GS 4

ETHICS, INTEGRITY & APTITUDE

Page | 1
Syllabus

Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human
actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. Human Values –
lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of
family, society
and educational institutions in inculcating values.

Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with`` thought and behaviour;
moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion
towards the weaker sections.

Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and

governance.

Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical
concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and
conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening
of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
corporate governance.

Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and

probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of
Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery,
Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.

Case Studies on above issues.

Page | 2
 1. Ethics and Human Interface
a. Essence
b. Determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions
c. Dimensions of ethics
d. Ethics in private and public relationships.
e. Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders,
reformers and administrators;
f. Role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.

ESSENCE OF ETHICS
I respect my parents because society says it so - Ethics
Not following ethics will bring:
 Disapproval
 Isolation
 Banishment

WHAT IS ETHICS?
1. Although most of the ethics are societal in nature but many of them do are personal. We
behave honestly not because of fear of law.

2. Ethics refer to the rules for deciding correct conduct. They are well founded standards of
right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do usually in terms of rights,
obligations, benefits to the society.

3. Ethics tend to be codified into a formal system or a set of rules which are explicitly
adopted by the people.

4. It provides a means of evaluating and deciding among the competing options.

5. Society requires a code of ethics to provide for social order and for settling conflicts
between competing values.
6. Different ethics standards: Medical ethics vs Legal ethics.

7. Individual moral code is usually unchanging and consistent across context but can
change if there is a radical change in values and belief system.

8. It is defined as the science of conduct. It is concerned with norms or standards. It is not

about the way world is but about the way the world ought to be. It is concerned with
values and ideals. It is different from other areas of enquiry. Traditional theories and
conventions have been revised and reformed in contemporary times. It is a sphere of
investigation which is vibrant and dynamic.

9. It can also be called as the science of morals or moral philosophy because it tries to
examine moral concepts such as right, good, virtue, justice and so on.

10. Morality is a subset of ethics i.e. ethical deliberation help us conceptualise the highest
ideals of life and morality is concerned with specific principles of actions. Ethics is
concerned with an ideal life or the good life while morality with right conduct.

11. Something can be ethical yet moral.

CHALLENGES TO ETHICS / MORALITY:

 Egoism : There are no moral requirements. All we can do is to serve our own self
interest and not the interests of others (altruism).

Page | 3
  Religion
 Culture

Morality is integral to human life. We can't think of a life without moral values.

SOCRATES: Unexamined life is not worth living correctly. He preferred to die rather than live
a life where he was not allowed to question.

In the dialogue CRITO, CRITO requests Socrates to escape from the prison but Socrates
argues that injustice shall not be answered with injustice and refuses to escape. He says that it is
more important to live a just life than merely to live. His main arguments:
 A state is more important than an individual.
 By being a member of a state one is under an agreement to obey its laws.
 We ought not to hurt anyone. By escaping from prison he would be breaching the law and
hurting the state.

INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
The human existence and objective of life is explained with the reference to the theory of
Purushartha:
 Dharma: Virtue, Justice
 Artha: Economic well being
 Kama: Sensual pleasure
 Moksha: Liberation, empowerment.

It is beneficial to be moral. It is in our self interest to be moral.

THOMAS HOBBES described a life where people had not come together to cooperate in an
ethical manner in his famous book Leviathan. People kept fighting with each other.

Expectation of People
1. Expectation of people change with time. Earlier people used to vote on caste lines but
today they demand infrastructure, health and schools.

ETHICS AND RELIGION

Ethics distinguishes itself from religion by seeking reasons rather than authority to justify its
principles. The central purpose of ethics is to formulate principles of conduct and values or
ideals such as good, truth, right, virtue, justice etc. which are intrinsically valuable.

These are END in itself and not MEANS for anything.

Religion has played an important role in moral learning and there is no religion without moral
values. Morality acts upon religion and makes it pure and refined.

FOUR DETERMINANTS OF ETHICS

1. ACTION: It can be evaluated as right or wrong. e.g Telling the truth is evaluated as
right act whereas lying as a wrong act. However some acts may be morally neutral and
may not be evaluated as right or wrong e.g. Choice of Music (unless you are fond of
obscene and vulgar songs). Again some acts can be superogatory (highly altruistic act).
These acts may go beyond the call of duty. Theories that emphasise on principles of
actions are called deontological according to which principles of actions have inherent
value (end in themselves). The most famous exponent is Kant.

Page | 4
 2. CONSEQUENCE: Ethical theories that take consequence into considerations to
determine the rightness or wrongness of an act are called teleological.

3. CHARACTER: Theories that emphasize more on the character of the agent than the
rules are called virtue ethics e.g Aristotle's ethics.

4. MOTIVE: For a proper moral evaluation motive of the agent must be taken into
account.

OTHER DETERMINANTS OF ETHICS:

1. CUSTOM: It has contributed significantly in evolution of society. Actions in sync with
custom are termed as ethical. Custom is group morality where it is externally imposed and
is not inherent to an individual.

2. CONSCIENCE: Counter to group there is an inherent belief. Individual formulation has

its source in conscience. A rational voice coming from within. Various view points related
to conscience are:
 It is the voice of rationality.
 It is the voice of God.
 It is the voice of custom itself: Individual is not born in void. The kind of
socialisation / naturalisation that one is subjected to leads to such voice. However,
beyond a point this view is limited for there would have been no dissenting
voice then.
 It has the inherent capability to reflect, explore, examine, investigate, not take things
for granted. The voice of conscience is not the final answer. It is merely a capability
to reflect.

Continence and Incontinence - Aristotle.

People may know what is right but would end up doing exactly opposite to it -
incontinent.

Crisis of conscience.
Views on homosexuality is crisis of conscience. Some thinkers say that conscience is
like rational intuition. It's a natural faculty in every human being. Similarly there is a
moral faculty which leads us to decide what is wrong and right.

3.INTUITION: It has moral sense and Aesthetic sense (beauty component decides what is
right or wrong).

4.LAW: Ethical discourse and legal discourse are different. Through law we know to some
extent what is wrong / right. It is motivated by carrot and stick approach. It leads to
external enforcement of norms and values. It doesn't allow to grow as a human being.
There should be a voluntary engagement. Self condemnation, self praise are guiding
factors.

5.PLEASURE

EXTERNAL SANCTIONS
 Nature
 Society
 Religion
 Political Laws.

Page | 5
ROLE OF FAMILY, EDUCATIONAL INSTI
Refer Vajiram & Ravi Class Notes (Mukul Pathak Sir)

Ethos:
Refers to what is the current status of work culture. It may not always be in congruence with
what is expected of it. It refers to the credibility that the work culture enjoys in the perceptions
of such stakeholders. It implies what is, thus showcasing the existing state of affairs. Work
ethics on the other hand defines what should be and envisages
envisages an optimal balance between the
values of the organisation and those of the public.

Improving work ethos requires 4 broad shifts:

1. Control Commitment management: Involving greater participation, internal and
external in goal setting and decision making.
2. Process focus Outcome focus.
3. Providing Enabling. Empowering non state agencies and the public themselves to
generate provisioning of the services.
4. Centralisation Decentralisation. Delegation of more tasks as well as the authority to
perform such tasks.

Fear:
Mild fear appeal work better than the strong fear appeals. Stronger fear appeals can result in
defensive avoidance. The target group might insulate itself in order to avoid the messages issued
by the source and may reduce his levels of trust in the source. Appeals to fear are likely to be
effective if they are followed by specific recommendations about how a change in the attitude or
behaviour is likely to prevent the negative consequences described in fear provoking messages.

Hierarchy
The concept
ept of joint family and caste system leading to appreciation of hierarchy. Hierarchy is
inherently undemocratic. It compartmentalises society into different silos and their goals are
seen as mutually incompatible. Moreover, there is hierarchy within hierarchy
hierarchy in our system. We
value posts and positions rather than what is being done at this post e.g. Incompetent Civil
Servant v/s Talented Cobbler

Homeostasis
Homeostasis ensures equilibrium. Any departure from homeostasis is painful
painful. It leads to
'identity crisis'
risis' and 'value crisis'.

Identity
Subjective nature gives us our uniqueness and that is 'identity'. Although the process of
socialisation may be same but the way we interpret it may be different.

Individualism:
Stress put on personal achievement and individual
dividual rights. People are expected to stand up for
themselves (even in prestigious college students work part-time
part time at McDonalds).

Integrity
Indian Perspective
It can be understood as self realisation as well as the integration of the individual with the ideal.
It has elements of both internal and external integrity. It can be understood through the
conception of bondage and liberation.

#Bondage = misery and pain

#Liberation = Perfection and empowerment. Integration of individual with the ideal.

Page | 6
A moral aspirant shall restraint the horses of sense organs from running wild and strive to
follow the path of virtue. It is a state without craving for unjust, sensual and bodily pleasure. It
is a life free from anger, greed, arrogance and delusion. It is a life of 'love and compassion' and
'friendliness and generosity'

INDIAN VALUES
1. Collectivism:- There is a high preference for belonging to larger social framework in
which individuals are expected to act in accordance with the greater good of one's
defined "in groups". In-group
In is not bad but in-groupism is bad. This also results because
of limited resources. If one doesn't indulge in in- groupism one becomes an outcaste. We
pursue the ends of one group even at the cost of organisation. More insecure people will
have more in- groupism (minority, Indians abroad, same language).
2. Tremendous respect for parents and care of children.
3. Familial obedience.
4. Fate driven society.
5. Power comes through position and not achievement (RaGa)
6. High need for dependence, affiliation.
7. Not a performance and achievement oriented society.
8. There are two axis of power, money and politics. High peer approval needs (smoking,
drinking). Employer - employee relationship is governed by loyalty by the employeeemployee.
Hiring and promotion decisions are based on relationship.
9. We are very high on masculine cultures (assertiveness, materialism, ambition and
power).
10. We love to display our wealth, title, power. The preference for showing off is very high
(any posh Delhi locality) and success and achievements are validated by material gains.
11. We have low Uncertainty Avoidance Index.Index
12. We are a long term pragmatic culture.
13. The concept of karma dominates our religo-philosophical
philosophical thought. We typically forgive
lack of punctuality and have a general comfort with discovering
discovering the fated path as we go
along.
14. We have External Locus of Control (ELC) which means that things which I control is
not in my hands. Everything is pre-determined.
pre determined. We have internalised ELC whereas in
democracy Internal Locus of Control should be strengthened.
strengthened. For example, during
British rule the religious gurus blamed all ills on Kalyug.
15. We have a preference for charismatic leadership and believe that such leader would be a
panacea to all ills that we face. Somekind of Godmen needed to push people.
16. We have internalised helplessness and leave everything to fate. Entire Indian politics
runs on this premise of keeping people disempowered dependency easy to
manoeuvre vote bank
17. Everybody seems to know one or the other politician. We have a culture of personalised
relationship
18. Parochial mindset.
19. We do not consider time to be a precious commodity.
commodity
20. There is often a tendency to delegate the task to next birth ! Playing to the exact plan
doesn't come to us naturally.
21. Immediate gains dominate our consciousness over long term gains

Meta Ethics:
The philosophical study of moral concepts can be called meta ethics.
Ethics is a first order enquiry into the evaluation of human character and conduct on the other
hand meta ethics is the second order enquiry which investigates
investigates the concepts of ethics rather
than investigate practical issues of what to do.

Page | 7
The following questions are central to meta ethics:
 Semantic Questions: What's the meaning of moral terms such as good/ought/right.
 Logical Questions: How to ascertain
ascer validity of moral arguments.
 Ontological Questions: Whether there are moral facts?
 Epistemological Questions: Is there any such thing as moral knowledge?

Morality:
Helps in deciding what is right and what is wrong. I respect my parents because I beli
believe that I
should respect because they've been through my thick and thin. Morals are the values that
provide behavioural rules by which we make decisions between right and wrong. They are
about what is good and what is bad. We judge others more strongly on morals than on values. A
person can be described immoral but there is no word for persons not following value. Like
values morals are relatively consistent and stable and can have existence both at personal or
social level.

At societal level, morality is the accepted standards of behaviour within the society at a given
point of time. Morals have greater social element than values. Our moral judgments express our
values but not all expression of our values are our moral judgements.

Behaving not according to:

Moral Guilt
Ethics Societal Fear
Attitude Dissonance
Values Conflict

We try to behave so that this uneasiness can be removed by changing behaviour or values.

Religion and Morality

All religion have moral principles embedded in it.
it The word religion
ligion is coined from Latin word
'religion' which means to bind together. One interpretation is to bind individual with divine and
another interpretation is connecting people resulting in a community life.

Every religion need not have God as its central framework

f e.g. Buddhism, Jainism.

In theistic religion, the question of right or wrong is decided by the command of a God. It is
written in 'black and white' and not to be questioned or challenged. God is subject to moral
order. Moral nihilism refers to the
th Life without morality.

Moral Relativism:
It is of the view that there are no universally valid moral principles. There are two forms of
moral relativism.
1. Subjectivism:- Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder.
beholder
According to it morality is not independent of personal preferences. According to this ethical
statements are statements of personal opinion and there is no objective way to determine which
ethical principle is the best. Something can be wrong for one person and right for another. It is
akin to saying
ng that everyone has different ethical tastes. This view runs into problem when
applied to practices such as slavery, child marriage, untouchability and sati system.

2. Cultural Relativism
According to this right and wrong are relative to one's culture. ThereThere is no universal ethical
principle that transcends culture and ethical beliefs differ from society to society. Some ethical
societies accept polygamy while others monogamy. It believes that ethics transcends individual
opinion and right and wrong are relative
rela to culture. There is no single overriding standard which
shall take precedence for all culture to follow. Custom is the king.

Page | 8
 The problem with this is that it is not possible to draw cultural boundary
boundary. A person at a time
may belong to different culture
culture in terms of religion, race, language etc. and it is not easy to
ascertain to what culture one belongs to.

Norms:
Norms are sets of rules agreed by members of society. It may be just or insane devoid of any
ethical basis. e.g.
g. Nazi atrocities against Jews,
Je Nanzing massacre, Untouchability practice. etc.
Norms may go against individual choice.
choice. Cultures where norms have ethical backing lead to
better decision and administration. In countries like India the individual choices have
succumbed to Norms. For example,
ex we have institutional safeguards and plenty of rules and
regulations yet corruption is endemic. This is because norms favour corruption and gender
inequality. People come late because there is a norm for late coming in our society.
Process of socialisation
lisation which stresses that one should obey the norms rather than defying them
leads to this culture. The process of changing norms starts from intervention at small group.
Macro level intervention has no meaning unless there is intervention at bottom 2 llevels

Pleasure:
Pleasure of who : Individual Egoism; Everyone Altruism, Universalism.
All pleasures are not same. There is a concept of refined pleasure.
Intellectual Pleasure Bodily Pleasure.
This is also reflected in the Utilitarian philosophy of
of Greatest happiness for maximum number.
Bentham says that nature has placed mankind under the governance
governance of 2 sovereign masters:
masters:-
Pleasure and Pain.
Hedonistic Calculus of Pleasure: Intensity, Duration, Certainty, Propinquity (nearness), purity
(quantum off pain), extent (accessibility)
Hedonistic treadmill.
It's better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. Man is a rational person and not
necessarily a passionate one

Socialisation:
An individual is born asocial. A person starts with the blank
blank slate in life. It is a well known fact
that initial 3 years of life are the most important years in a person's life. It teaches social values
so that a nascent biological infant becomes a sharing, productive and participative member of
the society. Social
cial existence gives us uniqueness. We get our moral values from the process of
socialisation. The values of cooperation, collaboration and working together is nurtured through
this process.
Through socialisation, Culture is transmitted from one generation to next next. Individual develops
his personality by learning the contents of his culture.
The process of socialisation takes place through:-
through: Family, parents, school, peer groups, media,
religion and occupation of parents. Socialisation ensures that need basedd behaviour does not
degenerate into greed based behaviour.
behaviour Value inculcation and indoctrination of culture through
socialisation. Even though socialisation process is similar the way an individual perceives and
interpretes may lead to different value hierarchy.
hier
Stereotypes:
Pre conceived notions in mind e.g. e Girls are weak in mathematics

Value:
Values represent personal beliefs about the modes of conduct. Values can be defined as broad
preferences concerning appropriate courses of actions or outcomes. These
se are abstract ideals not
tied to any object and doesn't have any shape e.g.
e.g Peace, Honesty etc. They serve as internal
guides and have evaluative element. They are global and strongly entrenched in our
personalities. By applying values we make subjective judgments about a thing. We acquire

Page | 9
values as a process of socialisation. Values are not inborn. If they had been inborn then no
training would have been required. They have to be inculcated. We have a value hierarchy.

Value Pyramid.
There are intrinsic and instrumental values. Intrinsic values are something that is valued purely
for itself e.g. Hedonism (tendency of an individual to seek pleasure and avoid pain).
Instrumental values implies something that is valued because it is a means to achieve something
on other end. They play an important role in Teleological system where moral choices are those
which lead to best possible consequences.
Intrinsic values are objective in nature. Even though socialisation process is similar the way an
individual perceives and interprets may lead to different value hierarchy. There is also a concept
of terminal values (Moksha).
Values applied to objects become attitudes e.g. I value honesty because I have a +ve attitude
towards whistleblowers. What will not change are intrinsic values but what will change is
instrumental values.

Rights
Individual good and social welfare can't be realised unless we have the concept of rights. Rights
comprises of claims, immunities, entitlement, liberty and power. Prior to human made
institution we all have inherent natural right on account of being part of cosmos. We can
understand human rights, women rights etc against this backdrop. These are integral to
individuals good life and social welfare.

Natural Rights
We are born with inherent natural rights. Institutional provisions are derivatives of some
fundamental rights. Natural rights are derived from natural law. They are not created by any
agency or institution e.g. the right to life.
Men had natural rights even before the origin of the state. These are rights given to us by God.

