FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO

Lesson 4

 When a people is gagged….

 …when its dignity, honor, and all its liberties are trampled…
 …when it no longer has any legal recourse against the tyranny of its oppressors…
 …when its complaints, petitions and groans are not attended to…
 …when it is not permitted even to weep…
 …when even the last hope is wrested from its heart…
 …then…
 …then…
 …then…
 It has left no other remedy but to take down with delirious hand from the altars
the bloody and suicidal dagger of revolution!
- Ilustrados1889

 Lapulapu of Mactan (1521) and

 Dagami of Cebu (1567)
 First Filipinos to refuse to bow under Spanish yoke.

 Categories of Revolts

 Personal Motives
 Personally led by datus and maharlikas, babaylans or katalonans.

 Reasons
 Lost their prestige and power with the coming of the Spaniards.
 To regain the freedom they formerly enjoyed.

 Lakandula and Soliman (1574)

 Last of the Manila chieftains.
 The same year Limahong attacked Intramuros.
 Before Legaspi died (1572), Lakandula was baptized as “Carlos Lacandola”.
 Together with Rajah Soliman, he and his descendants were compensated.
 Also exempted from forced labor and tribute.
 Lavezares (successor of Legazpi) sequestered the lands of the maharlikas.
 1574
 Known as the “conspiracy of the Maharlikas”.
 Led by the kin of Lakandula (Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan).
 Towns of Bulacan and Pampanga.
 When caught, they were brutally killed.
 Their lifeless bodies were dragged hanged, decapitated, beheaded, and exposed to
Indios as a grim warning.
 Francisco Dagohoy (Bohol, 1744-1829) 85 years
 Opposed forced labor.
 Triggered by the refusal of Fr. Gaspar Morales to give his brother Sagarino, a
Christian burial.

 1621-1622
 Tamblot (Bohol), an outlawed babaylan employed magic in alluring the people to
abandon Christianity and return to their former beliefs.
 Tamblot guaranteed that their ancestors and diwatas would support them.
 He was crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde mayor of Cebu.

 Religious Motives
 Christianized and baptized under the Catholic religion.
 Some reverted to their old beliefs.

 Miguel Lanab and Alabanan

(1625-27, Apayao)
 Known as Isneg uprising.
 Mutilated and beheaded the Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Brother Onofre
Palao.
 Spaniards burned and destroyed palms in the mountains of Apayao.
 Driven by hunger, they were forced to surrender.

 Tapar (Ilo-Ilo, 1663)

 Proclaimed himself “God Almighty”.
 Killed Francisco de Mesa.
 When they were captured, their flesh was fed to the crocodiles.
 1664, peace had returned to Panay.

 Francisco Rivera (1718, Cagayan)

 Known as the Magtangaga revolt in Cagayan.
 Killed the alcalde mayor of Lal-lo.
 Stopped by Juan Pablo Orduña.

 Ermano Apolinario dela Cruz (1840-41, Tayabas)

 1832, founding of Cofradia de San Jose.
 1841, death of dela Cruz.
 1870, revival of Cofradia.
 1871, capture of Labios (successor of dela Cruz)

 Resistance to Spanish Imposed Institutions

 Taxation
 Forced Labor
 Galleon Trade
 Indulto de Comercio
 Monopolies
 (Persistent irritants that cause Filipinos to revolt)

 Magalat (Cagayan, 16th Century)

 Opposed tribute collection.
 Assassinated in Mindanao by paid hirelings (spies) from his own camp.

 Caraga Revolt (1629-31)

 Opposed the encomiendas.
 Parish priest acting as encomendero and tribute collector.

 Sumuroy and Caamug (1649-50, Samar)

 Reaction to Gov. Diego Fajardo’s order to shift the recruitment of polo from
Luzon to Visayas.
 Sumoroy was also betrayed by his followers who presented his head before the
alcalde mayor.

 Luis Magtangaga (Chief of Malueg, now Cagayan, 1718)

 Opposed tribute collection and polo.
 Also failed.

 Juan Caragay (1719, Pangasinan)

 Flamed by the tyrannical acts of the alcalde mayor on tribute and polo.
 Slain the governor.
 Beheaded by Igorots from the troops of Juan Ramos.

 Juan Dela Cruz Palaris, a principalia (Pangasinan, 1762)

 Opposed alcalde mayor Joaquin de Gamboa
 Opposed the increasing tribute and polo.
 Betrayed by his own sister.
 Hanged in Lingayen.
 His body parts were mutilated and displayed in six major bridges in the province.

 Diego Silang (principalia, 1762, Ilocos)

 Opposed exaction of común (annual tribute) and drafting of polistas.
 Unscrupulous practices of new alcalde mayor Antonio Zabala.
 Bishop Bernardo Ustariz excommunicated Silang.
 The Bishop blessed Miguel Vicos, the assassin of Silang.
 Vicos was helped by Pedro Buecbuec, ex-confidant Silang.
 Silang was shot at his back.
 He died in the arms of his wife, Gabriela.
 Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang
 The first woman to lead a revolt.
 Succeeded her husband as the leader of the Ilocandia revolt.
 Alcalde Mayor Manuel Arza y Urrutia ordered her capture.
 Executed on Sept. 20, 1763 after being forced to watch the hanging of his faithful
soldiers.

 Lagutao (1785)
 Sparked by the oppressive monopoly on tobacco and basi.
 Lagutao was killed in a battle when pursued by Spanish troops led by Mateo
Cabal.

 Samal(Bataan) Mutiny (1787),

 Led by Lt. Andres Magtanong and Sub-Lt. Francisco Malibiran, members of town
militia.
 In retaliation, their houses were torn down.
 Sites were plowed and strewn with salt so that no living thing would ever grow.
 Mutineers were hanged.
 Their bodies were displayed in public.

 Ambaristo or Basi Revolt (1807)

 Led by Pedro Mateo
 Opposed the control of Spanish officials in making basi.
 Included in the existing tobacco monopoly.
 The revolt failed after the death of its leader whose body was mutilated.

 Peasant Unrest
 1745, the Tagalog regions were marked by peasant unrest which started in Silang,
Cavite.
 Led by Joseph dela Vega and others (April 1745), they attacked a hacienda
which is known to usurp a large portion of their lands.
 The agrarian revolt spread as far as Bulacan and Batangas.
 The revolt failed and the leaders were either killed or banished.

 Casimiro Camerino, Imus Farmer (El Tulisan, 1860s)

 Fought against the land abuses of the friars.
 Granted amnesty by Gov. Carlos Maria dela Torre.
 Assigned in the rural police force.
 Implicated in the Cavite Mutiny, he was executed by the garrote vil.

 Failure of Revolts
 Reasons:
 Insular make up of the Philippines.
 No sense of national unity.
 Wide communication gap.
 There was a multitude of major and minor ethnolinguistic groups but no lingua
franca, much less, a national language to communicate and bind one another.

 End of Lesson