4-1 Asphalt - Material - and - Mix - Design PDF

4-1.
Asphalt Mixture and Mix Design

- General Topics and Marshall Test -
Asphalt Concrete Mixture
Material Properties
 Binder (Asphalt Binder)
 Aggregate
 Modifier
Page  2 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Petroleum Distilling Plant

Classification of Bituminous Binder (1)
Asphalt Cement
 Semi-Solid, used for aggregates in pavement
construction
Cutback Asphalt
 Rapid curing: Gasoline or naphtha
 Tack coat or surface treatment
 Medium curing: Kerosene
 Prime coast, stockpile patching mixture
 Slow curing: Diesel or the other gas oil
 Prime Coat, stockpile patching mixture

Classification of Bituminous Binder (2)
Emulsified Asphalt
 Asphalt cement + water + emulsifier
 Rapid setting: Surface treatment
 Medium Setting: Open graded cold asphalt mixtures
 Slow Setting :Tack coat, fog seal, dense graded cold mixture,
and slurry seal
Blown Asphalt
 Roofing, automobile undercoating
Road Tar
 Obtained from coal, rarely used in pavement
construction

Property of Asphalt Materials (1)
Consistency (Temperature susceptibility)

 Variation of consistency with temperature and at
a specified temperature
Aging and temperature sustainability
 Changes in properties due to weathering
 Oxidation
 Volatilization

Property of Asphalt Materials (2)
Rate of curing
 Increase in consistency due to evaporation
 Rate of curing of cutbacks
 Volatility of the solvent
 Quantity of solvent in the cutback
 Consistency of the base material
 Temperature
 Ratio of surface area to volume
 Wind velocity across exposed surface
Resistance to water action
Temperature effect on volume of asphalt

Tests for Asphalt Binder (1)
Consistency Test
 Kinematic Viscosity Test
 Rotational Viscosity Test
Float Test
Penetration Test
Softening Point Test
Durability Test

Tests for Asphalt Binder (2)
Rate of Curing
 Distillation Test for Cutbacks
Rheological Test
 Dynamic Shear Test
 Bending Creep Test
Other General Test
 Specific Gravity Test
 Ductility Test
 Solubility Test
 Flash-Point Test
 Loss-on-Heating Test
 Water Content Test

Kinematics Viscosity Test
Capillary viscometer tube

 Zeitfuch’s cross-arm viscometer
 Asphalt Institute vacuum viscometer
 Cannon Manning vacuum viscometer

Zeitfuchs Cross-Arm Viscometer

The Asphalt Institute Vacuum Viscometer

Cannon-Manning Vacuum Viscometer

Penetration Test

Penetration Test

Softening Point Test

Binder Grading System
Penetration: 40-50, 50-70, 85-100, 120-150,

200-300
Viscosity
 AC5, AC10, AC20, AC30, AC40
 RTFO (Rolling Thin Film Oven Test)
 AR-1000, AR-2000, …, AR-16000
PG Grade (SHRP)

Penetration Grading System (1)
Five Penetration Grade

40-50, 60-70, 85-100, 120-150, 200-300
Advantages
 77F : average pavement temperature,
close relationship with lower temp.
properties

Penetration Grading System (2)
 Low cost
 Available to find temperature susceptibility
Disadvantages
 Not a mechanical property

Viscosity Grading System (1)
Poise : Standard unit of measurement for viscosity:

Obviously less poise means less viscous asphalt. AC
2.5 is softer than AC 40(4000 poise) @ 140 F
Advantages
 Viscosity: Fundamental Property
 Wide Range of Environment
 140F : Critical for pavement performance

 Reduce overlap
 Wide range of test instrument is available
 temperature susceptibility is measured
Disadvantages
 Deceptive performance
 Not adequate to safeguard against low temp cracking
 Time is longer
 Slightly more expensive