Moral Rights
Clash between Legal and Moral. In case of conflict between morality and the law we ought to
obey the moral law and the conflict should be resolved by legal reform. This tradition would not
have problem with voluntary passive euthanasia and in some forms of suicide. Further it is not
right to kill a person to save lives of others.

Human Rights
Autonomy is not without sense of responsibility. Infringement upon others rights would not be
perpetrated if one practices self regulation. Many legal institutions have incorporated Human
Rights element. International Bill of Human Rights declares that every human being is
intrinsically valuable.
These rights are possessed by virtue of being human i.e. independent of any institution. They
are universal and inalienable. Human rights shall take precedence and shall never be ignored
even in cases where society stands to benefit. Human rights are essentially moral rights since
human rights are entitlements that human beings ought to have because they are humans.

Criticism
They give primacy to individual over the society. Scholars like Marx maintains that the concept
of human rights is inherently individualistic and egoistic.
According to legal positivist (legal laws alone) the only human rights are actually legal rights.
According to Bentham human rights outside the laws are nonsense on the stilts.

Rights and Duties

Rights and duties can be understood as correlatives. Ordinarily every right brings an obligation
with it. If we have a right to free speech then the state has a duty to allow us to speak.

Page | 10
Difference between situation and circumstance?
The major focus of ethics is on human actions. Ethics focuses only on people's deliberate human
actions, and not on undeliberate actions or actions done because of ignorance. If someone places
a gun in my hand and pulls the trigger it is obvious that my will does not control or cause that
action.
Knowledge, Voluntariness, Freely done, Ignorance of law:- It does diminish the humanness of
the action.
Passion influence human action. Passions include anger, grief, love, hatred or greed. We must
avoid extreme passion as it leads to irrational behaviour.

Fear
It destroys a person's freedom of choice and destroys the voluntariness of that action. The action
is not human action.

Habits
Habits influence the nature of human action. It is a quality acquired through frequent repetition
that enables the subject to act easily and promptly. It is an inclination that is also difficult to
remove. Good habits are virtues and bad habits are vices.

Temperament
It is the sum of person's natural propensities as opposed to character, which is a collection of a
person's acquired propensities, such as habits.

Drugs and alcohol can impair human reasoning and knowledge. If the action is not human it
cannot be analysed from a moral perspective.
Morality involves examination of human action to decide whether it is good or bad, right or
wrong.

What is the purpose of human actions?

Epicureans defined that ultimate purpose of human action is pleasure. This is "eat, drink and be
merry" code of ethics.
Stoics claimed that the ultimate aim of human action is to cultivate the human mind or acquire
knowledge.
Materialism maintains that peoples' happiness consists in acquiring material goods.
Humanism holds that the ultimate end of human action is in achieving prosperity and progress
for the human race.

How to differentiate between Right and Wrong?

Are all human actions right or wrong because of some extrinsic circumstances, such as rules of
law or are atleast some human actions intrinsically evil?
Divine positivists claim that actions are good or evil because God has freely commanded them
to be so. Human positivists, hold the difference between right and wrong arose from custom or
because of education or social influences. Rousseau held that actions are good when the state
commands them and evil when the state forbids them. e.g. Polygamy was once lawful but today
is immoral.

Utilitarianism : Test of goodness or badness is the usefulness of the action. Greatest good for
the greatest number. John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. It promotes selfishness, it destroys
the dignity of the individual and makes people cogs in the wheels of human progress. There
may be conflicts between what is good for the individual and for the community.

Page | 11
Education and cultural development help clarify our perception of what is right and wrong. But
education alone cannot explain the universal agreement that certain actions, such as murder, are
morally evil.
Some human actions are intrinsically evil and some actions are intrinsically good. Some actions
are wrong by their very nature.

Intuition : Human beings have a special sense faculty that enables them to perceive directly
what is right and what is wrong. e.g. Sense of taste. Ultimate criteria is common sense. There
are principles that people but cannot explain.
Rationalism : For the sake of duty. Acts are good if they can be universalized that we should act
in the way everybody else in the same circumnstances would act. The essential element is
human reason. This is called Categorical Imperative. It would not explain the morality of
actions when no law exists to command such actions.

Parts of human actions?

Object
 Every action has an object. It distinguishes the act from every other act.
 Telling the truth when the silence will suffice. It can destroy another person's good name
character.
 Walking may be an indifferent act but walking into store to steal becomes a morally
wrong action.

Circumnstances
 To strike in self defence v/s without any provocation
 Stealing from a corrupt billionaire may not be as bad as stealing from a homeless person
though both are evil act.
 It increases or decreases the intensity of the action.
 However, it makes morality subjective and relative. There is nothing to prevent two
persons in same circumstances from giving two diametrically opposite meanings to the
same action.

End Purpose
 It is the purpose the person had in mind while doing the act. It is the intention.
 Running for good health v/s running for stealing something.
 Donation to a homeless to lure her into doing something evil is immoral.
 Telling a lie to defame another person is more wrong.
 A good end doesn't justify a bad means.

Act of Double Effect?

Some actions have 2 effects - good and bad.
How to decide the morality of such actions?
 The action must be either good or indifferent and intrinsically wrong
 The good effect must not be obtained through evil effect.
 The intention should be good
 There must be good reason or cause for performing the action in the first place. Clinical
trials and Abortion serve as good examples.
 The actor doesn't intend the evil effect.
 The good purpose - saving the pregnant woman's life - is the primary effect.
 The surgical procedure is not the evil effect, it is an indifferent act, neither good nor bad
in itself. But it causes two effects, one that physician intends and other he or she does
not intend.

Page | 12
Attribution
We must know the motive behind action.
For example, if one staff passes sexist remarks against a woman. As a senior it is our duty to
ascertain first the cause for such behaviour. May be the subordinate may have come from such
societal background where the freedom of woman is curtailed or it may be that he is deliberately
hurting the feelings. Is it deliberate / intentional or ignorance.
As a visitor to a hospital you find that the hospital is unclean. There could be two possibilities:
 Laxity on hospital staff.
 Patients and their relatives might be littering.

Lesser the misattribution more the rational decision - Recall of Non Cooperation Movement. If
attributional error occurs, then there is always a wrong decision on the card. We should
objectively appraise the situation.

Autonomy
Administrative autonomy is essential to address rapidly changing situations as also to deal with
dynamic nature of the work itself. However, unregulated authority might be misused. Article
311 of constitution seeks to safeguard honest officers by providing that they can't be removed
by an officer subordinate to that which appointed them. However, the real intent is significantly
compromised when dishonest officers use its provisions to delay or even escape justice.
In this regard:
1. Legislative and constitutional provisions should be reviewed and rationalised to ensure
that while they continue to protect honest officers, they do not provide undue immunity to
dishonest officers.
2. Internal vigilance should be conducted in a time bound manner.

Behaviour
Why do we behave?
Pleasure drives our behaviour. There are two kinds of pleasure physical pleasure and intellectual
pleasure. We value our intellectual pleasure over physical pleasure. e.g Collector evacuating
disaster victims during floods.
A good trait would be to subordinate physical pleasure over mental pleasure. Hedonism driving
force. If a particular behaviour results in hedonism then we'll continue that behaviour.
Behaviour is a function of (emotions, belief) and f(conscious, unconscious choices)
Homeostatic ensures equilibrium.
Drive X Direction = Behavioural Change.
Type of intervention depends upon the situation and it can be at the level of belief, emotion and
behaviour.

Power Distance
It is the extent to which the less powerful members of organisations and institutions accept and
expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures that endorse low power distance expect and
accept power relations that are more consultative and democratic. People relate to one another
as equal regardless of their formal positions. High power distance leads to autocratic and
paternalistic attitude. Subordinates acknowledge the power of others simply based upon where
they are situated. India scores high on power distance due to:
 Familial obedience.
 High dependency orientation.

Workers prefer to be directed clearly to their functions and what is expected of them. Top
down communication is highly directive and negative feedback never goes up the ladder.

Conformity orientation.

Page | 13
Sense of being controlled offers psychological satisfaction to the people (Reliance on God
mystical powers).

What it leads to?

 Lack of initiative taking.
 Achievement orientation is reduced.
 Independent behaviour is less frequently displayed.
 Submissiveness
 Upward communication extremely distorted.
 Superior doesn't know what's happening to his department.
 How to keep superior in good mood is the prime motive of subordinates.

How it is to be done?
 Professional relationship is transformed into personalised relationship which belittles
professionalism, perpetrates corruption and negative attitude
 Formation of "In Groups" in the organisation.
 Loyalty to the individual and not institution.
 Status quo is maintained and not challenged (Copernicus example).
 Appeasement.
 Play safe tendency.
 Decision taken by someone else is accepted without any question mark.
 Inertia in the system.

Page | 14
 Topic of the Syllabus
Attitude-
content, structure, function
Its influence and relation with thought and behaviour
Moral and political attitudes
Social influence and persuasion.

Content
When values are applied on concrete object it becomes attitude or in other words application of
values becomes attitude. It has definite shape. We know a person more through attitude than
values even though values are central to a person's personality.

Attitude help in predicting the exact behaviour of a person.

Attitudes are learned, enduring predispositions to respond consistently either in favourable or

unfavourable manner towards objects, persons, events or a class of objects, events or persons.
Again a product of socialisation, long lasting and consistent.
They can be +ve or -ve.
Attitude = Belief + Emotion
Lasting evaluation of the various objects in our social world. Attitudes are evaluative and they
are lasting.
It refers to mental or neural state of readiness organised through experience and exerting a
directive influence upon individual's response to all objects and situations. Attitudes are
evaluative because emotions are involved.

Characteristics
 Enduring: Integral component of personality
 Acquired: Developed through socialisation.
 Subject-Object relationship: Objectification of values -> attitude. It can never be object
free. e.g. I have (subject) a +ve attitude towards you(object).
 They help in evaluation.
 It can be expressed both verbally and non-verbally.
 We get to know and understand others through their attitudes only.
 Attitudes are subjective experience. Each individual's attitude different from others
 It conforms to the principle of consistency. We generally don't have A1, A2 attitudes
towards a thing at different point of time. Inconsistency in attitudes leads to mental
dissonance.

Structure
 Belief(Cognitive part): Ideas and belief form the basis of development of attitude. These
beliefs may be wrong or right. For example, a manager giving less salary to women may
emanate from the belief that women are not coequal of men. Stereotypes prevalent in our
society. There is more thinking in terms of Absolute Black or White.
 Emotion: Feelings and emotions one has towards the attitude object.
 Behaviour(Action Part): Our predisposition to display certain behaviours towards the
attitude object.

Function of Attitude
1. Knowledge Function: It helps to organise and interpret diverse set of information. It
provides consistency and clarity in our explanation and understanding of events. This is
also known as understanding function. It provides a frame of reference. It may not

Page | 15
 provide us with a factually correct information. Economists who oppose liberalisation
(attitude) would always see a liberal budget as poor budget.
2. Ego defensive Function: It protects the loss of self esteem and promotion of self esteem.
More ego defensive means less agreeable and not open. Free from ego defensive means
aware and awake. Prejudiced attitudes are often used as a crutch to bolster self esteem of
the holder. They are more used by the individuals who are insecure and anxious. It
helps us maintain our self esteem in the moments of embarrassment. Such person is not
likely to accept mistake in case of debacle. This can be done way with by providing an
enriching and facilitating environment that encourages him to discuss his innermost
feelings. Non judgmental and non evaluative environment helps. Rewarding the person's
positive behaviour. The moment he departs from ego-defensiveness we reward him. This
strengthens fight against ego-defensiveness.

3. Value Experience: It helps to establish a person's self identity which portrays to the
individual As well as to others the kind of person he is. This can be changed by
disturbing the homeostasis -> Create identity crisis. Example: Lord Buddha. Change is
difficult but can be brought about if the person is seriously dissatisfied with their
existing self concept. Another option could be making people aware that their attitudes
and behaviour patterns do not match with their existing values.

4. Need Satisfaction Function: Change in need will change the attitude. India now being
looked upon as Superpower because of India's economic growth rate and opportunity for
other countries. Many attitudes are formed as a result of our past rewards and
punishments for saying and doing things. Once formed these attitudes usually continue
to be useful in helping us satisfy our needs or reach our goals. These attitudes help us
adjust to life situations. These attitudes are likely to change if attitude holder gets
convinced that new attitudes suggested to him are likely to meet his needs in a more
effective manner. These attitudes also change if the attitude holder's underlying needs
have changed.

5. Impression Motivation Function: Subordinates starts coming on time just to have

impression on superior. Attitudes can allow us to manage how others perceive us. We
generally use our attitudes to lead others to have a positive view of ourselves. When we
are motivated to impress others many times we shift our attitudes accordingly. It may
happen that continuing with time these attitudes may become an integral part our self.
Examples:-
 Birth of a child unites parents. Australian Cricket attitude towards India.
 When whites in South Africa realised that development would not take place
without blacks -> apartheid abolished.
 National development is still not common goal.
 Self > Family > Caste > Religion > Nation

Attitude and thought and behaviour

These 3 components are generally in consonance with each other. However, in time of conflict
the attitude will veer towards the component which has greater weight.
Attitude = reaction and not actual behaviour. The actual action performed may not correspond
to behaviour. Attitudes are reflection of experiences.
Example:
 Belief: Women are co-equal
 Emotion: Respect for women
 Behaviour: Including women in workforce.

Page | 16
Attitude Congruent Behaviour Attitude Discrepant Behaviour.
Environment plays a great role in shaping our final behaviour. There is often a clash between
attitude and environment. Which will prevail depends upon the relative strength or cost-benefit
analysis. Attitude should be based on objective reality and not distortive reality.
Environment > Attitude > Environment (Government / Societal Attitude)

Examples:
 If the govt policy supports women participation in labour force and your attitude is also in
sync with govt policy then it leads to +ve reward from govt and gives a sense of
satisfaction.

 If the govt policy supports women participation but you hold opposite attitude then either
you will refuse and face punitive action or will reluctantly agree.

 If the govt doesn't support women participation and you hold negative attitudes towards
women then it is a dangerous scenario.

 If the govt doesn't support women participation and you support then allowing women will
earn you wrath from govt but will give a sense of satisfaction.

How attitude and behaviour are interlinked?

Attitude Relevance: Greater the vested interest of the attitude holder in the attitude held the
stronger is the possibility of manifestation.
Stronger the attitude the stronger is the attitude behaviour link and the attitude formed with
direct exposure with attitude object are generally more stronger than those formed as a result of
indirect exposure.
Specific attitudes are much better predictor of behaviour than general attitude.
We are less likely to display our true attitude if we believe that others hold a different attitude
regarding the same object and we have high regard for those others.

How to Change Attitude ?

Attitudes can be changed if a person consistently receives the information that invalidates their
existing belief structure. In such situations these individuals are likely to correct their existing
belief system and establish a more logical, cognitive structure.
It can't be changed overnight as it is the product of socialisation and consists of deep seated
values and emotions. A sudden attempt to reverse the attitude may be met by resistance as a
change in attitude leads to mental dissonance.
Example: Earth is round, the sex of a child is determined by men and not women.

Moral and political attitudes

Refer Lexicon

Social influence and persuasion

Social Influence
It refers to efforts by one or more person to change attitudes or perception of one or more
others. It is expressed through 3 modes: conformity, compliance and obedience

Conformity
It is group influence in action. It is a type of social influence in which individuals change their
attitudes of behaviour in order to become consistent with the existing norms. Social norms are
the rules indicating how the individuals are expected to behave in specific situations. Norms
may be explicit or implicit. We conform to norms for 3 reasons:
 The need to be liked by others whose acceptance we desire.
 The need to be correct in our judgments or actions.

Page | 17
  Self categorisation: Like others we want to place ourselves in some or the other category
and group membership facilitates this. We identify with our group in order to maintain
self concept and more dependent we are more we will display conformity orientation.

Factors influencing conformity

1. Group size is large
2. Unanimity

Traits of non conformers Traits of conformers are

1. High self efficacy. 1. Submissiveness
2. Self reliance. 2. High level of insecurity and anxiety
3. High self confidence - ego strength. 3. Narrow and limited world view
4. Social maturity.
5. Naturalness.
6. Ability to express themselves.
7. High sense of security.
8. Low level of anxiety.

Compliance
Form of social influence involving direct requests from one person to another.
Techniques of compliance rest on following principles:
1.Friendship and Liking: We comply with requests from friends or people we like.
Techniques based on liking are:
2.Self enhancing technique: +ve non verbal cues, improving one's appearance, associating
with +ve events, Flattery, agreement with the target person
3.Ingratiation: Inducing the target person to develop liking for us and then changing his
behaviour in the desired direction
4.Commitment and consistency: Once we have committed ourselves to a position or action
we are more willing to comply with a request for behaviour that are consistent with that
position. There are two techniques:
5.Foot in the door technique: A procedure of gaining compliance in which the requesters
begin with a small request and when it is granted they escalate to the larger request.
6.Low Ball Technique: A technique for gaining compliance in which an offer or a deal is
changed to make it less attractive to the target person after the person has accepted it e.g.
Car salesman
7.Reciprocity: We comply with the requests from someone who has provided us with a
favour. Two techniques:
a) Door in the Face Technique: Requesters begin with a large request and when it
refused they retreat to a smaller one that is the one which was actually desired. e.g.
Asking for Rs. 10000 from parents when you actually require Rs. 500
b) That's not all Technique: Requesters offer additional benefit to the target person
before they have decided to comply or reject with specific request. The small extra
concession increases the pressure to reciprocate.

8.Scarcity: We try to secure opportunities that are scarce or limited.

9.Playing it hard to get: Increasing compliance by suggesting that person or the object is
scarce to obtain.
10. Deadline technique: Target persons are told that they have only limited time to take
advantage of some offer.
11. We are willing to comply with requests from someone who is a legitimate authority.

