It also has
tightly integrated graph-plotting features. For example, the function plot can be used to produce a
graph from two vectors x and y. The code:
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)
produces the following figure of the sine function:
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A MATLAB program can produce three-dimensional graphics using the functions surf, plot3 or mesh.
[X,Y] = meshgrid(- [X,Y] = meshgrid(-10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10);

10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10); f = sinc(sqrt((X/pi).^2+(Y/pi).^2));
f = surf(X,Y,f);
sinc(sqrt((X/pi).^2+(Y/pi).^2 axis([-10 10 -10 10 -0.3 1])
)); xlabel('{\bfx}')
mesh(X,Y,f); ylabel('{\bfy}')
axis([-10 10 -10 10 -0.3 1]) zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})')
xlabel('{\bfx}')
ylabel('{\bfy}')
zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})')
hidden off
This code produces

a wireframe 3D plot of the two- This code produces a surface 3D plot of the two-dimensional
dimensional unnormalized sinc unnormalized sinc function:
function:
In MATLAB, graphical user interfaces can be programmed with the GUI design environment (GUIDE)
tool.[25]
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TASK11
LATEX
LATEX – A document preparation system:

LATEX Is a high-quality typesetting system; it includes features designed for the production of
technical and scientific documentation. LATEX is the de facto standard for the communication and
publication of scientific documents. LATEX is available as free software.
Writing a Simple LATEX Document:
Let's examine the contents of a simple LaTeX file which has been used as a first example in this
tutorial. First we must take a quick look at LaTeX syntax.
LaTeX files usually have a .tex extension. They consist of plain text interspersed with some LaTeX
commands. The word command may sound scary. But don't worry. When you are beginning to write a
LaTeX document, you really do not need to learn a new programming language or hundreds of
commands. Basically you begin so that you get a simple template like the sample file below. Then
start writing your own text inside the sections. The body text of paragraphs is simply plain text.
Eventually you will need to write some commands but those you can usually copy and paste from
other documents or templates.
When you want something special to happen, you must write a LaTeX command. The commands
begin with a backslash and most of them want also parameters, which are enclosed in curly braces
after the command. For example, write \section{My First Heading} to begin a new section of text with
heading "My First Heading".
The names of the commands are quite intuitive. For example, if you look at the sample file below, you
can easily guess that \title is the title of the document, \begin{abstract} starts the abstract text, and so
on.
A comment line begins with a percent symbol (%) and continues to the end of the line.
That's all you need to know about the syntax now.
LaTeX Source of Example 1
Note: Here we just want to analyse the commands and structure of a LaTeX file. That's why we have
removed most of the text content of the paragraphs. You can get the same file with more text here.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\title{Introduction to \LaTeX{}}
\author{Author's Name}
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\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
The abstract text goes here.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
Here is the text of your introduction.
\begin{equation}
\label{simple_equation}
\alpha = \sqrt{ \beta }
\end{equation}
\subsection{Subsection Heading Here}

Write your subsection text here.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.0in]{myfigure}
\caption{Simulation Results}
\label{simulationfigure}
\end{figure}
\section{Conclusion}
Write your conclusion here.
\end{document}
If you have installed MiKTeX and WinEdt or TeXnicCenter (see help for installation), the LaTeX
processing of the above document is very simple. Open the .tex file in your editor. Then depending on
the editor do the following:
 In WinEdt click "PDF TeXify" .