AR viscosity Grading System

 Western US
 Viscosity of the aged residual from TFOT
 AR-1000, AR-2000, AR-4000, AR-8000, AR-
16000
Advantages:
 Reasonable uniform behavior

Asphalt Mixtures
Hot Mix, Cold Laid Asphalt Concrete

Cold Mix, Cold Laid Asphalt Concrete
Hot Mix, Hot Laid Asphalt Concrete

Aggregate Gradation
Crushed rock, sand, & filler

>No 8 <No 8 <No 200
(2.36mm) (75 m)
Composition of AP mixture
Mechanical stabilization

Examples of Composition of Asphalt Paving
Mixtures

Determining proportions of different a aggregate to
obtain a required gradation
Specification
Available material
Trial mix
 CA: 55%
 FA: 39%
 Filler: 6%
 Result:

Determining proportions of different a aggregate to
obtain a required gradation
Calculation
P  aA1  bA2  cA3  ......
Analysis: Yes or No
Graphical method or LP method

Required limits for mineral aggregates gradation and mix composition for an
asphaltic concrete

Sieve analysis of available materials

Computation of percentages of different aggregate sizes

Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMA) Mix Designs
Objective:
 Develop an economical blend of aggregates and
asphalt that meet design requirements
Historical mix design methods
 Marshall
 Hveem
New
 Superpave gyratory

Requirements in Common
Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable

pavement
Sufficient stability under traffic loads
Sufficient air voids
 Upper limit to prevent excessive
environmental damage
 Lower limit to allow room for initial
densification due to traffic
Sufficient workability
Volumetrics
All matter has mass and occupies

space.
Volumetrics are the relationships
between mass and volume
Marshall & Superpave mix design
based on aggregate and mixture
volumetrics

토질 역학에서 이미 배웠음
Two tests are needed

 Coarse aggregate (retained on the
4.75 mm sieve)
 Fine aggregate (passing the 4.75
mm sieve)

Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
ASTM C127
 Dry aggregate
 Soak in water for 24 hours
 Decant water
 Use pre-dampened towel to get SSD
condition
 Determine mass of SSD aggregate in bucket
 Determine mass under water
 Dry to constant mass
 Determine oven dry mass
Gsb = A / (B - C)
 A = mass oven dry
 B = mass SSD
 C = mass under water
Gs,SSD = B / (B - C)
Gsa = A / (A - C)
Water absorption capacity, %
 Absorption % = [(B - A) / A] * 100
Phase Diagram in solid
V = (mass) / (Gs gw)
Volume Mass (Weight)

Asphalt
Vpp permeable Vap Wap
Water voids
permeable
voids Vpp-Vap
WT
Aggregate
Vs Solids
Ws

Specific Gravity in Solid
Apparent specific gravity

 Gsa = Ws / Vs* gw
Bulk specific gravity
 Gsb = Ws / (Vs+Vpp)* gw
Effective specific gravity
 Gse = Ws / (Vs+Vpp-Vap)* gw

Bulk, effective, and apparent specific gravities; air void; and effective asphalt content
in compacted asphalt paving mixture

Weight-volume relationship & its parameter
VV Air 0
Vbe Effective AP wbe

Vb wb
wT
VT Vba Absorbed AP wba
Vs Aggregate ws

Specific Gravity
Maximum Specific Gravity

 Assume no air voids in AC
 Gmm in Lab(ASTM D2041)
 Called rice specific gravity or theoretical max density

Maximum specific gravity of paving mixture
Ws  Wb
Gmm  Gb = specific gravity of asphalt
Vs  Vv  Vb
Pb = percent by weight of asphalt in paving
WT mixture

Ws Wb Ps = percent by weight of aggregates in
 paving mixture
Gse Gb
WT

WT (1  Pb ) WT ( Pb )