Page | 18
Obedience
A form of social influence in which one person obeys direct order from another person to
perform some action. We often obey commands from authority figures even when such persons
have little power to enforce their orders.
Milgram Destructive Obedience
Reasons for obedience:
 Transfer of responsibility: I was only carrying out the orders.
 Visible badges - Faced with obvious reminders of who is in charge
 Gradual escalation of authority figures orders.

Ordinary people are willing although with some reluctance to harm an innocent stranger if
ordered to do so by someone in authority.

Resisting Destructive Obedience

 When the subordinates are convinced that it is them and not the authorities that are
responsible for harm produced.
 If they are encouraged to question the expertise and the motives of the authority figures.

Commonly used tactics for Influence in Governance:

 Rational Persuasion: Occurs when agent uses logical arguments or factual evidence to
influence others.
 Inspirational appeals are used when the agents make a request or a proposal that is
designed to arouse emotions in the target groups.
 Consultation: When the agents ask the target group to participate in planning and
activity. Consultation strengthen the member commitment or target group commitment.
 Personal appeals are used when the agents ask the target group to do a favour out of
friendship.
 Coalition tactics are used when the agents seek the aid and support of others to influence
the target.
 Pressure tactics and threats, persistent reminders
 Legitimising tactics occur when the agents make request based on their position and
authority.
 The tactics of making the target group change its attitudes and perception in intended
directions are called as influence tactics and the degree of change obtained is called
social influence

Persuasion
Technique of bringing about an attitude or behavioural change of the target group in intended
direction.
Who says what to Whom through What means.
Communication is not what source says but what receiver understands and therefore it is always
receiver centric.
Successful communication occurs when the receiver not only decodes and understands the
message as desired by the source but also acts upon the message in the manner as intended by
the source.

Hindrances
 Generation
 Gender
 Language
 IT skills
 Semantic, interpersonal and physical barrier.

Page | 19
The discrepancy between the intended and perceived meaning is likely to be low when the field
of experience of the source and receiver overlaps. If the instruction
ruction / message is in sync with the
experience of subordinates the message will be better received and acted upon.

Gandhiji's field of experience overlapped with those of the masses. EQ and not IQ plays
important role. Make communication IDEA centric and and not WORD centric. The meaning of the
word is not in the word but rather it is in the mind of the individual. The receiver will filter out
those info which is not according to its value system. Attention, comprehension, retention and
action on the message.

Characteristics of Source
1. Credibility Extent to which we believe in the source what the source says
believability in the source. It is shaped by two factors
2. Expertness Decided by knowledge base. We are less likely to question the issues
raised by credible
redible source when they are contentious as we are convinced that the source
knows more than what we know.
3. Trustworthiness Truthfulness of the source. Judged by evaluating the degree of
vested interest the source has in persuading us.
4. Power Potential toto influence the behaviour of the target group in the desired
direction. Greater is the power of the source over receiver the more likely that the
receiver will display the behaviour (civil society advocating for reforms vs SC
guidelines)
5. Attractiveness Ann attractive communication brings about more attitude change than
less attractive communicator. One important dimension is physical attractiveness. Apart
from physical, we generally like people who are high on the traits of openness and
agreeableness.

We forget the name over time and only the message remains. Overtime the influence of the
credible source somewhat declines.

Message Characteristics
Zone of acceptance.. Zone of person larger for powerful and attractive people. For a persuader to
bring about ann attitude change it is essential that he is aware about the zone of acceptance and
rejection of his target group and is able to place messages in the zone of acceptance and thus
increasing the chances of their acceptance. Whether the source should draw th the conclusion for
the audience of let the audience arrive at their own conclusion to a large extent depends upon
audience characteristics.

Pleasant form of distraction which positively reinforce the audience enhances the
persuasiveness of the message. Emotional
tional and factual appeals are effective in bringing about
attitude and behaviour change of the target group.
Galileo, Socrates, Copernicus spoke the right things yet they found difficulties because audience
was not receptive and irrational. If the message issues can enlist the participation of the
audience then it is likely to be more effectively received than when it doesn't enlist the
participation.

Medium Characteristics
The channels selected for the transmission of the message should be:
 Compatible withth the message.
 Should be compatible with audience characteristics.

Receiver Characteristics
 Self - Esteem: People with high self esteem are difficult to persuade in comparison to
people with low self esteem.

Page | 20
  Intelligence: People with high intelligence are
are less likely to be persuaded with the
arguments not based on sound logic. In contrast less intelligent people are more likely to
be swayed by emotional appeals not based upon sound logic and not supported by
factual data.

 Gender: Women are more easily persuaded

persuaded in comparison to men and they have lesser
persuasive power than men. Men have subjugated women to extreme dependence.
Patriarchal viewpoint of society.

 Exposure, Attention, Retention and Interpretation of the message.

 To ensure that the message is

is retained it is essential that it is repeated many times and is
designed in a manner that it becomes easily comprehensible and recallable.

 Persuasive Message High Elaboration Central Route Careful Processing

of information is done Degree of attitude
ude change depends on the quality of
arguments presented.

 Persuasive Message Low Elaboration Peripheral Route Careful

Processing of information is NOT done Degree of attitude change depends upon the
persuasive cues. e.g. Advertisement is done through
through Peripheral Route.

Case:
Question:- If you as an administrator is given the charge of shifting the location of a Temple.

Answer:-
In above case both central and peripheral route can be uses.
 Central: Fear appeal, more number of devotees.
 Peripheral:l: Comfort to priests, more spacious
If the message is interesting, important and personally relevant Attitude change would
occur.
If the message is uninteresting, uninvolving then it would not lead to any change.

Attitude change that occurs through central

cen route iss more desirable because iit is more resistant
to the later attempts at persuasion.
Attitudes changed through central route last longer than those changed through peripheral route.
Attitudes changed through central route are more related to behaviour.
beha

Central route is all about intrinsic motivation and peripheral route is about extrinsic motivation.

Ways to resist persuasion:-

 Derogation of the source.
 By forewarning an individual that he is about to become a target of persuasion.
 Immunisation by giving small doses of counter attitudinal message so that they are in a
position to repulse/defend stronger attack that comes later on.

Page | 21
 Aptitude and foundational values for civil service
 Aptitude and foundational values for civil service
 Integrity
 Impartiality and non-partisanship
 Objectivity
 Dedication to public service
 Empathy
 Tolerance
 Compassion towards the weaker sections.

Foundational values for CS are : Seeking public trust and maximise public welfare. Values of
public trust must be reflected in the administration. However, public trust is often compromised
and there results a breach of trust. Merit without ethic will not ensure good governance. e.g.
UPA government, Nazi regime

Nolan Committee Report:

1. Selflessness - act in public interest.
2. Integrity - resist outside influence
3. Objectivity - choices based on merit
4. Accountability - directives
5. Openness - restrict info only for public interest.
6. Honesty - declare any private interests.
7. Leadership - Lead by example

Integrity
Comes from the Latin word Integer meaning whole or complete. It means soundness of moral
principles. Person must be consistent across time and situations.
Persons' inner sense of wholeness deriving from honesty and consistent uprightness of
character.
A person with integrity does right things for right reasons.
Integrity involves basing one's actions on internally consistent framework or principles.
People with integrity are guided by a set of core principles that empowers them to behave
consistently to high standards.

The core principles of integrity are the virtues such as:

 Compassion
 Generosity
 Dependability
 Honesty
 Kindness
 Objectivity
 Trust
 Wisdom

The preamble of our constitution mentions that the states and its functionaries will act with
integrity and ethics because dishonest and unethical state can't promote any basic principles laid
down in the preamble.

Article 14 specifically prohibits state from discriminating. Article 38 makes it mandatory on

public servants to behave ethically.

Page | 22
Types of Integrity
1. Intellectual integrity: It requires being willing to stand up for your best judgment of truth
by willing to act in accordance with the judgment when the need arises. It requires
caring for truth for its own sake. When we fail to stand up for our best judgment of truth
we are said to lack intellectual integrity. Persons with Intellectual integrity are willing to
pursue the truth. They don't just go along with the popular opinion or what is fashionable
at that point in time. It is characterised by openness and fairness. It requires one to
overcome self deception and temptation offered by commercialism.

2. Personal Integrity: It consists of organising one's desires, commitments, volitions, values

and actions in such a way that there is no conflict between them. When a person
possesses a personal integrity then various aspects of his self are fully integrated. It
requires that the person subscribes to some consistent set of principles and commitments
in the face of temptations and challenges and uphold these principles or commitments
for what individuals take to be the right reasons.

3. Moral Integrity: It requires an unconditional and unwavering commitment to some or the

other moral principles. We can't have moral integrity without having personal integrity.

Reasons for decline in Integrity in Governance:

 The process of socialisation.
 Amoral familism and nepotism - blind obedience to familial obligation.
 Commodification and relative deprivation.
 Absence or non visibility or role models.
 Arbitrary reward and punishment.

Utility of Integrity in Governance and Public Administration:

1. It ensures that admin and public functionaries don't misuse their official position by
using information acquired in the course of their official duties to further their private
gains.
2. Comply with law and uphold the administration of justice.
3. Keep accurate records and handle information as openly as possible within the legal
framework and do not disclose official information without authority.
4. Always act in a way that is professional and deserves and retains the confidence of all
those with whom we are dealing.
5. Fulfill their duties and obligations responsibly and make sure that public and other
resources are used efficiently and appropriately.
6. Deal with public and their affairs fairly, efficiently promptly, sensitively and effectively
to the best of their abilities.
7. Not accept gifts or receive any other benefits which might be seen to compromise your
personal judgment.

Impartiality and non-partisanship

Impartiality:
With the change in regime there is change in priorities and focus of the government with earlier
programmes seeing the light of the day and new programmes being introduced. In this dynamic
situation how to ensure partiality. Also there arises situation where the ruling party at the centre
may be different from party in the state and the civil servant has to tread a fine line as not to be
seen favouring one party over another.
Impartiality is to be seen in two context:
1. Public Impartiality: A public servant will serve as an instrument of government. Provide
services without discriminating on the basis of caste, religion and gender. Give due
regard to the diversity of the nation.

Page | 23
 2. Political: Principle of working without reservation and with devotion for the success of
every government.

Advantages
 Provides professionalism and permanence as opposed to reluctance to change
 It assures the public that their current aspirations will be faithfully served by the govt.
 The elected ministers are assured of loyalty of the civil servants.
 The officers themselves enjoy high morale since they believe they will be rewarded for
their merit and not for their political considerations.

Absolute Neutrality can't be real?

Several welfare programmes have high gestation period and take long to have any considerable
impact. It is not possible for the programme to bear fruit within the term of 1 political
leadership. A certain level of commitment towards such programmes is unavoidable otherwise
neutrality may degenerate into disinterest.
Offer free and frank advice on policy matters using the powers of delegated legislation to ensure
optimal utilisation of resources.

Neutrality:
How to stay value neutral?
We can't be absolute neutrality.
Administration should be political neutral and not program neutral. Try to maximise the welfare
from such programmes and if there is a change in government then bring out the positive
aspects and in continuing them with little alteration. Political executive do not have complete
understanding of ground realities. They can't provide finer details. Only the permanent
executive provide such facts and details. Thus administration becomes integral part of
legislative process. There should be a convergence of policies (B.K.Chaturvedi report).

Nepotism:
Benefit to one's family in corrupt way.

Objectivity
 It refers to basing our advice and decisions on rigorous analysis of evidence. Objectivity
ensures:
 Civil servants take decisions on the merit of the case and take account of expert and
professional advice.
 Provide information and advice including the advice to ministers on the basis of
evidence and accurately present opinions and facts.
 Must not ignore inconvenient facts when providing advice or making decisions.
 Must ensure the implementation of the policies once the decisions are taken
 Dedication to public service

Empathy
It is the ability to comprehend another's feelings and re-experience them in oneself. It is a kind
of induction process by which emotions both positive and negative are shared and which
increases the chance of similar behaviour in the participants. It is defined by behaviours such as:
 Giving full attention to someone.
 Detecting and interpreting non verbal cues.
 Acknowledging others perspective.
 Understanding another's felt experience.
There are 2 types of empathy:
1. Affective Empathy: Sensations and feelings we get in response to other's emotions. It
involves mirroring what other person is feeling.

Page | 24
 2. Cognitive Empathy: Perspective taking and is the ability to identify and understand other
people's emotions

Requirements for display of empathy

 Intelligence
 Effective listening - Social isolation is more due to hearing loss than vision loss.
 Imagination - People with vivid imagery are better placed to empathise.
 Personal involvement with appropriate detachment.
 Unconditional positive regard for the individual in question
 Ability to understand and use the non-verbal cues.

Empathy in Governance
 Empathy allows the leaders and administrators become more aware of the changing
environment and be willing to adopt and do things differently. Adaptability provides
leaders an advantage in cross cultural situations and prevents them from offending
employees.
 Empathetic admin are more likely to have an appropriate degree of openness about
diversity and differences between cultures. It also plays an important role in developing
trust in admin employee relationship.
 It helps admin increase their capacity and willingness to understand situations and
accept the proposed changes and opinions of others.
 It allows admin to make work environment more enjoyable and productive.
 It promotes superior listening which in turn facilitates the development of inter personal
relations.
 Power to read between the lines and take appropriate decisions.
 It reduces relationship barriers. Relationships stemming from empathy are likely to
enhance the perception of leaders integrity and credibility.

Empathy promotes
 Intergroup interaction.
 Conflict management
 Emotional control
 Social awareness
 Innovation
 Team work
 Interpersonal trust
 Organisational productivity

Degree of action
Apathy < Sympathy < Empathy < Compassion

Apathy
Absence of emotion/ indifference (Anhedonis). It means complete absence of action.

Sympathy
Understanding of the difficulties and problems faced by others i.e. there is presence of
emotions.
Understanding not as per the perspective of others but only as per own's perspective.
There is a response of pity and attempt to look down upon others who are in distress.

Empathy
This means feeling into. Understanding the way the person in the question does.
The person has to have the warmth to demonstrate empathy

Page | 25
The person has to be genuine in his feelings

Tolerance
It implies long suffering silence. It's the capacity for or the practice of recognising and
respecting the beliefs and practices of others. Tolerance therefore is a fair, objective and
permissive attitude towards those whose opinions, practices, race, religion and nationality differ
from our own.
The two common denominators of tolerance are:
1. Need for respectful and fair attitude towards others.
2. This attitude is directed towards those whose beliefs and opinions happen to be different
from ours.

Tolerance therefore is having respect for the other person's right to express their beliefs while
maintaining respect for person even if he happens to disagree with own beliefs.

True tolerance encourages on open debate.

Democratic governance tolerate broad spectrum of behaviours and therefore inculcate in its
citizens greater tolerance than the totalitarian regimes or governance which emphasize on
maximum control.

Compassion
Literal meaning is to suffer. Desire to mitigate the sufferings of others. Verbal + Action oriented
service. It involves empathy + action. It's the feeling of empathy for others. More involved than
simple empathy. It gives rise to active desire to alleviate the sufferings of others. It is the basis
for 'ahimsa' and is the key component in what manifests in social context as altruism. Involves
both sensitivity and commitment to try to do something to reduce or prevent it. It requires:
 Being attentive to needs of others.
 Willingness to exert self control
 Self awareness.
 Skilfully helping others
 Being calm and composed
 The use of reasoning

Components of compassion
 Sensitivity: Being attentive enough to notice when others need help.
 Empathy: Being able to step into the shoes of others and feel and see the things from
their perspective.
 Motivation: The desire and commitment to be caring, supportive and helpful to others.
 Non judgmental approach: Not judging person's pain and distress but simply accepting
and validating their experience.
 Distress tolerance: The ability to bear difficult emotions within ourselves and in others.

Arousal:
Moderate arousal is the key to success and not high arousal (leads to hasty and wrong decisions)
or low arousal (no effort).

Page | 26
 Emotional Intelligence
Concepts
Utilities and application in administration and governance

Emotional Intelligence
Emotions are personal experiences that arise from complex interplay among physiological,
cognitive and situational variables.
ables. Emotion is a psychological concept. All of us are born with
a capacity to experience emotions. All emotions are reactions to events. Emotions have an
adaptive purpose, they increase the ability of a species to survive. They help us direct our
attention
ion to important events. They facilitate social communication and help us exercise power
and maintenance of status.

Earlier it was thought that emotions make us inefficient and represent a sign of weakness but in
recent times it has been well documented that
t emotions facilitate:
 Building the trust.
 Creative expression.
 Make us effective
 Motivate us.
 Help arrive at good judgment
 Activate ethical values.
 Provide vital information and feedback
 Enhances reasoning

Concept
Mayer and Salovery introduced the concept
conc of emotional intelligence.
IQ + EQ => General Intelligence

EQ is the reflection of an individual's emotional intelligence. EI is potential ability

IQ X EQ X SQ = Well Being
where, SQ = Spiritual Quotient

Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive

perceive and express emotions, assimilate emotions in
thought, understand and reason with emotions and regulate emotions in one self and the others.

The person with good EQ is:

 High sense of agreeableness
 High on openness
 Conscientiousness - rule boundedness
 Neuroticism - Low level of anxiety
 Resilience - Tendency to bounce back
 Socialisation

Goleman's concept
In 1995 Goleman wrote a book:"Emotional Intelligence: Why it matters more than IQ?" He
attributed 80% success on EQ and 20% on IQ

Emotional Intelligence
ce (Potential) EQ (Measure of extent to which emotional intel
intelligence
gets manifested into behaviour)
haviour)
Mayer and Salovery gave the concept of EI in 1990s.

What does EQ consist of?

1. Perception of emotion
2. Management of emotion

Page | 27
 3. Understanding of emotion
4. Emotional facilitation of thought

Goleman defined EI as capacity for recognising our own feelings and those of others for
motivating ourselves and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships. He
identified following component of EI

Self Awareness:
It is the knowledge about oneself (strength and weakness). It will allow the individual to utilise
his strength and avoid situations in which the limitations might prove to be a handicap. It
enables us to set realistic goals. The chances that goals are accomplished becomes high.