 In TeXnicCenter choose "LaTeX => PDF" from the list of Output Profiles: .
Then click the "Build and view current file" button. 1
You will get a PDF document with all formatting and layout applied.
Changing the Formatting
One of the main advantages of LaTeX is that it takes care of formatting the document. The user can
concentrate on creating the information content of the document and he doesn't need to bother about
fonts, page breaks, placing of figures, etc.
The so called document class defines the formatting of the document. LaTeX provides many standard
document classes but you can also use other styles. For example, conferences often provide their
own document classes that you can download. Changing the formatting of your document is very
easy. You just change one line of text that specifies the document class to be used. For example, a
standard article style is selected using the line \documentclass{article}. Here are some examples of
different styles and the result as a pdf:
\documentclass{article} \documentclass{report}
A basic article style. A basic report style.
\documentclass[journal]{IEEEtran} \documentclass{ActaOulu}
IEEE's style for submitting journal manuscripts. University of Oulu PhD thesis style.
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\documentclass[global,twocolumn]{svjour}
Springer (formerly Kluwer) journal style.
If you are looking for the LaTeX style files we have used in these examples, you can find links to them
on our Getting Help page.
Detailed Analysis of the Sample File
If you are interested in the details of the sample file, here you go:
\documentclass{article}
Specifies that we want to format our paper using a basic article style.
\usepackage{graphicx}
This is needed if we want to include figures. Packages are extensions of a basic LaTeX system
and provide additional functionality. Packages are loaded using the \usepackage command.
\begin{document} ... \end{document}
The whole document is enclosed between these.
\title{Introduction to \LaTeX{}}
Here you write the title of the document. (The \LaTeX{} command prints the fancy logo.)
\author{Author's Name}
Name of the author.
\maketitle
Tell LaTeX to print the title, author name, etc. here.
\begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract}
Write the abstract between these commands.
\section{Heading of the First Section}
Every section begins with this command. Write the heading of the section between the curly
braces. Then after this command you can write the text of the section. When you want to start a
new paragraph of text, write an empty line in the LaTeX source file.
\begin{equation}
\label{simple_equation}
\alpha = \sqrt{ \beta }
\end{equation}
These commands insert an equation. Greek symbols are simply called with their name by
inserting a backslash in front of them. \sqrt creates a square root function. The \labelcommand
gives a logical name for the equation. It can be used when creating cross references.
\subsection{Subsection Heading Here}
Every subsection begins with this command. You can also create subsubsections. If the
selected document style uses numbering for headings, sections will be automatically numbered
in a hierarchical way. That is, sections get a number like "1", subsections "1.2", and
subsubsections "1.2.4".
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.0in]{myfigure}
\caption{Simulation Results}
\label{simulationfigure}
\end{figure}
These lines insert an image file into the document. More about images can be found here.
Anyway, the most important command is \includegraphics, which now inserts an image named
myfigure.eps (LaTeX appends .eps extension by default) or myfigure.pdf (PdfLaTeX appends
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.pdf). Additionally the figure gets a caption "Simulation Results" using the \captioncommand.
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JNTUK-UCEV

Task No. Topic Page No.

Task 1 System Assembling ,Disassembling 4-6

Task2 Identification Of Parts/Peripherals 7-15

Task 3 Operating system installation 16-23

Task 4 Trouble-Shooting 24-26

Task 5 Internet and world wide web 27-32

Task 6 MS-Word 33-50

Task 7 MS-Spreadsheet 51-58

Task 8 MS-Power point 59-64

Task 9 Network Configuration and Software Installation 65-68

Task 10 MATLAB 69-73

Task 11 LATEX 74-77

IT workshop works in a learning-by-doing mode. It concentrates more on hands-on experience for

Computer Hardware, Windows & Linux

Internet and World Wide Web

Disassembling the computer system

Remove the memory module:

Remove the power supply:

Assembling the computer system

AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer.

Introduction to Computer Hardware:

The Mother Board

The important constituent components of an ATX Motherboard are given below:

1. Use & keyboard

1. Mouse & keyboard:

2. USB (Universal serial bus):

9. ISA slot (Industry Standard Architecture):

10. CMOS Battery:

11. AGP slot:

12. CPU slot:

13. Power supply plug in:

3. SMPS (Switched mode Power Supply)

A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic

5. CPU heat Sink and fan

6. RAM (Random Access Memory)

7. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

8. FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)

11. Different Screws Used

12. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Card

13. LAN (Local Area Network) card

Operating system installation

AIM: To install Windows XP

1. Keep on press the delete button and go to advanced BIOS feature.

FAT: File Allocation Table.

NTFS: New Technology File System.

Format the create using NTFS partition

BASIC STEPS IN INSTALLATION:-

ok. Enter your name and organization.

Enter the product key.

Then select the date and time.

Then select the typical setting.

Part 1: Begin the installation

Part 1: Begin the installation

for a few seconds), restart your computer to try again.

Keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.

Part 2: Continue the installation

Part 3: Complete the installation

On the Thank you! Page, click Finish.

How to Install Linux

AIM: Hardware troubleshooting

1. If you hit the power button & nothing happened.