Gse Gb
100

 Ps P
 b 
 G Gb 
 se
Weight-volume relationship & its parameter
Effective Asphalt
 Percent void in compacted Mineral Aggregate
(Void in Mineral Aggregate)
VV  Vbe
VMA   100
VT
Voids filled with Asphalt(%)
Vbe
VFA   100
Vbe  VV
Calculation of VTM, VMA, VFA
VV  Vbe
VMA  100
VT
Ws  WT  WT  Pb
VT  Vs
 100
VT  simplifying
 Vs  Gmb Ps
  1    100 VMA  100 
 VT  Gsb
 Ws 
 Gsb 
 1    100
WT
 
 Gmb 
Percent air voids in compacted mixture
(VTM, % air)
VV
Pa  VTM   100, VV  VT  Vbe  Vs
VT
 1 
 VT  Vbe  Vs   Vbe  Vs   VT 
VTM     100   1    100   1    100
 VT   VT   1 
 V V 
 be s 
 WT 
 VT   G 
 1    100  1  mb G   100
 WT   mm 
 Vbe  Vs  

Voids filled with asphalt(VFA)
VMA  VTM
VFA   100
VMA

Asphalt absorption
  Ws Ws  
    Gb 
 Wap   Vap  Gb    Gsb Gse    100
Pba    100    100  
 Ws   Ws  Ws 
 
 
 Gse  Gsb 
Pba  100     Gb
 Gsb  Gse 

Effective asphalt content
Pba
Pbe  Pb  Ps
100
Pba = amount of asphalt absorbed as a

percentage of the total weight of aggregates
Pb = percent by weight of asphalt in paving

mixture
Ps = percent by weight of aggregates in

paving mixture

창의적인 숙제
기존의 방법론은 다양한 값의 G를 요구하고

있습니다
 실제 플랜트에서 이 값들을 통제하는 것은 불가함
 둘째 이 값들을 측정하는 것이 재료별로 날짜 별로
상이 함
다르게 이 속성을 체크하는 것이 가능?
 입도, 부피, 무게, 분포,

MARSHALL
MIX
DESIGN

Marshall Mix Design
Developed by Bruce Marshall for the

Mississippi Highway Department in the
late 30’s
WES began to study it in 1943 for WWII
 Evaluated compaction effort
 No. of blows, foot design, etc.
 Decided on 10 lb.. Hammer, 50
blows/side
 4% voids after traffic
Initial criteria were established and
upgraded for increased tire pressures
and loads
Marshall Mix Design
Mashall method procedure

 4”D & 2½“ height
 Heating  Mixing  Compacting  Stability
flow test  Density void analysis

Mashall Procedure
Range of prescribed limit

0.5% increment
Ex) 5~7% spec, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5 ,7
Three specimens
Select and test aggregate, Amount of
aggregate: 1.2Kg
Dry agg @ 105도C ~ 110도C
 Until constant weight

Mashall procedure
Develop trial blends

 Heat and mix asphalt cement and aggregates
 Compact specimen (100 mm diameter)
Select and test asphalt cement
 Establish mixing and compaction temperatures
 Asphalt kinematic viscosity 208 30 centistockes

Compactive effort: 35, 50, 75
(18” distance) : both sides
Bulk density of the sample
 Weighty the sample in air & in water (paraffin coating if necessary)

Mashall Procedure
Bulk density of the sample
Where
Wa
Gmb  wa = weight in air
Wa  Ww
ww = weight in water
Maximum specific gravity of loose mix

Water bath with 60도C  for 30~40min
1C
Total time: < 30 sec

Automatic Marshall Hammer
Mixing/Compaction Temps
Viscosity, Pa s
10
5
1
.5
.3 Compaction Range
.2 Mixing Range
.1
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C

Marshall Mix Design Tests
Stability and flow

 60oC water bath (30 to 40 minutes)
 50 mm/min loading rate
 Max. load = uncorrected stability
 Corresponding vertical deformation =
flow