Self Motivation:
It is the energiser of behaviour. Push and pull forces that lead to Goal directed behaviour.
Motivation results in:
 Goal commitment
 Diligence
 Resilience
 Optimistic Outlook
 Helps keep depressogenic cognition away

Self Regulation:
It means emotional and behavioural control. It prevents a person from being a prisoner of own
feeling. People with high self regulation will carrry out more objective appraisal of situation and
their frame of reference will be realistic. They will be fair and just in relationship with others.
They are likely to be good team builders and team leaders.

Empathy:
Need to come egocentric behaviour. It requires person to be non-judgmental. Unconditional
positive regard for something. Perspective of others and feel the things the way the other feel.

Handling Relationship:
Social skills that allow emotionally intelligent individuals to manage their relationship
effectively. These skills include
1. Patience and tolerance
2. Sense of humour: Ability to see the lighter side of the life.
3. Social Memory: Ability to remember names, faces and dates.
4. Recognition of Social Environment: Delicate perception of what to say and do in a given
situation.
5. High stress tolerance.
6. Self confidence

There are scholars who consider EI to be consisting of 2 kinds of competencies:

1. Personal competence: It refers to the ability to understand our own feelings, strengths
and weaknesses and the ability to manage these feelings effectively. It is reflected in the
form of:
a) Awareness of one's emotions and their impact.
b) Emotional self control.
c) Ability to adapt to the changing environment.
d) Integrity, honesty and trustworthiness, achievement orientation.
e) Willingness to take initiatives and the ability to always be on the learning
curve.

Page | 28
 2. Social competence: It refers to the ability to understand what others are feeling and
having the skills to work effectively with others. It is reflected through:
a) Respect for others.
b) Conflict management skills.
c) Collaborative approach.
d) Sense of humour
e) Appreciation of strength and weaknesses of others.

Emotional Intelligence in Governance

All governance is people governance and all service is public service. Relationships are DNA of
governance. If public functionaries fail to develop trusting relationship with other people, there
can be no governance.

Max Weber and F. W. Taylor viewed emotions as a handicap in administrative functioning.

Weber talked about dehumanisation. Taylor said that man is a machine and focussed on
elimination of time and motion waste. Man was turned into a robot. Human Relations
Movement by Elton Mayo (Hawthorne experiments). Importance of informal group in an
organisation. Feeling of bondage, belonging to a group.

Salovery and Meyer considered emotions as assets in administrative functioning.

Guided by Max Weber's ideas on bureaucracy it had been assumed that efficiency and
effectiveness would be harmed if human emotions influence the rational actions of public
administrators. Impersonality and dehumanisation were regarded as specific virtues of
bureaucracy because they would remove the danger of irrational behaviour by individual
bureaucrats.

F. W. Taylor concentrated on elimination of time and motion waste. Workers emotional issues
such as boredom or frustration were dismissed as negligible concerns. Their ideas were
substantial to bureaucratic management for most of the last century.

However, in the 2nd half of last century the notion that the government and administrative
processes might be improved by looking at emotional content in relational work rather than
focussing solely on rationality and science came more to forefront.

Elton Mayo through his experiments demonstrated that the most significant factor influencing
organisational productivity was the interpersonal relationships developed on the job and not
only the pay and working conditions. When informal group identified with the management the
productivity increased. Mayo's work resulted in human relations movement in industry and its
impact was also felt in the working of the government and administrative machinery.

Today it is well recognised that every job has a technical and human face and for job success
and satisfaction human face can't be ignored. This is applicable for government functioning as
such governance encompasses a set of relationships between government and citizens and that
developing trusting relations calls for the display of social and interpersonal skills. In the light
of these developments the contemporary approach to admin emphasises on employee
empowerment, networking and collaboration and citizen focus and it has been firmly
understood that the success of public functionaries at work is contingent on how effectively can
they display their Emotional Intelligence. EI allows public functionaries and bureaucrats:
 Achieve more amicable work environment.
 Reduce the role-ambiguity and role-conflict.
 Achieve better communication within the organisation and between the organisation.
 Use group dynamics to achieve collaborations and for building bonds and relationships.

Page | 29
  Reduce the intra personal and inter personal and inter group conflict within the
organisation and individuals.
 Improve social capital: It refers to the bond of mutual respect and care among the
members of a collective. When public administrators invest in social capital they earn
currency in the form of increased trust in governance. EI allows for building up of social
capital with peers, stake holders, media, citizens, superiors and subordinates.
 EI individuals have the ability to use win-win models for negotiations. Further they can
easily become a change catalyst.
 They are capable of better time prioritisation, multi-tasking, commitment and
conscientiousness.
 EI intelligent public admin are able to make better sense of ambiguous and contradictory
messages and recognise the importance of different elements in the situation.
 EI leaders and public functionaries bring best out of their subordinates thereby improve
organisation performance and productivity.

How to Improve EQ?

1. Belief restructuring.
2. Re education
3. Re socialisation
4. Emotional regulation

Techniques of improving EQ
1. Sensitivity Training: Helps the person to known his limitations and how his limitations
affect his interpersonal ties. Improve inter personal competence and social competence.
2. Role Playing: Helps us understand challenges associated with other roles better. Harness
and express his creativity. Helps in release penta-feelings and emotions.
3. Assertiveness Training: To exercise controlled aggression. It teaches the techniques of
gamesmanship so that we are able to speak out on issue that matter to us.
4. Ego building behaviour: Promoting individual self esteem
5. Goal setting: moderate achievable goals.
6. Shame attacking exercises.
7. Relaxation techniques exercises - Meditation , yoga etc. (Stress management)
8. Anger Management
9. Anxiety Management
10. Attention Focus Training
11. Communication Training for verbal effectiveness and non verbal cues. Make verbal and
non-verbal messages congruent. (eye contact)

Development of Emotional Intelligence

The process of development starts right from the birth. Various institutions involved are:
1. Family - informal agency of socialisation. If these practices are democratic then it will
lead to development of high level of EI. Unfortunately most of the practices are
authoritarian. There is no room for discussion. The first 5 years are the most formative
years. Parents serve as the role model by shaping their reward and punishment.

2. Schools - Teachers as role model. Textbooks and peers. Textbooks should promote
secular values.

3. Media - Indirect socialisation. It provides observation learning. Increase in crime against

women. Media often highlights negative news and as such there is a perception that it is
dangerous to be upright and honest.

4. Religious institutions.

Page | 30
 5. Place of work

Importance of Emotional intelligence

1. They know how to motivate themselves and the motivation is often the biggest
difference between success and failure. Even if they feel incredibly nervous before a big
presentation, they have learnt to calm themselves and project an aura of confidence.
When they are faced with obstructive people, they know when to hold their temper in
check and when to lose it. They are aware of their own emotions and able to manage
them.

2. It is the distinguishing factor that enables us to have wholesome, warm relationships

rather than cold and distant contacts.

Page | 31
 Public service values and ethics in public administration
 Status and problems
 Ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions
 Laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance
 Accountability and ethical governance
 Strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance
 Ethical issues in international relations and funding
 Corporate governance

Administration
It can be defined as the exercise involving the direction, coordination and control of many
persons to achieve an objective. It involves:
 Group effort
 Common predetermined objective
 Predefined set of relationships (hierarchy)

There are 3 dimensions to administration:

Resources: Human, financial, natural.

The objectives are determined in accordance with the needs of the public rather than the
available resources alone. The motive is of service. The legitimacy to administer is based on
mandate given by the public through their political representative.

Features of admin:
1. It operates within and is guided by a specific political set up. It doesn't mean
politicisation of administration. The politicians represent people's mandate and the
reposing their faith in the representative, therefore, programmes and actions taken by
politicians in a way denotes the will of the people and administration driven by the
desire to serve the public good has to follow those policies.

2. Concept of neutrality. Permanent executive should be value neutral.

3. Non partisanship. It should be flexible enough to adapt to the ideology of political party
in power but stiff enough not to let political party drift away from serving public good.

4. Condition of anonymity. He can be held accountable but not responsible. The

responsibility shall vest with the elected minister as for instance in the collective
responsibility under Article 75(3) of Const.

5. External Financial Control - Finances are regulated by legislature thereby ensuring

scrutiny and control.

6. Consistency of Treatment - Every citizen should be treated equal. Uniform and

consistent.

Change needed
The operational environment of administration is dynamic and an officer cannot be trained for
all eventuality. The administration should incorporate social concerns and values in admin
decisions without which there will be sub optimal decisions. The whole paradigm has to shift
from Administration Centric to Citizen Centric.
Public values determine the ends whereas administrative values determines the means and
process. Example: Temple construction.

Page | 32
If the public values are not correct or immoral then the way out is to neutralising public opinion
by spreading awareness to counter resistance. e.g. Voter Education Campaign. Widow
remarriage.

Why need for values in Public Admin?

Economic and social constraint, ensures optimum and efficient use of resources, subject to
diverse political set up, functional and structural change (globalisation, privatisation, internet
technologies, public private partnership).

There are many challenges such as:

 Absence of precedent
 The debate between values and facts.
 The balance between means and ends.

The above dilemma can be resolved by going back to the very fundamentals of government
which is focussing on the key aspirations of the system, represented by the values of the public.
If it is not guided then it will lose the trust of those who rely upon it (e.g. British Rule). The
values of public should find deep resonance in the administration process.

Important to not only select morally upright individuals for public service but to also ensure that
organisation structure and culture preserves, nurtures and reaffirms the right values. The
abstract nature of values make it difficult to enforce them. There is a need to systematically
reinforce such values till they form a sound internal compass to guide the thoughts and actions
of the members.

Value development
The dimensions involved in value development are:
1. Institutional change: Improve its working culture. Use of e-gov initiative can make an
organisation more consistent and standardised and less vulnerable to possible adverse
influences of human interface. Similarly a well defined set of service rules can promote
objectivity in assessing the conduct of the employees.

2. Behavioural Changes: Appearance of the values in the external actions of an individual

towards himself, colleague and public.

3. Attitude: Internal changes within an individual that affect his environment. As desirable
behaviours are reinforced by rewarding their appearance or penalising their violations,
an individual becomes more inclined towards inculcating them as consisten part of his
conduct.

4. Belief in their values: Long term goal of value development and refers to the stage when
org values are instinctively understood and form the basis for all actions by all members
across all situations.

Status and problems

Ethical concerns and dilemmas in govt and private institutions
Dilemmas:-
1.Efficiency v/s public service
2.Profit v/s public service
3.Regulatory dilemmas

Page | 33
Laws, rules, regs and conscience as sources of ethical guidance
Laws:
 Law is an impersonal instrument.
 Laws and rules are generally historically oriented and inherently incomplete. They don't
anticipate future trajectory. The judgment has to be finally exercised by humans only.
Following law in letter and spirit. What is legally permissible may not be morally
defensible.

Situational ethics.
Example .
 "Right to Die" Issue- Sec 309 of IPC makes it illegal. In 1986 Bombay HC struck down
Sec 309. In 1987 Andhra HC upheld sec 309. In 1994 in Rathinam v/s UOI, SC upheld
that 309 contravenes Article __ (Fundamental Right) of the Constitution. 0However, in
1996, in Gian Kaur v/s State of Punjab, SC held Sec 309 valid.
 Aruna Shabaug Case.

Law can be defined as a body of rules that is instituted and enforced by a sovereign political
authority.
The purpose is to:
 Protect rights of people.
 Regulate activities of members
 Provide for imposition of penalties.

Regulations translate law into action.

Rules
Rules are not necessarily based on political authority and may even be confined to a particular
context as such they can't demand obedience unless an individual voluntarily agrees to abide by
them.

Laws help in :
 Defining the range and scope of admin actions.
 Providing a set of objective criteria against which to assess the adequacy, desirability and
legality of a particular action.
 Safeguarding citizens from an arbitrary or wilful misuse of authority.

Should the letter of the law be always followed?

Imposition of emergency was legal but was it morally correct?

We stick to rules and law because deviance from law invites punishment and may have impact
on career whereas taking a morally correct action may not have tangible benefit.

Limitations
 Inherently incomplete. Reaction to past experiences and may not be very useful in
dealing with changing situations or in anticipating future problems. There is always a
possibility that a law may be silent on certain issues.
 Prescribe only the minimum expected standards.
 Presence of a law is itself not enough. Enacting, interpreting and implementing requires
a certain degree of idealism. Laws can always be amended retrospectively or otherwise
to serve specific interests.
 The mandates of law may not be always morally tenable. Slavery, apartheid. There is
always a chance of confrontation between the two.

Page | 34
Laws v/s conscience.

Deontological approach and Teleological Approach.

Ethics and Law

Laws are formulated to promote social harmony, well being and to resolve conflicts of interest.
However, some laws (e.g. slavery) can be unethical. Physical sanctions enforce law but
essentially it is the sanction of conscience and reputation that enforce morality.

Is there autonomy of ethics?

Conscience
 It is defined as the special act of the mind that comes into being when the intellect passes
judgment on the merit of a particular act. It is an intellectual decision made with regard
to morality of action.

 It is wider in scope than law since it enables us to interpret the law in the light of the
prevailing circumstances and determine the underlying ethical dimensions.

 In situation where law is silent the voice of conscience assumes significance. An

individual's conscience helps determine the most appropriate course of action by
recognising the moral and ethical dimensions that are involved.

 It helps individual progress beyond procedural compliance. When laws become outdated
and require renewal, conscience not only helps in recognising the need to initiate the
process but in also progressing towards the most suitable form.
 It helps an individual create an optimal balance between the legal remedies and
prerogatives that are available to him alongside the universality of established values
and morals.

 It supplements the role of law and rules in providing for ethical governance. In absence
of conscience one may adhere to the letter of the law but may violate its spirit with
impunity. However, it also depends upon and enhances the discretionary powers of an
individual.

Accountability and ethical governance

Accountability
It can be understood as legal and procedural mechanism through which public servants are
bound to 3 elements.
1.Answerability: Seeking justification for an action.
2.Enforcement: Imposition of sanctions or penalties if the justification is found inadequate.
3.Responsiveness: Extent to which an action was taken for a genuine public need or only for
administrative convenience.

The measures for enforcing accountability can be both external and internal:
a) Internal Mechanisms
 Departmental enquiries.
 Performance appraisal.
 Transfers
 Suspension

Page | 35
Problems with accountability
 Accountability by itself will not be adequate. A sense of responsibility to maximise the
available resources for the welfare of the people is needed.
 Accountability restricts itself to quantitative dimension of actions but doesn't incorporate
qualitative aspect.
 The accountability can improve the efficiency of the system but not necessarily its
effectiveness.
 Even though administration may adhere perfectly to the tenets of accountability, the
final outcomes may leave a lot to be desired.
 External locus of control.
 Expensive.
 Collusion

To ensure quality the administration should regulate itself and take responsibility for their
actions.
Intervention from Govt + Congenial social environment => SUCCESS !

It's not about doing thing rightly but also about doing the right things.

From ethical governance perspective two factors:-

a. Formalization: role is defined by formal documentation. Ensures standardisation but is
unresponsive to changes. Discretion but leads to misuse of authority
b. Centralisation : provides uniformity but makes the process lengthy delays scope for
abuse of authority. Decentralisation makes our difficult to achieve consensus

#Formalisation- Organisational Culture

#Centralisation- Societal Thinking and Participation

Strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance

Key elements in value development:_
1.Recruitment
2.Training and Dev
3.Performance appraisal
4.Code of ethics and conduct
5.Leadership
6.Safeguarding ethical behaviour
7.Evaluating dev of values

1. Recruitment
The quality of govt depends upon the quality of its officers. The recruitment policy must be
able to:
 Identify not only intellectual merit but also temperamental qualities.
 Pay due regard to the backwardness of certain sections but not at the expense of merit.
 Determine an applicant's motivational suitability and compatibility with the service.
 Affix the age of entry at such levels that behavioural and attitudinal changes can be
brought about with minimal resistance.

2. Training and Development

Training reinforces behavioural and attitudinal traits that are considered important by
organisation. It should be undertaken at regular intervals to ensure that organisation values
remain congruent with the changing value systems of society. Most of the training remains
restricted to imparting technical, job related skills. This should be supplemented with

Page | 36
 emphasis on developing the overall personality of an individual and fostering an internal
motivation to inculcate desirable attributes.

3. Performance Appraisal
 Establish the quality of both our recruitment as well as training policies. It
overemphasises the assessment of quantitative criteria, sometimes at the expense of
quality.
 It is critical to promote not just efficiency but also effectiveness within admin. It
should focus on not just outputs but also on outcomes. It can be done by developing
indicators that can assess qualitative parameters of performance. e.g. Outcome
budgeting.
 The possibility that a superior may misuse his discretion can be regulated by
providing cross validation through measures such as 360 degree review. It should
distinguish between better performance and underperformance by providing
incentives and disincentives.
 A simple measure would be to link pay with performance. Officers can be
encouraged to work fearlessly by providing them stability of tenure and by
recognising their efforts by instituting awards.
 Punishment process should be swift and not delayed due to departmental enquiries
and constitutional safeguards

4. Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct Code of ethics establishes general principles to guide
rather than dictate behaviour. Such principles are usually social or moral and thus wide
ranging in scope. This also renders them non specific and open to interpretation making it
difficult to prescribe sanctions if their norms are violated. A code of conduct is consistent
with the principles of code of ethics. However, if prescribes more specific guidelines by
outlining a clear set of expectations regarding actions that are considered necessary,
acceptable or prohibitive. It is more objective and can provide for penalties if its provisions
are violated. In situations where a code of conduct is silent or ambiguous, a code of ethics
still provides guidance through its fundamental principles.

5. Leadership
 The leadership role of admin is important not only within admin but also towards
society by virtue of being custodians of public trust.
 When society faces changes in its value system, social upheaval or conflicts of
interest, admin is expected to provide clarity and direction through its words and
actions
 Leadership can't be based upon professional competence and authority alone.
 It must be supplemented within appropriate step of public spirited values as reflected
through an individual personality.

6. Safeguarding Ethical Behaviour

a. A violation of public service values must be identified within administrative ranks
itself. Such violations would only be reported if the concerned individuals are assured
that their own welfare would not be unduly compromised.
b. Interest Disclosure Bill (2010)-
 Making disclosure uptill 5 years of occurrence of action being complained against.
Doesn't relate to armed forces, forces charged with maintenance of public order
and intelligence agencies.
 The disclosure must contain the identity of the complainant but the identity shall
not be revealed unless it becomes necessary to do so for the purposes of seeking
information. Only corrective measures are to be recommended to the concerned
authority.

Page | 37
  To prevent victimisation or harassment, the competent authority may direct the
concerned government
gover ment department to provide protection for the complainant.
 The bill also
so provides for penalties for negligently or malafidely revealing the
identity of the complainant as also for making false or malafide disclosures.

7. Evaluating Development of Values It is important to evaluate the impact of value

development initiative to determine whether they are producing desired results and whether
any modifications are required.

Public office is often treated as a private space,

space, intended primarily to pursue personal
agendas. There is a need to:
 Downsize the role of the state through measures such as disinvestment, PPP.
 Monopoly whether in the market or public service is detrimental to effective functioning
and leads to corrupt practices often at the cost of citizens money.
 Develop indicators to assess the productivity and sustainability
sustainability of the public services.
For instance through creation of public services management code as envisaged by the
Public Service Bill

Appraisal
We generally are a victim of wrong appraisal. More objective appraisal mechanism better the
decision making and good rapport with subordinates. e.g. A manager sees employees chatting
and laughing together. He can make 2 inferences: subordinates are colluding against him or
taking well deserved rest. More time to objective assessment before pronouncing judgment to
avoid
void poor decisions. Justness and equality to behaviour emanates from proper appraisal.

We see things not as they are but how we are.

are. Perception goes through emotional filter. In the
book As a Man Thinker,, James Allen says that we are a product of our own thoughts and belief.

Ethical issues in international relations and funding

1. Article 51 and 253 Just and honourable relations with other nations.
2. National interests should take precedence over international interests in the case of
conflict.
3. Sovereignty of a nation can't be compromised. It is a unanimously accepted principles in
international relations.
4. UN declaration on principles of international law and cooperation states that all nations
shall enjoy sovereign equality. They shall be considered equal members of international
community notwithstanding differences of political, social and economic.
5. In increasingly interconnected and interdependent world many issues transcend national
boundaries. Given the complexity of these issues these demand supranati supranational
governance and consensus. However, even an international organisation can't enforce
measures upon a nation as doing so would disregard its sovereignty. This presents a
dilemma.
6. National aspirations are based upon the cultural and socio economic back background of a
nation. Thus for an international exchange to be meaningful it becomes important to
understand the different value systems that are involved and develop solutions based on
commonalities rather than aggravating it by imposing conflicting values.

India's moral stand on international matters is very high. We released 91,000 prisoners of war
during 1971. Our soft power is increasing beyond military power. Indian serials like Saas Bhi
Kabhi Bahu Thi is poplar even in Afghanistan. We are guided by the the doctrine of Panchsheel.
India revoked POTA and TADA whereas US continues with its policy on Guantanamo Bay.

Human Rights - Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghareb

WMD - Weapons of Mass Destruction

Page | 38
UN Declarations (1970) provides the following broad principles to govern international
relations:
 Sovereign equality of all states.
 Right of self-determination enjoyed by all people.
 Prohibition of use of force and peaceful settlement of disputes.
 Non-interference in domestic affairs of other states
 The duty to cooperate with other nations to maintain international peace.

The application of such principles demands the existence and constant adherence to the highest
ethical traditions in international relations.

Broad dimensions in international relations include:

1. Universality of Values: All values are not universal and even a value such as democracy
can't be assumed to be universally advantageous. Further even if two or more nations
agree upon a value, they may not necessarily adhere to it or promote it in a similar
manner. Therefore, many international exchanges substitute morality with practicality on
the justification that moral norms are not universal. However, there do exist large areas
of international relations such as trade where a common consensus could be fostered.

2. Security: Maintaining security, domestic and international, may require the use of force
or the development of deterrents. Although their intentions may be justified, such
exercises often degenerate into a show of dominance.

3. Foreign Aid: It becomes undesirable when:

 It imposes further obligations upon the receiving nations.
 It pushes the receiving nation into a state of dependence.
Thus the thrust of foreign aid should be enabling the receiving nation to stabilise its
mechanisms of governance and re-establish equitable relations.

4. Trust: Trust in another nation is severely depleted if the right of self determination is
compromised. Skewed composition of certain organisation create an environment where
invariably narrow interests dominate. Such trust deficit can be addressed through mutual
dialogue, an understanding of respective value systems and aspirations, better
information sharing.

5. Reciprocity- Quid Pro Quo: India should leverage its culture and trade power. In
promoting cordial international relations 3 principles deserve consideration:

6. Principle of Stature: This establishes a tacit hierarchy where those at the top direct and
regulate the activities of the others. This stature could come by virtue of its legitimacy,
economic or military superiority or even its moral standing. The advantage is that it
promotes order and stability and reduces the possibility of open conflict. However, the
constant need to adhere to the directives of hierarchy may create resentment and even
conflict within the lower ranking members.

7. Principle of Reciprocity: This rewards contributions and penalises self interest that
comes at an expense of others. This creates a negative dimension, where any
disagreement or conflict would be further retaliated against rather than being resolved.

8. Principle of Identity: Seeks to establish identities for its members as part of a larger
community. It emphasizes not self interest but the desirability of contributing to
collective objectives. The problem however is that it presumes the existence of adequate

Page | 39
 socio economic capabilities and also implicitly excludes non members from any such
considerations.

Corporate governance
Corporate Governance
After LPG the rules and responsibilities of the government and private sector have been
converging. The state is increasingly playing the role of a regulator and facilitator and the
functions vacated by it are provided by the private sector. In this respect Corporate Governance
can be understood as the processes and mechanisms that maintain a balance between the
economic and social goals of a corporation. The primary purpose is to allow companies to
create wealth legally and ethically. It is based on three tenets- Profitability, Legality and
Ethicality.

The main challenge arises in domains when two of these are satisfied but third is compromised.
e.g. surrogate advertising is legal and profitable but can't be justified on moral grounds. Thus
the goal of corporate governance is to develop and sustain the business model that assures the
simultaneous fulfilment of all 3 criteria.

Stakeholders includes:-
a) Shareholders: They are the true owners of a company. Provide capital and repose trust.
Maximise shareholder value and protect their welfare. Small investors don't enjoy
significant control over the working of the company. They are geographically dispersed
and size of their investment is small.
b) Workers: Most valuable asset of a company since the quality of its goods and services
depends upon the quality of its workforce. They should be treated as an investment
rather than a liability. Clean and safe working environment, sustainable wages, medical
and insurance. To motivate workers it becomes important to encourage their
participation in decision making. e.g Labour associations, joint consultative mechanism
with mgt. ESOP
c) Management: Traditionally the role of mgt was confined to the activities listed by
POSDCORB (Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and
Budgeting). In contemporary scenario the management and leadership are becoming
synonymous. They are expected to play a leadership role. They play a vital role in
determining how a company would respond to activities such as gender discrimination,
tax evasion, insider trading.
d) Board of Directors: Appointed by shareholders and they direct the management and
provide broad long term vision and goals for the company. The composition must
establish a balance between the impartiality and expertise of its directors.
Executive directors: They hold management positions in the company.
Non Executive directors: They don't hold management positions
This ensures independence of the board; prevents conflicts of interests and concentration
of power; ensures impartiality in enforcing accountability.
e) Auditors: Appointed by shareholders. Critical to be seen as independent to ensure
shareholder trust in the reliability of the reports and financial health of the company.
Such accountability is not easy to ensure as voting powers are concentrated with only a
few large shareholders.
f) Society: Members of a society may or may not be consumers of company's products.
Towards its consumers the responsibility of the company includes fair pricing,
standardisation in quality and quantity, tech improvement, awareness of their rights etc.
Towards society at large the company's responsibilities include generating employment,
adhering to environmental norms, contributing to taxation revenues, participating in
community development.

Pillars of Corporate Governance:

Page | 40
  Accountability
 Fairness
 Transparency
 Independence

Clause 49
To promote corporate governance SEBI constituted K.M.Birla committee in 1999 and based
upon its recommendations it introduced clause 49.
The clause covers:
1. Board of Directors: If chairman executive then 2/3rd independent directors, if chairman
non-executive then 1/3rd independent directors. Code of conduct for all directors.
2. Audit Committee: Independent and qualified audit committee, chairman shall be
independent director and 2/3rd member shall also be independent.
3. Disclosure: The company shall provide proactive disclosure regarding its accounting
standards, risk assessment procedures etc. conflict of interest should be disclosed.
4. Annual report on corporate governance: It should highlight the non compliance of any
mandatory provisions.

Page | 41
 Probity in governance
 Probity
 Concept of public service
 Philosophical basis of governance and probity
 Information sharing and transparency in government
 Right to Information
 Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct
 Citizen’s Charters
 Work culture
 Quality of service delivery
 Utilization of public funds
 challenges of corruption.

Concept of public service

It refers to the class and the tasks of officials who act as delegates of elected officials. The
elected representative embody the legitimacy to define public interest while the public service
ensures that public interest is served and public trust is maintained. It exists outside the private
sphere. It influences and gets influenced by the values of the public.
3 basic tenets for a public service according to UN Code of Conduct:
 A public office is an office of trust. Duty to act in public interest. The ultimate loyalty
shall be to public interests of country.
 Fair and impartial in performance of functions. No discrimination, preferential
treatment.
 Perform efficiently and in accordance with the law. Public resources should be
administered in the most efficient and economical manner

Philosophical basis for governance and probity Information sharing and transparency in
government

RTI

Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct

Code of ethics establishes general principles to guide rather than dictate behaviour. Such
principles are usually social or moral and thus wide ranging in scope. This also renders them
non specific and open to interpretation making it difficult to prescribe sanctions if their norms
are violated.

A code of conduct is consistent with the principles of code of ethics. However, if presribes more
specific guidelines by outlining a clear set of expectations regarding actions that are considered
necessary, acceptable or prohibitive. It is more objective and can provide for penalties if its
provisions are violated. In situations where a code of conduct is silent or ambiguous, a code of
ethics still provides guidance through its fundamental principles.

Code of Ethics
Integrity Pacts
It is an agreement between the public agency involved in procurement and the bidder that the
bidders shall not indulge in any corrupt practice to secure the contract in question. For its part,
the public agency commits to a level playing field and fair play.

Page | 42
They are overseen and scrutinized by independent, outside observers.

Code of Ethics for Civil Services

Issues with current Conduct Rules
The code of behavior as enunciated in the Conduct Rules, while containing some general norms
like ‘maintaining integrity and absolute devotion to duty’ and not indulging in ‘conduct
unbecoming of a government servant’, is generally directed towards cataloging specific
activities deemed undesirable for government servants. These Conduct Rules do not constitute a
Code of ethics. The Code of Ethics should enunciate the qualities and behavior desired in a civil
servant.

The present codes of conduct are not direct and to the point. They are lengthy, complex and are
either full of vague sermons or too specific with outdated prescriptions. A code of ethics should
be to the point, small and easily understood.

The code of ethics should also deal with conflict of interest which the Conduct Rules do not
address adequately.
It also contains some outdated and impractical rules such as

No Class I officer shall without previous sanction of the government, permit his son, daughter
or other dependent, to accept employment in any company which has dealings with the
Government. Post the economic reforms, private sector has grown rapidly and now virtually all
major companies have dealings with the government.

Transactions over Rs. 20,000 have to be reported to the government within a month. Inflation
has rendered this limit impractical.
All property transactions have to be reported to the government.

Desirable properties of the Code of Ethics

 It should have a clear statutory backing and an independent, effective monitoring
mechanism. The Civil Services Authority may be entrusted with this task of auditing and
evaluating the measures the organizations have taken to uphold the civil service values.
 At the apex level, there should be a clear and concise statement of the values and ethical
standards which should reflect public expectations.
 Allegiance to the ideals enshrined in the Constitution.
 Apolitical functioning.
 Good governance to be the primary goal.
 Duty to act objectively and impartially.
 Accountability and transparency in decision-making.
 Maintenance of highest ethical standards.
 Ensuring economy and avoidance of wastage in expenditure.
 Provision of healthy and congenial work environment.
 Commitment to the citizens’ concerns and public good.
 Empathy for the vulnerable and weaker sections of society.

At the second level, the broad principles which should govern the behaviour of a civil servant
may be outlined.
 Integrity: Civil servants should be guided solely by public good in discharging their
duties.
 Impartiality: Civil servants in carrying out their official work, including functions like
procurement, recruitment, delivery of services etc, should take decisions based on merit
alone.
 Commitment to public service: Civil servants should deliver services in a fair, effective,
impartial and courteous manner.

Page | 43
  Open to accountability: Civil servants are accountable for their decisions and actions
and should be willing to subject themselves to appropriate scrutiny for this purpose.
 Devotion to duty: Civil servants maintain absolute and unstinting devotion towards their
duties and responsibilities at all times.
 Exemplary behaviour: Civil servants shall treat all members of the public with respect
and courtesy and, at all times, should behave in a manner that upholds the rich traditions
of the civil services.

At the third level, there should be a specific Code of Conduct stipulating in a precise and
unambiguous manner, a list of acceptable and unacceptable behaviour and actions.

Code of Conduct

Citizen charter
Citizen Charter
Citizen Charter is based on the promise that Citizen is "King" and government organisations
exist not to rule but to serve the citizens. It is an instrument which seeks to make an
organisation transparent, accountable and citizen friendly. Broadly it states Vision and Mission
statement of an organisation. This gives the set of outcomes desired and strategy to achieve
these goals and outcomes.

Seven Step Model by ARC

1.Define all services and identify clients.
2.Set standards and norms for each service.
3.Developing capability to meet standards.
4.Perform to achieve standards.
5.Monitor performance against the set standards.
6.Evaluate impact through independent mechanism.
7.Continuous improvement based on monitoring.

How should it be framed

 KISS (Keep it Simple Silly)
 It must only be framed by senior experts but should involve field level staff
 Merely announcing charter will not change the way we function.
 Statement of services offered should be accompanied by remedies if these services are not
met.
 A structure for obtaining feedback from citizen must be in place.
 Awareness campaign both within the organisation and among public.
 Adopt best practices. Trains in Europe provide compensation for late running.
 One size doesn't fit all approach.
 Holding officers accountable for results.

Problems in Citizen Charter

 Not formed through consultative process. End users and NGO are not consulted.
 Service providers were themselves not familiar with goals of the organisations and
principles contained in Charter.
 Adequate publicity has not been given. No funds earmarked for awareness generation.
 Poor design and content. Most of them are verbose.
 Charters are not updated. It has become a one time exercise frozen in time.
 The needs of senior citizens and disabled are not considered.
 Resistance to change.
 Lack of interest shown in their implementation.

Page | 44
  No time frame or user charges mentioned. Standards of delivery are seldom defined. It
becomes difficult to assess the whether the desired level of service has been achieved or
not.
 There is no mechanism to compensate the citizen for lack of delivery of services.
 Overlooks local issues. The charter of Parent Organisation is copied in all offices.

Sevottam model
It is a Service Delivery Excellence Model. It was felt that Citizen Charter would not alone lead
to desired results. It works as an evaluation mechanism to assess the quality of service delivery.
It involves:-
1. Citizen Charter
2. Public Grievance Redressal

Citizen Participation
Paradigm shift from "top down" to "bottom up". Increasing decentralisation. Transforming
representative democracy to participatory one. Citizens are no longer considered passive
beneficiary but they are seen as equal stakeholder in the development process. It is a democratic
right.

Citizens Involvement
 Seeking information : RTI
 Giving suggestions : Listening to the voice of citizens not only during elections but
making it a continuous process. Citizens are in the best position to indicate their priorities
and possible solutions.
 Demanding better services - Simple Suggestion Box
 Holding service providers accountable - Citizen Report Card (Bengaluru)
 Making citizen part of policy formulation and decision making - Communitisation of
services in Nagaland. It is a partnership between the government and the community for
sharing responsibility in management of public institutions and services.
 Social Audit. E.g. Bhagidari - Citizen Partnership in Delhi.
 Enabling Women Participation and Disabled.

Benefits:-
 Ensures accountability and makes governance efficient and responsive.
 Makes government services more effective and sustainable.
 It enables poor and marginalised to influence public policy.
 It helps promote healthy grassroot democracy.

Citizen Engagement:
It has 4 broad dimensions:
1. Information dissemination: Access to info helps in better participation, better judge the
quality of services and know how to seek redressal if the quality is unsatisfactory.
Citizen charter and RTI provide such framework.
2. Capacity Building and community mobilisation: Citizen participation depends upon the
efficacy with which needs are identified, prioritized and presented. This is achieved by
capacity building and community mobilisation.
3. Grievance Redressal: It is necessary for the citizen to believe that their participation is
leading to the desired change, without any undue costs being imposed upon them. Make
it possible to report any deviations or non compliance that may have been observed or
perceived. Provide for sanctions or penalties against the concerned individuals. Protect
the interests and welfare of those who report such grievances.
4. Institutionalisation: Refers to the formal procedures and provisions that facilitate citizen
engagement and satisfaction. Such institutional support provides incentives for widening

Page | 45
 the scope of participation. It includes measures such as social audit, participatory
planning and budgeting, expenditure tracking surveys, citizen report card.