Stability vs. flow
stability
flow

Marshall Stability and Flow
Marshall Test Properties
% Air voids
VMA
Unit Wt.
AC weight(%) AC
weight(%) Asphalt Content, %
Stability
Flow
Page  63
AC weight(%) Highway Engineering & AAC weight(%)
irport Research Taskforce
Marshall Design Criteria
Light Traffic Medium Traffic Heavy Traffic

ESAL < 104 10 4 < ESAL< 10 ESAL > 106
Compaction 35 50 75
Stability N (lb.) 3336 (750) 5338 (1200) 8006 (1800)
Flow, 0.25 mm (0.1 in) 8 to 18 8 to 16 8 to 14
Air Voids, % 3 to 5 3 to 5 3 to 5
Voids in Mineral Agg.

(VMA) Varies with aggregate size

아스팔트 표층-재료
아스팔트 혼합물의 품질기준

혼합물의 종류 WC – 1 ~ 4 WC - 5
안 정 도 (kg) 750 이상 600 이상

공 극 률 (%) 3~6 3~6
포 화 도 (%) 65 ~ 80 65 ~ 80
흐 름 값 (1/100cm) 20 ~ 40 15 ~ 40
수침 마샬 잔류안정도 (%) 75 이상 75 이상
다짐회수 75 회 75 회

Marshall Design Use of Data
Asphalt Institute Procedure
Air Voids,
Stability Unit Wt.
%
4%
Asphalt Content, % Asphalt Content, % Asphalt Content, %
Target optimum asphalt content = average

Asphalt Institute Procedure
Flow VMA, %
Upper limit OK
OK
Minimum
Lower Limit
Asphalt Content, % Asphalt Content, %
Use target optimum asphalt content

to check if these criteria are met
NAPA Procedure
Air Voids,
%
4%
Asphalt Content, %
Target optimum asphalt content =
Page  69
the asphalt content
H
at 4%A air
E R
voids
T
ighway ngineering & irport esearch askforce
NAPA Procedure
Stability
OK
Asphalt Content, %
The target stability is checked

NAPA Procedure
Flow VMA, %
Upper limit OK
OK
Minimum
Lower Limit
Asphalt Content, % Asphalt Content, %
Use target optimum asphalt content

to check if these criteria are met
Trial mix can be adjusted
Low void & low stability

 VMA can be increased by more CA
 Reducing asphalt content, but care
should be taken
Low void & satisfactory stability
 Cause reorientation of particle
 {instability flowing}
 Adding more aggregates
Trial mix can be adjusted
High void & satisfactory stability

 Air & water  premature handling
 Increasing the amount of mineral dust filler
Satisfactory void & low stability
 Low quality aggregate
High void & Low stability
 Adjust voids(1 step)
 Improve aggregate quality (2 step)
Marshall Design Method
Advantages
 Attention on voids, strength, durability
 Inexpensive equipment
 Easy to use in process control/acceptance
Disadvantages
 Impact method of compaction
 Does not consider shear strength
 Load perpendicular to compaction axis

마샬 배합 설계 예
다음 조건을 만족하는 경우의 AP함량은?

 Heavy traffic
 Aggregate characteristic: Table 18.8
 Marshall test Table 18.9
 Optimum AP content?

Aggregate characteristic

Marshall test

i) average bulk specific gravity for 5%
1 1325.6 1325.4 1325.0 

Gmb     
3  1325.6  780.1 1325.4  780.3 1325.0  779.8 
1
  2.43  2.43  2.43
3
 2.43
Bulk density = 2.43 X 62.4 = 151.6lb/ft3
For 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, we get 2.46, 2.48, 2.47, 2.45 (or
153.5, 154.8, 154.1, 152.9)

단위 중량과 AP함량
2.49
2.48
2.47
2.46
Unit weight
2.45
2.44
2.43
2.42
2.41
2.4
5 5.5 6 6.5 7
%

ii) stability & flow
% stability flow
5.0 1458 7.2
5.5 1602 95
6.0 1550 11.2
6.5 1412 13.2
7.0 1200 15.7