Work culture
Organisational / Administrative Culture:
Changes in organisation structure and working must start with the change in its culture.
Work culture can be defined as the system of individually and collectively accepted meanings
of work operating within a context at a given time. It is based on values, individual,
organisation and society that constitute an organisation environment. It is informal and abstract
yet it exercises powerful influence on the conduct of the employees in addition to and
sometimes opposition to formal rules. It thus becomes a potent influence to encourage ethical
conduct, discourage it or encourage it. The work culture is influenced by culture of a society as
admin is ultimately a part of society itself.
The founding philosophy of Indian admin are based on 2 fundamental sources : The constitution
of India and the pre-independence British rule.
Legacy of British admin was centralisation of authority and immunity to popular the
constitution envisages democratic superiority and predisposition towards a welfare state.
Personnel admin techniques, hierarchy, devolution of powers.

Socialisation: Process that adopts new entrants to the existing organisational culture. Such
orientation occur through 3 stages:
 Pre - entry : Selection criteria.
 Orientation : LBSNAA
 In service training.

Features of admin work culture:

Level of discretion High. It is personal and not public
Outcome Orientation Low. Procedural compliance focus
People Orientation Low.
High. Reactive, inhibit initiative
Mechanism of control taking.
Sense of Identity Low. Value of work understated.
Recognition of Merit Low. Seniority basis.
Communication
Pattern Low. Excessive red tapism

Characteristics of Indian culture:

 Rigid hierarchy and excessive red-tapism.
 Resistance to change with an inclination for conformity with existing procedures.
 Lack of emphasis on timeliness leading to poor time management.
 Emphasis on personal relations rather than professional relations.
 Lack of belief in the importance of one's work or even the value of hard work itself.
 Personal aspirations taking precedence over public interest.
 Absence of effective team work.

Social base of Administration

 Inegalitarian society - Promotes dominance. The interests of different groups come into
conflict. It is the interest of dominant group or influential group that will ultimately find
reflection in the final decision.
 Emphasis on hierarchy.
 Authoritarian - Individual thought diminishes.
 Centralisation.
 Self serving attitude

Page | 46
  Splinter groups leads to lack of team work. Instead of developing universal values and
norms, administrative focus shifts towards rationalising particularistic behaviour.
 Lack of consensus.
 Tendency of delegation.on. Blaming god and circumstances for failure which leads to lack
of accountability.
 Undemocratic
 Non participative - Head of family being defacto assigned the role of key decision
making. Team work suffers. Centralisation of authority, tend to avoid iindependent
thought and refer to superiors for most of their decisions.
 Loyalty factor - Promotes imprudent loyalties often at the expense of collective values.
This is the factor that allows external considerations to enter the working of the
organisation and explain why some agents, despite not holding any position of authority
exert so much influence upon the system.
 Blind obedience. e. Revering the superior and ill treating the subordinates. Disregard for
social needs if they come into conflict with personal
personal aspirations despite the fundamental
mandate to serve public interest.
 A tendency to acquire more benefit from the organisation than the corresponding
contributions made to it.
 Preserving authority by favouring mediocrity and marginalising merit
merit.
 Deification
ion of authority - Leads to personalisation and even privatization of authority in
sharp response to legal, rational and institutional authority. The key functionaries enjoy
unrestricted, unregulated and arbitrary powers,
powers, often at the expense of the establ
established
laws and institutions of the system. This promotes a "code of silence" where any
malpractice is silently ignored rather than being reported and acted upon.
 Colonial rigidity and insensitivity on the part of administration in an era of participation
and decentralisation.
 The absence of progressive and meaningful measures that are capable of producing the
desired results rather than only cosmetic gesture and appeasement of society
momentarily. We have rigid, static and lacks flexibility.

Politics and Work Culture

 Close relationship makes vulnerable to politicisation.
 Emerging trend of coalition politics.
 Delay in consensus inertia, inflexibility and unresponsive administration.

Judiciary and admin

 Overburdened judiciary. Denies access to justice to citizens.
citizens. Insulates admin from
judicial control. Reduces people orientation.
 Judicial activism. Intrudes upon admin competence and expertise. Affects outcome
orientation and sense of identity within admin.

Media
Plays the role of watchdog. Enhances outcome and people orientation. However, tendency of
jumping on conclusion, media trial, paid string operation and paid news. Highlighting only the
failure of admin and not giving due coverage to its success. e.g.
e Police

Parochial Mindset
Narrow mindset.

Patronage:
Highest levels of bureaucracy even after 30 years of service are mired in seeking patronage. The
rot runs deep engulfing every strata of democracy.

Page | 47
Performance:
Performance is the result of motivation and abilities. Fundamental problem of government is
that the performance is seen in quantitative outcome and the quality aspect of it.

Quality of Service delivery

Determining the quality of services is difficult since there are no measurable physical or
tangible attributes. The concept of SERVQUAL attempts to conceptualise the quality of service
delivery to 5 key attributes represented by acronym RATER
 Reliability: Transparency and consistency in service delivery.
 Assurance: Competence of service provider
 Tangibles: Physical validation of a service.
 Empathy: Element of courtesy in the delivery of service and the presence of appropriate
grievance redressal mechanism.
 Responsiveness: Providing services in a time bound and convenient manner.

However public services by their nature are asymmetrical in terms of information, power and
participation. The state enjoys a position of predominance with the citizens being perceived as
mere beneficiaries of govt actions. Such asymmetry arises because:

Public service lacks competition. The provider does not need to entice the customers and the
customers themselves do not have any alternatives.

The relationship between the service provider and the customer is complex and indirect.
Payment for the services is not made directly and so customer control is weak. This results in
admin centred approach where the quality of services is dependent more on admin convenience
than on public necessity.

Funding for public services is provided in a time bound manner making it difficult to correct
any mismatches that may arise between the demands of the public and the supply from the state.

Difficult to access, low in quality and lack an element of innovation. This makes them
unresponsive to the changing needs of a diverse clientele.

Lack proper information sharing among different stakeholders. Multiples levels of paperwork
and lack of consensus about the intended outcomes. Feedback mechanism is very weak. Lack
of citizen participation. We generally postpone a problem rather than tackling it.

Page | 48
How to improve?
 Move beyond the confines of accountability and inculcate an element of responsibility in
administrative working.
 Improved transparency and information sharing.
 Feedback mechanism.

Internal Mechanisms
 Code of ethics and Code of conduct.
 Personnel management
 Whistleblower protection.

External mechanisms
 Capacity building.
 Citizen engagement.

Social accountability -
Ways through which societal actors can engage with a state to improve accountability in
governance and service delivery. The most prominent characteristics of social accountability is
its emphasis on a shift from vote to voice i.e. integrating citizen voice and concerns in everyday
working and decision making process.

Citizen Participation
Govt alone can't assess all demands of the society. Try and get citizens participate in the
administration.

Feedback mechanism.
The agency that gets impacted most should scrutinise government policy and that agency is
CITIZEN. It dilutes the monopoly of the government by providing multiplicity of institutions.
But will the feedback only ensure better administration? Not necessarily. The govt has to act on
the feedback. To lessen the burden on the government it calls for allowing the citizen to provide
service for themselves. e.g. Resident Welfare Organisation, Civil Society.
However, the onus of developing an institutional change still vests with administration.
Therefore, unless administration inculcates and consistently displays an appropriate set of
public service values, public welfare can't be ensured.
Prioritising one value over another. Most fundamental public service value is dedication to
public service.

Public Choice Theory:

Provide people choice. Non state actors.

Punishment:
It can be both internal and external.

Justification for punishment:

 Deterrent - Teleological perspective. Here the punishment is means to crime free society.
 Retributive - Punishment is an end.
 Reformative - Takes humanitarian view of crime. Wickedness / viciousness is something
accidental. Socialisation and nurturing may heel the person.

"Gandhiji - Hate the sin and not the sinner."

Crime because of lack of value oriented education. While committing crime one may not think
of crime. It is not severity of punishment but certainty that would act as deterrent

Page | 49
Sevottam:
It is a 7 step model for excellence in service delivery based upon citizen centric approach. It
incorporates 3 broad parameters:
a) Citizen Charters: Seeks to establish and promote the expected service standards within
the government organisations.
b) Grievance Redressal: Not only design and implement an appropriate grievance redressal
mechanism but also to identify grievance prone areas and prevent their reoccurance.
c) Service delivery capabilities to be enhanced through infra support, better human
resource management and the use of tech to provide convenience and standardization in
service delivery.

7 targets are:
1.Timeliness
2.Effectiveness
3.Responsiveness
4.Courteous behaviour
5.Information
6.Empathy
7.Stakeholder

Utilization of public funds

Challenges of corruption

Challenges of corruption
Corruption
According to Transparency International corruption is defined as the abuse of entrusted power
for private gain.
It is a violation of universally accepted moral values and standards, is economically wasteful
and inequitable and denies citizens their basic rights. It is detrimental from the perspective of
morality, economy and equality.
Phenomenon where a few successfully exploit the many. Ironically, the system for procuring
services through corrupt means is regarded as more efficient and fair than the regular systems of
government.
Although bribe giver and bribe taker should be perceived as equally culpable the focus of most
remedies is restricted to the role of bribe taker. This is so because bringing in institutional
change is relatively easier than a corresponding social change.

Forms of corruption:
 Monetary v/s non-Monetary corruption
 According to rules v/s Against the rules.
 External v/s Internal Corruption: External involves members of the public and include
bribery over tenders and contracts, forgery and false assessments. Internal modes of
corruption are restricted to administration and include misappropriation of public funds,
illegal gratification that is provided for out of turn transfers or promotions, misuse of
official resources for personal purposes.
 Petty v/s Grand Corruption: Petty corruption refers to isolated instances that are
restricted in terms of their impact. Grand corruption occurs where the interest of the
ruling regime are substituted for national interest e.g. Policy formulation or legislative
enactments.

Parameter What is needed How?

Culture - forgiving, lenient Zero tolerance Social stigma
Passivity- few complaints Pro active citizens Transparency, whistleblowers,

Page | 50
 false claims act
Media and civil society -
specific interests Impartiality, equality Self regulation

Challenges of corruption
The most fundamental challenges of corruption is acceptance of its existence and tolerance
towards it. Since, even the most unforgiveable instances of corruption are forgiven and
forgotten by society and institutions alike, corruption emerges as a low risk high return activity.
There is no shortage of mechanisms to curb corruption, such mechanisms can be circumvented
by utilising the gains appropriated through corruption itself.

Social Norms
Increased exposure and awareness, brought about by globalisation and the growth of the media,
has increased personal aspirations and ambitions. However, while it has resulted in
consumerism and materialistic tendencies, it has not always created a corresponding impact on
the aptitude and attitude towards work. The potential of individuals lag behind their relative
aspirations, creating significant discontent. Corruption then emerges as an easy alternative to
bridge the gap between aspirations and realities.

In this regard education, formal and informal plays an important role in reducing the sense of
relative deprivation that individuals may succumb to.

Special emphasis has to be placed on Indian values that emphasize self realisation, hard work,
sacrifice and the importance of one's own work.

Passivity and Indifference

Very few actually register a complaint about an act of corruption. Passivity. Need to merely
secure a service and in many cases the citizen don't mind paying extra amount for fast-tracking
the service. It can also be attributed to genuine fear and risk of challenging the established
power dynamics.

However, the government can initiate corrective measures only when such violations are
reported, it becomes important to encourage citizens to raise protests or lodge complaints. This
can be achieved by:
 Providing transparency and standardization in government action.
 Protecting the welfare of those who make such complaints.

 Providing tangible incentive for participation. e.g. US False Claims Act which
encourages citizens to scrutinize actions and report discrepancies by rewarding them
with 15-35 % or recovered penalties.

Media and Civil Society

Role in informing, educating and mobilising public opinion. Integral part of governance and
must perform their function in a fair impartial and equitable manner. Civil society groups often
collapse into social groupings based on linkages of caste, religion and economic status. Creation
of self serving splinter groups which compete with each other and are not reluctant to use any
means to promote their own interests. The media is vulnerable to the pressures of competition
and aligns itself with specific ideological groups serving as the mouthpiece of such groups. It
tends to exaggerate their achievements and overlook their misconduct. Civil society should:
Seek to promote equality within and outside organisation rather than promoting hegemony of
dominant groups.
Media should perceive its role as an information provider rather than an adjudicator. Develop
guidelines for self regulation.

Page | 51
Political Corruption
It is wide reaching in range, scope and implications. Very law of the land may be systematically
manipulated to serve very narrow interests.

Coalition Politics: Regional aspirations. Need to maintain an electoral majority often

necessitates overlooking the misconduct of electoral partners or may even give rise to legislative
horse trading. Dilution of principle of collective responsibility.

Corrective measures include:

 Collective vision and responsibility should be assessed in light of common minimum
programme. The government should seek a fresh mandate if goals of CMP are realigned.
 Strengthening the anti defection law. Mandatory to seek re election when changing
political parties.

Antecedents: When candidates with suspicious antecedents contest elections, it decreases public
trust in polity and increases the chances of manipulation of legislative and institutional
mechanisms being manipulated to serve political interests. Currently there is no investigation
into the background of the candidate. Electorate should be able to choose not just
representatives but leaders and statesman. Disqualification facing charges related to grave
offences.
A code of conduct to supplement the code of ethics for ministers and legislators should be
developed. It would help enforce measures related to provisions such as political donation,
conflicts of interests, nepotism, involvement in commercial activities etc.

Funding of Elections: Huge costs involved in contesting an election often translate into
reciprocal relationship with financial donors. It leads to preferential treatment for a few.
Controlling, disclosing and auditing the finances of political parties and electoral campaigns are
significant ways to detect and curb corruption. Although state funding of elctions may not be
feasible until better regulatory mechanism for political parties are developed partial state
funding may be considered.

Charisma: Despite rise in corruption in the political class, it still enjoys loyalty and legitimacy
from the people. Quality of political actions is assessed by the ability to satisfy popular demand
rather than in the manner in which the state is administered. Charisma of individual leaders and
political dynasty, explaining why relatively high levels of corruptions are tolerated. It fosters
corruption in 2 ways:-
1. Preserving the status quo and inhibiting changes in value system.
2. Institutionalise the need for loyalty towards such leaders, in recognition of their
inevitable return to power.

This severely restricts the representative nature of democracy and diverts focus towards serving
an elite minority. Such tendencies can be curbed by:
 Promoting participation in elections, especially amongst the youth.
 Providing reservations to facilitate the entry of previously unrepresented sections.

Legal Framework, Laws, Rules, Regulations for Ethical Behaviour

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
Need for sanction
In order to prevent harassment to honest officers, it was mandated that no court shall take
cognizance of offences without the permission of the authority competent to remove the charged
public servant.
It has been stipulated that no court shall stay the proceedings under the Act on the grounds of
any error or irregularity in the sanction granted, unless in the opinion of the court it has led to
failure of justice.

Page | 52
Immunity to bribe giver: It also provided that the statement by bribe-giver would not subject the
bribe giver to prosecution. It was considered necessary to grant such immunity to the bribe-
giver, who might have been forced by circumstances into giving a bribe.
Trial by special judges: All corruption related offences could only be tried by special judges.
Proceedings of the court have to be held on a day-to-day basis.
Possession of assets disproportionate to the known sources of income is an offence.

Weaknesses in the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988

Addition of more offences
There are four types of misconducts not explicitly covered under the Act but which are
nonetheless very damaging.
1. The first is gross perversion of the Constitution and democratic institutions, including,
wilful violation of the oath of office out of partisan considerations or personal gains. In
most such cases, there may be no illegal consideration, nor any form of monetary
gratification involved.
2. The second is abuse of authority unduly favoring or harming someone, without any
monetary consideration. In such cases, often partisan interests, nepotism and personal
prejudices play a role.
3. Third, obstruction or perversion of justice by unduly influencing law enforcement
agencies and prosecution. Again in most such cases, partisan considerations, nepotism
and prejudice, and not pecuniary gain or gratification, may be the motive.
4. Finally, squandering public money, including high flying life-styles, superfluous
security has become more common.

Collusive bribery
It provides immunity to a bribe-giver if he gives a statement in the court. However, the Act does
not differentiate between ‘coercive’ and ‘collusive’ corruption. The negative impact of collusive
corruption is much worse.
The conviction rates in coercive corruption are more than in collusive corruption. Getting
conviction in collusive cases is extremely difficult as both, the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker
collude and are beneficiaries of the transaction.
So the Act should be amended to list collusive bribery as a separate offence. In all such cases if
it is established that public interest has suffered, then the court shall presume that the public
servant and the beneficiary of the decision committed an offence of ‘collusive bribery’. The
punishment for all such cases of collusive bribery should be much higher.

Sanction for Prosecution

It provides that previous sanction of the competent authority is necessary before a court takes
cognizance of the offences. The objective is to prevent harassment to honest public servants.
However, no such sanction should be needed when public servants have been trapped red-
handed or in cases of possessing assets disproportionate to their known sources of income.

In many cases, the issue of the validity of sanctions gets raised after the prosecution has
advanced all evidences and this leads to inordinate delays. The law should be amended that this
could only be done at the first stage, even before framing of charges by the court.

Currently the protection of sanction doesn't extend to a person if at the time of cognizance of the
offences by the court, he/she has retired. The law should be amended so that retired public
servants can also get the same level of protection, as a serving public servant.

Recouping Losses
When public servants cause loss to the state by their corrupt acts, they should be made to pay
back. This should be put in the law. Adequate safeguards should be there so that bona fide
mistakes are not penalized.

Page | 53
Confiscation of Properties
The Act provides for confiscation of assets of public servants in excess of their known sources
of income. However, the provision has proved inadequate because such forfeiture is possible
only on conviction.
Another shortcoming is that the procedure for attachment can start only after the court has taken
cognizance of the offence. In actual situations, this may be too late as the accused may get
enough time to hide it.

The third weakness is that the government has to authorize the filing of a request seeking
attachment.