1800 18
1600 16
1400 14
1200 12
1000 10
stability
flow
800 8
600 6
400 4
200 2
0 0
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
% %

iii) VMA VMA  100 
Gmb Ps
Gsb
For 5% Asphalt content,

Gmb = 2.43
Ps = 95.0 (total aggregate percent)
Since Pca, Pfa, Pmf = percent by weight of coarse
Pca  Pfa  Pmf aggregate, find aggregate, mineral filler, and

Gsb  respectively
Pca Pfa Pmf
  Gbca, Gbfa, Gbmf = bulk specific gravity of
corase aggregate, find aggregate, and mineral
Gbca Gbfa Gbmf filler, respectively.
And since
Pca=0.523 X 95.0=49.7
Pfa=0.396 X 95.0=37.6
Pmf=0.081 X 95.0=7.7, therefore
49.7  37.6  7.7

Gsb   2.69
49.7 37.6 7.7
 
2.65 2.75 2.7
Ps  (100  5)  95
2.43  95
VMA  100   14.18
2.69
For 5.5% AP  VMA=13.58
For 6.0% AP  VMA=13.34
For 6.5% AP  VMA=14.15
For 7.0% AP  VMA=15.30

15.5
15
14.5
14
VMA
VMA
13.5
13
12.5
12
5 5.5 6 6.5 7
%

iV) Air voids
Gmm  Gmb
Pa  100
Gmm
For 5% AP
2.54  2.43
Pa  100   4.33
2.54
Similarly 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7% 에서 Pa=3.91,

3.88, 3.50, 3.54
5
4.5
3.5
3
Air void %
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
5 5.5 6 6.5 7
%

V) Optimum asphalt content
1. Max. unit weight = 6.0%
2. Max. stability = 5.5%
3. 공기량 제한값의 평균에 근거한 양 =
(3+5)/2=4% 5.4% AC
4. Optimum AP content = (6+5.5+5.4)/3 = 5.6%

5. 5.6%에서의 기준값(이전 그림)과
기준(specification;표 19.8)비교
Unit weight = 153.8 lb/ft
Stability = 1600lb >1500
Flow = 9.5 unit of 0.01” (8< <16)
Percent void = 3.9 (3< <5)
VMA = 13 ( >13 이상 19mm골재)

Marshall Design Method
Advantages
 Attention on voids, strength, durability
 Inexpensive equipment
 Easy to use in process control/acceptance
Disadvantages
 Impact method of compaction
 Does not consider shear strength
 Load perpendicular to compaction axis

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4-1.

Asphalt Mixture and Mix Design

Page  2 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  3 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  4 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

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Consistency (Temperature susceptibility)

Page  6 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  7 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  8 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  9 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Capillary viscometer tube

Page  10 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  11 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

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Page  13 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

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Penetration: 40-50, 50-70, 85-100, 120-150,

Page  17 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Five Penetration Grade

Page  18 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  19 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Poise : Standard unit of measurement for viscosity:

Page  20 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  21 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

AR viscosity Grading System

Page  22 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Hot Mix, Cold Laid Asphalt Concrete

Page  23 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Crushed rock, sand, & filler

Page  24 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  25 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  26 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  27 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  28 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  29 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  30 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  31 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable

All matter has mass and occupies

Page  33 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Two tests are needed

Page  34 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

V = (mass) / (Gs gw)

Volume Mass (Weight)

Page  39 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Apparent specific gravity

Page  40 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  41 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Vbe Effective AP wbe

Page  42 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Maximum Specific Gravity

Page  43 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  47 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  48 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Page  49 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

Pba = amount of asphalt absorbed as a

Pb = percent by weight of asphalt in paving

Ps = percent by weight of aggregates in

Page  50 Highway Engineering & Airport Research Taskforce

기존의 방법론은 다양한 값의 G를 요구하고