While seeing the property, the 'relatives' of the civil servant should also be seen and the burden
of proof should be on them that such property was transferred for bonafide reasons only.

Benami transactions should be prohibited altogether and such properties confiscated. Existing
Act provides for such confiscation but since 1988, Rules have not been framed by the
government towards this purpose! So such confiscation is currently not possible.

Speeding up Trials
To ensure speedy trial of corruption cases, the existing provisions are:
 All cases under the Act are to be tried only by a Special Judge.
 The proceedings of the court should be held on a day-to-day basis.
 No court shall stay the proceedings under the Act on the grounds of any error or
irregularity in the sanction granted, unless in the opinion of the court it has led to failure
of justice.
However inordinate delay has been seen in such trials. A major cause is the tendency of the
accused to obtain frequent adjournments. There is also a tendency to challenge almost every
interim order passed by the trial court, in the High Court and later, in the Supreme Court and
obtaining stay of the trial.
Such types of opportunities to the accused need to be restricted by the law. A legal provision
needs to be introduced fixing a time limit for various stages of trial. Adjournments should be
given only for compelling reasons.

Governance
It is the defined as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's
social and economic resources for development. This power is reflected through 3 aspects:
a) The form of political regime.
b) The processes and institutions by which authority is exercised.
c) The capacity of the govt to design, formulate and implement policies.

Good governance:
According to World Bank there are 5 basic attributes of good governance:
1. Involvement of State, Market and Civil Society: The market creates economic
opportunities for the people while civil society facilitates participation in social and
economic activities. If either of these agencies is unable or unwilling to provide a service,
the responsibility for the same shall vest with the state.
2. Governance is democratic in nature. The involvement of multiple stakeholders.
3. Governance is inherently political paradigm. Since the resources ultimately belong to the
public, the best judge would be citizen themselves.
4. Governance is more about the process than the outcome. The objectives are determined by
the mandate of the people, they can't be changed. However, the manner in which they are
to be achieved can always be improved, emphasizing the importance of the process or the
means.

Page | 54
 5. Governance is a neutral term. It is neither static nor unidirectional but dynamic continuum.
What is expected of the government first is that it progresses in the right direction and
second that it does so at the pace commensurate with the changing aspirations of the
people.

Government Deficit:
Traditionally the functioning of government has been characterised by 4 principal deficits:
1. Deficit of alternatives. Since the state itself is the sole provider of most essential services
and the citizens do not have any exit options.
2. A deficit of information. Lack of awareness among the citizens regarding their
entitlements.
3. Deficit of participation. Citizens are dis-inclined towards engaging with the govt but
also because of the absence of institutional mechanism to promote participation.
4. Deficit of accountability due to lack of strong monitoring mechanism.

Page | 55
MORAL THINKERS

STOICS:
In Greek it means Verandah. Thinkers used to assemble at Porch. Philosopher was Zeno of
citium. Such thinkers believe that nature or cosmos is the highest level of unity which is guided
by its inherent logic(logos). It seeks to achieve a sense of tranquillity. Its philosophy is similar
to that of BG. In case the efforts result in failure one should remain stoic. Both epicureans and
stoics emphasize on tranquillity. The difference is for the epicureans the pleasure is the goal of
life but for the stoics pleasure is a matter of indifference. Stoics believe in a cosmos guided by
reason. Their formula for happiness is to live in accordance with nature. Stoic duty is the duty of
a citizen of the world. Everything that happens is governed by the highest reason. A stoical has
become an expression to indicate acceptance of misfortune without any complaint.

TELEOLOGICAL:
Circumstantial, depends on consequences. Good is prior to Right. Action is not an end, result is
an end. Utilitarianism is one form of Teleological approach. Bribe paid to minister for a bridge
which otherwise would not have been paid. It was done with good intention and has led to
hassle free travel and has served public good. Terrorist firing bullets and on one hand security
guards firing bullets. The act is the same but intentions are different. Therefore motive is more
important than action.

SCHOPENHAUER:
He gives the concept of cosmic will. Everything that is unfolding is expression of that will. It
may suggest a negative and pessimistic world view. He is often described as the philosopher of
passivism since he maintains that humans are driven by a cosmic will and not by reason. The
cosmic will controls us and everything in the universe. According to him a true moral person
doesn't act out of duty or reason. He's critical of Kant's ethics. A moral person according to him
is one who is filled with universal compassion and acts on the principle - injure no one and help
everyone as much as you can

FEMINIST ETHICS:
Feminists argue that traditional ethics are biased against women. The structure of human society
has remained andocentric i.e. men have occupied the central position while women have been
left at periphery. Men are regarded as ends while women are treated as means. Women are often
referred as second sex because of their secondary status. They have not been recognised as
equal to men even by prominent moral thinkers. Aristotle justifies the exclusion of women from
political activity. Even Lord Buddha was against the entry of women in Buddhist Councils.
According to Rousseau a woman should not be brilliant. A brilliant wife is a plague to her
family. Kant claimed that women only have the ability to sense and not of reason. Neitzsche
stated that equal rights for women are evidence of a society in decline.

The discrimination and subordination of women have been justified on biological differences
between men and women. Feminists distinguish between 'sex' and 'gender'. 'Sex' refers to
biological differences whereas 'gender' refers to differences that are imposed by social norms
(cultural, religion, economic, political).

As Simone-de-Beauvoir says one is not born, but is made a woman. Kohlberg's theory of moral
development argues that women value relationship rather than justice. Female - Care and
Attachment/ Male - Abstraction and Detachment.

Page | 56
VIRTUE ETHICS:
It's a completely different approach to ethics. e.g. A lie is a wrong not because of its
consequences, not because it violates rules but because it is not what a virtuous and honest
person would do. It focuses on what sort of people we should strive to be and not what things
we should do. It captures more of what is important. Being an honest person is more important
than not telling lies. The notion of character is more important concept. Encourages us to think
about moral heroes and saints: Jesus, Mother Teresa, Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi.

Aristotle: Two kinds of knowledge - Theoretical and Practical. Ethical knowledge is a form of
latter. He gives the concept of Eudaimonia - happiness or wellbeing or living the best kind of
life. To live a good life is to live a life of practical reasons

GANDHI AND MARTIN LUTHER:

Gandhiji was the first to demonstrate the effectiveness of non violent mass resistance presenting
it as alternative to war and violence. He transformed the nature of politics from being an elite
based into a social change through mass participation. Gandhi and King were born so much
apart in space and time but yet their philosophies converged in making non violence a potent
tool. Gandhiji led a majority (Indians) against minority (British). King led minority (blacks)
against majority(whites).

King said in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech - "nonviolence is not servile passivity but a
powerful moral force which makes for social transformation"

BERTRAND RUSSELL:
Humanism: We human being have complete autonomy to decide our lives. Unless we take the
rein of life in our own hand there will not be any meaningful life. In the name of morality many
immoral acts are also perpetrated. We need to stand up against such injustice for achievement of
a higher universal goal.

HINDUISM:
Four goals
 Dharma: living according to dharma
 Artha: wealth
 Kama: desire
 Moksha: detachment from worldly attachment

BHAGWAD GITA
Central message
Every living being is made of mortal body and immortal soul which is eternal. Ultimate goal of
Atman is to get freedom form cycle of birth and death to achieve mukti/salvation. Three gunas
bind soul to body. Mukti is possible through four paths: Karma, Jnana, Bhakti, Dyana.

Literally it means God's song i.e. discourse of Lord Krishna to persuade the reluctant Arjun to
perform his swadharma. It's contained in the Bheesma parva of Mahabharata. It represents a
unique synthesis of action, devotion and knowledge. It teaches the path of action (Karma yoga),
path of Knowledge (Gyana yoga), path of devotion (Bhakti Yoga). These three paths are the
means to realise the highest ideals of life. The literal meaning of yoga is union i.e. union of
individual with the ideal and excellence of action which comes through detachment. An ideal
yogi is one who is able to regulate passions and remains calm in pleasant as well as adverse

Page | 57
conditions. One is like a flame which doesn't flicker in a windless condition since one is
unaffected by joys and sorrows.

NISHKAMA KARMA
Disinterested action, detached spirit.
It teaches renunciation in action and not renunciation of action i.e. it is not the action that is to
be given up but self interest and attachment. Geeta equates inaction to death. Life depends upon
action. Actions are within our purview while results are beyond us. We are under moral
obligations to perform our duties without any consideration of success or failure.

DAVID HUME
He gave the concept of ethical Hedonism. Pleasure ought to be sought because this is how we
are naturally constituted. Pleasure of Individual is called Egoism whereas pleasure of everyone
is altruism or universalism.

GAUTAM BUDDHA
Four noble truths:-
 Truth of suffering: suffering of body; suffering of change; suffering of conditioned mind
 Cause of suffering: greed desire ignorance. Each reinforcing each other
 End of suffering: extinguish desire which causes suffering. Nirvana. State of minds that
brings spiritual joy w/o negative emotions.
 Path of ending suffering: Ashtangika Marg
 Right understanding
 Right intention
 Right speech
 Right action
 Right livelihood
 Right effort
 Right mindfulness
 Right concentration

Middle path of Buddha

Extreme self denial and extreme self indulgence both are evil. One must regulate cravings w
self discipline. Enjoy minimum comfort. Fulfil physiological needs. Follow the middle path

Other
Universal compassion, Against animal sacrifice, caste system, Didn't believe in god or atman,
Focussed on practical wisdom, Rational and logical teachings

IMMANUEL KANT
Every human being is to be equally valued. He propagated Autonomy of Ethics. According to
this even God has to be moral. In other words, the moral laws exist independently of God just as
the laws of mathematics and logic. Even if there is no God nothing is changed i.e. if we choose
to be moral we have the same duties whether we are theists or atheists. Only basis of ethics is
reason and rationality. There can be autonomous sphere of investigation to decide what is wrong
and what is right. Why can't ethics and morality have a universal application. His ethics is
deontological i.e. duty is to be performed for the sake of duty alone without regard for the
consequences. Morality must be based solely on the reason. Reason has a practical component
which guides us in formulating principle of action. He called it practical reason. He maintains
that morality is not confined within cultural boundaries and it doesn't depend on emotions,
feelings or desire.

Page | 58
Moral action as duty. Consequences have nothing to do with moral duty. Result of an action
does not determine moral value of action. One should obey moral law as a duty without
bothering about its consequences. Demolition of illegal property can be moral but it may lead to
negative consequences.

According to Kant agent shall have highest regard for duty or law but duty or law must not be
imposed by external authorities. Action has no moral significance if it is based on external law.
We act morally only when we act in accordance with law that we freely accept and impose on
ourselves.

But the question is how do we frame such laws?

Kant says through the principle of universalizability. A law must be universal and applicable in
all cases without any exception like the laws of nature (universal, unconditional, without
discretion). A subjective principle of action can become a law if the agent grants that everyone
under the given circumstances should be doing the same. For instance, breaking a promise can
never become a duty because it can't be universalized. Similarly suicide is wrong because it
can't become a universal law.

Kant regards moral law as Categorical Imperative. It must be obeyed without any exception. It
acts as an imperative because we are partly rational. Performance of duty is not a part of our
nature.
 One should not steal
 One should not kill
 One should be kind to others

He distinguishes between categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative. Hypothetical

imperative is conditioned by some purpose or end. It has if then structure. It has nothing to do
with morality. Categorical imperative on the other hand asks us to do our duty for the sake of
duty alone. There's no further end to be realised.

According to Kant human beings are end in themselves and not means. Kant envisages kingdom
of ends as an ideal society in which every person would act in a rational way, follow the
categorical imperative and thereby live in a perfect harmony with the nature. His idea represents
modern conception of human rights.

Govt servant must follow Kantian philosophy. Emotions and sentiments often misguide a
person. He must follow law as moral duty w/o giving much thought to its consequences. In govt
you can be punished for doing illegal act even if it's in larger public interests.

Criticism:
 men are answerable to consequences of the action as well. A lie may be good if it saves
the life of someone. Moral laws can't be conceived w/o bothering about results.
 Morals are not absolute. They are code of conduct for survival. They vary w nature and
circumstances.

Always focused on his work and strictly following his daily routines, Kant lived a highly
disciplined life. He got up at 4:45 a.m. every morning and went to bed at 10 p.m. The citizens
of Königsberg are said to have set their watches by the regular time he passed their doors on his

Page | 59
daily walk after lunch. However rigid Kant seems to have been in his work, contemporaries also
praised his dry humor and his sociability. He regularly entertained guests for lunch or dinner.

Kant retired from teaching in 1796. He died in 1804, shortly before his eightieth birthday. His
tombstone near the cathedral of Kaliningrad contains what is perhaps the single most famous
passage of his work (from the end of his Critique of Practical Reason): “Two things fill the
mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect
upon them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me. There is nothing higher
than reason. Live your life as though your every act were to become a universal law. If man
makes himself a worm he must not complain when he is trodden on.

KAUTILYA
Arthashastra -> It is a text on statecraft.
If there is no state then there will be complete anarchy and the justice of fishworld
(matsyanyaya) will prevail. According to him, it is the duty of the state to maintain moral order
in the state.

ARTHASHASTRA
Kautilya in Arthshastra gave atleast 40 ways of embezzlement. Just as straight trees are chopped
down first, honest people are taken advantage of first. Corruption is motivated by private gain
over public expense. It destroys the moral fabric of the society and erodes the faith of the
common man in the legitimacy of the politico administrative set up. Kautilya considered
embezzlers to fish moving under water where it is impossible to detect when fish is drinking
water ! While it is possible to ascertain the movements of birds in the sky it is difficult to gauge
the corrupt activities of government officials. Such an effort to establish team spirit creates a
sense of belonging among members of the department who start identifying and synchronising
their goals with the larger goals of the organisation, thereby contributing to the eventual success
of the state. Birds don’t build nests on a tree that doesn’t bear fruits and citizens never support a
weak administration.

Kautilya also dealt with the concept of whistleblowers. Any informant (suchaka) who provided
details about financial wrongdoing was entitled an award of one-sixth of the amount in
question. If the informant happened to be a government servant (bhritaka), he was to be given
only one twelfth of the total amount.

Humans are fickle minded ?

The ancient Chinese ruler provided extra allowances called yang-lien to keep their officers
clean. Even Rig Veda there is a sloka that appeals to the God to exterminate the degenerate,
criminal and the corrupt. Just as it is not possible, not to taste honey or poison put on the surface
of the tongue, so it is not possible for the Government servants dealing with money not to taste
it in however small a quantity

MAHATMA GANDHI
 His view of Sarvodaya Samaj. Good of individual is contained in the welfare of all. All
have same right of learning their livelihood.
 God: impersonal force. Benevolent governor of world. Present in every soul. Inner voice
of person is voice of God. Follow path of love, truth, non-violence and service to realize
God. God is nirguan and nirankara. Idols are only symbolic representation. God is
sacchinanda
 Truth: Truth is god. Called his religion as religion of truth.
 Service to society: god can be realized through this.

Page | 60
  Cleanliness and purity of heart: cleanliness is next to godliness. Preached self
purification by following ideals of one's religion
 End and means: can't achieve noble ends by evil means. End and means are one and
same
 Human nature is inherently good. Violence and selfishness are alien to man. Man is
reasonable and willing to accommodate other PoV
 Ahimsa: natural to man who is spiritual. Violence and truth are incompatible w each
other. Hate the sin not the sinner. Eye for an eye
 Nonviolence: civil disobedience from Thoreaus' book Resistance to civil govt. oppose
unjust laws w/o resorting to violence. All problems are due to violence. Fasting is
spiritual.
 Qualities of Satyagrahi: no anger, never retaliate, don't insult, submit to arrest

Seven sins
1. Wealth w/o work
2. Pleasure w/o conscience
3. Knowledge w/o character
4. Commerce w/o morality
5. Science w/o humanity
6. Religion w/o sacrifice
7. Politics w/o principle

Gandhi transformed the nature of politics from being an elite-based vanity into a ‘soul force’ for
social change through mass participation. His broad-basing of India’s national movement
transformed the Congress party from being a talking-shop for airing grievances into a mass-
based organisation defying the British Empire.

MAHAVIRA/JAINISM
Basic principles:-
 All human beings, animals, plants have souls. They have equal value. Should be treated
with respect and compassion
 Belief in reincarnation.
 Seek ultimate liberation so that immortal soul lives in state of bliss forever. It is
achieved by emimating all karma from soul.
 Aim of life is to achieve liberation through Triratna

Triratna.
1. Right Faith: find truth in yourself. Learn by seeing and analysing. Avoid preconceptions.
2. Right knowledge: have accurate knowledge of real universe. Right knowledge needs a
pure soul which is free from attachment. With right knowledge soul becomes pure
3. Right conduct: live life doing no harm to living things. Free yourself from attachment.

Right faith and right knowledge help to achieve right conduct Five abstincences:-
1.Ahimsa
2.Satya Truthfulness
3.Asteya/no stealing
4.Aparigraha/no acquisition
5.Brahmcharya/chaste living

Certain Principles:-
 Mahavrata for Jain monks. Anuvrata for other followers.
Page | 61
  Do not believe in God
 Believe in divine beings worthy of devotion
 Venerate Jina because he has achieved perfection and has liberated from cycle of birth
and death. All human being may become Jina.

PLATO
He wrote Republic and Euthyphro. His ideal republic in which he has explained the concept of
justice. He examines whether it is in one's own interest to be moral. He establishes that justice is
so great a good that it is worth any sacrifice. His opponents argue that given a chance everyone
would like to become immoral but because of the fear of punishment people behave in a moral
way. However, such a world be full of chaos and conflict and would make life difficult. To
resolve this conflict, people have compromised and the result of that compromise is justice.

GYGES RING
A shepherd named Gyges gets a ring that makes him invisible. He uses the ring to fulfill all his
greed with impunity. Justice is not only a means of happiness but essential to it. Justice brings
about a healthy soul whereas immorality corrupts the soul. It weakens the soul and makes it a
slave of desires and passions. A moral person is able to tame the beasts of desire and passions
and thereby acquires justice. One is happy or unhappy in exact proportion to once moral
integrity. Sisyphus was condemned by the God to push a heavy stone along a steep slope. This
represents a life of futility.
Morality is important for a meaningful life. It urges us to discover values and ideals, such as
justice, truth, god, beauty, virtue and so on pursuing which we will be able ot live a life of
meaning, substance and contentment.
Good of an individual is contained in the Good of all. There is a highest purpose and every
component of world is trying to realise it.

NIETZCHE
Morality is required for a life of integrity. It is the quality of being honest and having strong
moral principles. It has 2 dimensions:
1. Internal: A state of completeness and wholeness. It involves a vision of ideal self (who
one ought to be). It is attained when an individual is able to realise one's ideal self.
2. External: It is a state where life is lived in accordance with external ethical norms or
principles/ guidelines.

TOLSTOY
He believed that any valid morality will happen only when it is rooted in religion. Flower and
Root concept. Flower is compared to Ethics. If we pluck a flower it will not survive for long.

WITTGENSTEIN
Emotivism. March of Moral.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

He argued against "natural law" theory and thought that the classical theories of Plato and
Aristotle as well as notions such as Kant's Categorical Imperative were too outdated, confusing
and/or controversial to be of much help with society's ills and a program of social reform. He
adopted what he took to be a simple and 'scientific' approach to the problems of law and
morality and grounded his approach in the "Principle of Utility."

THE UTILITARIAN CALCULUS

Page | 62
As with the emerging theory of capitalism in 18th and 19th Century England, we could speak of
"pleasures" as "PLUSES" and "pains" as "MINUSES." Thus the utilitarian would calculate
which actions bring about more pluses over minuses (or the least amount of minuses, etc.). In
measuring pleasure and pain, Bentham introduces the following criteria:

Its INTENSITY, DURATION, CERTAINTY (or UNCERTAINTY), and its NEARNESS (or
FARNESS). He also includes its "fecundity" (more or less of the same will follow) and its
"purity" (its pleasure won't be followed by pain & vice versa).

In considering actions that affect numbers of people, we must also account for their EXTENT.
As a social reformer, Bentham applied this principle to the laws of England -- for example,
those areas of the law concerning crime and punishment. An analysis of theft reveals that it not
only causes harm to the victim, but, if left unpunished, it endangers the very status of private
property and the stability of society. In seeing this, the legislator should devise a punishment
that is useful in deterring theft. But in matters of "private morality" such as sexual preference
and private behaviour, Bentham felt that is was not at all useful to involve the legislature.

Bentham also thought that the principle of utility could apply to our treatment of animals. The
question is not whether they can talk or reason, but whether they can suffer. As such, that
suffering should be taken into account in our treatment of them. Here we can see a moral
ground for laws that aim at the "prevention of cruelty to animals" (and such cruelty was often
witnessed in Bentham's day).

JOHN STUART MILL (1806-1873)

It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied, better Socrates dissatisfied than
a fool satisfied. For Mill, it is not the quantity of pleasure, but the quality of happiness.
Bentham's calculus is unreasonable -- qualities cannot be quantified (there is a distinction
between 'higher' and 'lower' pleasures). Mill's utilitarianism culminates in "The Greatest
Happiness Principle."

Excerpts from Mill's Utilitarianism (1861):

If I am asked what I mean by difference of quality in pleasures, or what makes one pleasure
more valuable than another, merely as a pleasure, except its being greater in amount, there is but
one possible answer. Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have
experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to
prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure.

Now it is an unquestionable fact that those who are equally acquainted with and equally capable
of appreciating and enjoying both do give a most marked preference to the manner of existence
which employs their higher faculties. Few human creatures would consent to be changed into
any of the lower animals for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's pleasures; no
intelligent human being would consent to be a fool, no instructed person would be an
ignoramus, no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base, even though they
should be persuaded that the fool, the dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than
they are with theirs. One can never really wish to sink into what he feels to be a lower grade of
existence.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588 - 1679)

What 'moves us' are desires and aversions and the force behind these is self-preservation. Self-
interest prescribes that we avoid the 'beastly, brutal, and short' state of nature and seek a
peaceful co-existence. 'Peace' is achieved when we transfer our collective strength to a

Page | 63
sovereign authority (a Leviathan). The social contract with the Leviathan forms the source of
right and wrong (through the will of the Leviathan).

Thomas Hobbes was the first great figure in modern moral philosophy. His main grounding in
philosophy was on the basis of materialism, believing that everything that happens is a result of
the physical world and that the soul, as previous philosophers discussed it, does not exist. One
must then consider what Hobbes' outlook was on the topic of values. Hobbes' contention was
that the concept of good and evil are related to human desire and aversion. In other words, what
an individual desires he perceives to be good and what that individual harbours an aversion to
must be bad. This philosophy of values, Hobbes explained, is due to an attitude of self
preservation and protection.

In 1651 Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan , his famous work that detailed his physicalist
outlook and his concept of the value of a social contract for a peaceful society. Hobbes
explained that if individuals within a society continually lived by their own self interests, they
would continue to hurt each other and be stuck in a "state of war." If the members of a society
were made to live within certain bounds which made it impossible for them to harm each other,
the members of that society would be in a "state of peace."

The only way to achieve this peaceful society, Hobbes explained, was for all members of a
society to unconditionally transfer all of their ability and will to defend themselves to a
sovereign power under a form of social contract. With this social contract established, the
sovereign power would accept the responsibility for mediating all disputes concerning the
society, both internal and external. Should any member of the society violate an agreement with
another member of that society, that individual would be guilty of violating their unconditional
agreement to support the social contract, which would then render them unjust and subject to
punishment.

Conversely, if the Leviathan, or sovereign power, violated its own responsibility to protect the
members of the society in its charge, that society could then find itself another sovereign to rule
it.

VIRTUE ETHICS
Virtue ethics is person rather than action based. It looks at the moral character of the person
carrying out an action rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the consequences of particular
actions. According to it a right act is the action a virtuous person would do in the same
circumstances.

Virtue ethics not only deals with the rightness or wrongness of individual actions, it provides
guidance as to the sort of characteristics and behaviours a good person will seek to achieve. In
that way, virtue ethics is concerned with the whole of a person's life, rather than particular
episodes or actions. A good person is someone who lives virtuously - who possesses and lives
the virtues.

It's a useful theory since human beings are often more interested in assessing the character of
another person than they are in assessing the goodness or badness of a particular action. This
suggests that the way to build a good society is to help its members to be good people, rather
than to use laws and punishments to prevent or deter bad actions.

Page | 64
But it wouldn't be helpful if a person had to be a saint to count as virtuous. For virtue theory to
be really useful it needs to suggest only a minimum set of characteristics that a person needs to
possess in order to be regarded as virtuous.

Being virtuous is more than having a particular habit of acting, e.g. generosity. Rather, it means
having a fundamental set of related virtues that enable a person to live and act morally well.

Principles Virtue ethics teaches:

An action is only right if it is an action that a virtuous person would carry out in the same
circumstances.
 A virtuous person is a person who acts virtuously
 A person acts virtuously if they "possess and live the virtues"
 A virtue is a moral characteristic that a person needs to live well.

Most virtue theorists say that there is a common set of virtues that all human beings would
benefit from, rather than different sets for different sorts of people, and that these virtues are
natural to mature human beings - even if they are hard to acquire.

This poses a problem, since lists of virtues from different times in history and different societies
show significant differences.

The traditional list of cardinal virtues was:

 Prudence
 Justice
 Fortitude / Bravery
 Temperance

Good points of virtue ethics

 It centres ethics on the person and what it means to be human
 It includes the whole of a person's life

Bad points of virtue ethics

 It doesn't provide clear guidance on what to do in moral dilemmas although it does
provide general guidance on how to be a good person presumably a totally virtuous
person would know what to do and we could consider them a suitable role model to
guide us

There is no general agreement on what the virtues are and it may be that any list of virtues will
be relative to the culture in which it is being drawn up.

Page | 65
SEARCH TERM:
Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy
In an article entitled "On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives," Kant interprets a
case of 'the Murderer at the Inn.' Imagine that you are an Inn keeper and a terrified man runs
past you and up the stairs. Shortly thereafter, a brute appears and -- clearly angry and looking
for blood -- asks you if that man is in your dwelling. What should you do, tell the truth (and
reveal that the man is upstairs) or tell a lie (and perhaps save that man's life)? Kant responded as
follows:

"For instance, if by telling a lie you have prevented murder, you have made yourself legally
responsible for all the consequences; but if you have held rigorously to the truth, public justice
can lay no hand on you, whatever the unforeseen consequences may be. After you have honestly
answered the murderer's question as to whether this intended victim is at home, it may be that
he has slipped out so that he does not come in the way of the murderer, and thus that the murder
may not be committed. But if you had lied and said he was not at home when he had really gone
out without your knowing it, and if the murderer had then met him as he went away and
murdered him, you might be justly accused as the cause of his death. For if you had told the
truth as far as you knew it, perhaps the murderer might have been apprehended by the neighbors
while he searched the house and thus the deed might have been prevented. Therefore, whoever
tells a lie, however well intentioned he might be, must answer for the consequences, however
unforeseeable they were, and pay the penalty for them even in a civil tribunal. This is because
truthfulness is a duty which must be regarded as the ground of all duties based on contract, and
the laws of these duties would be rendered uncertain and useless if even the least exception to
them were admitted. To be truthful (honest) in all declarations, therefore, is a sacred and
absolutely commanding decree of reason, limited by no expediency."

In taking this 'absolutist' stand, Kant was following in a tradition represented by, for example,
St. Augustine in his work The Enchiridion

"But every liar says the opposite of what he thinks in his heart, with purpose to deceive. Now it
is evident that speech was given to man, not that men might therewith deceive one another, but
that one man might make known his thoughts to another. To use speech, then, for the purpose of
deception, and not for its appointed end, is a sin. Nor are we to suppose that there is any lie that
is not a sin, because it is sometimes possible, by telling a lie, to do service to another."

Duty-based ethics
The word 'deontological' comes from the Greek word deon, which means 'duty'. Deontological
(duty-based) ethics are concerned with what people do, not with the consequences of their
actions.

Duty-based or Deontological ethics

Deontological (duty-based) ethics are concerned with what people do, not with the
consequences of their actions.
 Do the right things because it's the right thing to do.
 Don't do wrong things and avoid them because they are wrong.

Under this form of ethics you can't justify an action by showing that it produced good
consequences, which is why it's sometimes called 'non-Consequentialist'.

Some kinds of action are wrong or right in themselves, regardless of the consequences.

Page | 66
Deontologists live in a universe of moral rules, such as:
 It is wrong to kill innocent people
 It is wrong to steal
 It is wrong to tell lies
 It is right to keep promises

Someone who follows Duty-based ethics should do the right thing, even if that produces more
harm (or less good) than doing the wrong thing. So, for example, the philosopher Kant thought
that it would be wrong to tell a lie in order to save a friend from a murderer.

If we compare Deontologists with Consequentialists we can see that Consequentialists begin by

considering what things are good, and identify 'right' actions as the ones that produce the
maximum of those good things.

Deontologists appear to do it the other way around; they first consider what actions are 'right'
and proceed from there. (Actually this is what they do in practice, but it isn't really the starting
point of deontological thinking.)

So a person is doing something good if they are doing a morally right action.

Good and bad points

1. Good points of duty-based ethics
 Emphasises the value of every human being
 Duty-based ethical systems tend to focus on giving equal respect to all human
beings.

This provides a basis for human rights - it forces due regard to be given to the interests of a
single person even when those are at odds with the interests of a larger group. says some acts
are always wrong. Kantian duty-based ethics says that some things should never be done, no
matter what good consequences they produce. This seems to reflect the way some human beings
think.

Rossian duty-based ethics modified this to allow various duties to be balanced, which, it could
be argued, is an even better fit to the way we think.

Provides 'certainty'- Consequentialist ethical theories bring a degree of uncertainty to ethical

decision-making, in that no-one can be certain about what consequences will result from a
particular action, because the future is unpredictable.

Duty-based ethics don't suffer from this problem because they are concerned with the action
itself - if an action is a right action, then a person should do it, if it's a wrong action they
shouldn't do it - and providing there is a clear set of moral rules to follow then a person faced
with a moral choice should be able to take decisions with reasonable certainty.

Of course things aren't that clear cut. Sometimes Consequentialist theories can provide a fair
degree of certainty, if the consequences are easily predictable.

Furthermore, rule-based consequentialism provides people with a set of rules that enable them
to take moral decisions based on the sort of act they are contemplating.

Page | 67
Deals with intentions and motives- Consequentialist theories don't pay direct attention to
whether an act is carried out with good or bad intentions; most people think these are highly
relevant to moral judgements.

Duty-based ethics can include intention in at least 2 ways...

If a person didn't intend to do a particular wrong act - it was an accident perhaps - then from a
deontological point of view we might think that they hadn't done anything deserving of
criticism. This seems to fit with ordinary thinking about ethical issues.

Ethical rules can be framed narrowly so as to include intention.

Bad points of duty-based ethics

 Absolutist-
Duty-based ethics sets absolute rules. The only way of dealing with cases that don't
seem to fit is to build a list of exceptions to the rule. Allows acts that make the world a
less good place. Because duty-based ethics is not interested in the results it can lead to
courses of action that produce a reduction in the overall happiness of the world. Most
people would find this didn't fit with their overall idea of ethics:
a) it is hard to believe that it could ever be a duty deliberately to produce less good
when we could produce more...
b) Hard to reconcile conflicting duties

Duty-based ethics doesn't deal well with the cases where duties are in conflict.

KANTIAN DUTY-BASED ETHICS

 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was arguably one of the greatest philosophers of all time.
Kant thought that it was possible to develop a consistent moral system by using reason.
Kant taught, they would realise that there were some moral laws that all rational beings
had to obey simply because they were rational beings, and this would apply to any
rational beings in any universe that might ever exist.

 Kant taught (rather optimistically) that every rational human being could work this out
for themselves and so did not need to depend on God or their community or anything
else to discover what was right and what was wrong. Nor did they need to look at the
consequences of an act, or who was doing the action.

 Although Kantian ethics are usually spoken of in terms of duty and doing the right thing,
Kant himself thought that what was good was an essential part of ethics.
 Kant asked if there was anything that everybody could rationally agree was always
good. The only thing that he thought satisfied this test was a good will:

 All Kant means is that a good will alone must be good in whatever context it may be
found. It is not good in one context and bad in another. It is not good as a means to one
end and bad as a means to another. Its goodness is not conditioned by its relation to a
context or to an end or to a desire.

 Other things that we might think of as good are not always good, as it's possible to
imagine a context in which they might seem to be morally undesirable.

 Kant then pondered what this meant for human conduct. He concluded that only an
action done for 'a good will' was a right action, regardless of the consequences.

Page | 68
  Kant taught that an action could only count as the action of a good will if it satisfied the
test of the Categorical Imperative.

 Kant's version of duty-based ethics was based on something that he called 'the
categorical imperative' which he intended to be the basis of all other rules (a
'categorical imperative' is a rule that is true in all circumstances.)

 The categorical imperative comes in two versions which each emphasise different
aspects of the categorical imperative. Kant is clear that each of these versions is merely a
different way of expressing the same rule; they are not different rules.

MORAL RULES MUST BE UNIVERSALISABLE

The first one emphasises the need for moral rules to be universalisable. Always act in such a
way that you can also will that the maxim of your action should become a universal law.
To put this more simply: Always act in such a way that you would be willing for it to become a
general law that everyone else should do the same in the same situation. This means at least two
things:
If you aren't willing for the ethical rule you claim to be following to be applied equally to
everyone - including you - then that rule is not a valid moral rule. I can't claim that something is
a valid moral rule and make an exception to it for myself and my family and friends. So, for
example, if I wonder whether I should break a promise, I can test whether this is right by asking
myself whether I would want there to be a universal rule that says 'it's OK to break promises'.
Since I don't want there to be a rule that lets people break promises they make to me, I can
conclude that it would be wrong for me to break the promise I have made. If the ethical rule you
claim to be following cannot logically be made a universal rule, then it is not a valid moral rule.

Moral rules must respect human beings

Kant thought that all human beings should be treated as free and equal members of a shared
moral community, and the second version of the categorical imperative reflects this by
emphasising the importance of treating people properly. It also acknowledges the relevance of
intention in morality.
Act so that you treat humanity always as an end and never merely as a means.
Man and, in general, every rational being exists as an end in himself and not merely as a means
to be arbitrarily used by this or that will. In all his actions, whether they are directed to himself
or to other rational beings, he must always be regarded at the same time as an end...

Kant is saying that people should always be treated as valuable - as an end in themselves - and
should not just be used in order to achieve something else. They should not be tricked,
manipulated or bullied into doing things.

Here are three examples of treating people as means and not ends:
 Treating a person as if they were an inanimate object
 Coercing a person to get what you want
 Deceiving a person to get what you want

Kant doesn't want to say that people can't be used at all; it may be fine to use a person as long as
they are also being treated as an end in themselves.

The importance of duty

Do the right thing for the right reason, because it is the right thing to do.

Page | 69
Kant thought that the only good reason for doing the right thing was because of duty - if you
had some other reason (perhaps you didn't commit murder because you were too scared, not
because it was your duty not to) then that you would not have acted in a morally good way.

Buddhism
Four noble truth.

Confucius
Confucius described righteousness as the foundation of good governance and peace

Descartes
I think therefore I am.

George Bernard Shaw

Nation's morals are like teeth. The more decayed they are, the more it hurts to touch them.

Gladstone
"The purpose of a government is to make it easy for people to do good and difficult to do evil”.

James Allen
We are a product of our own thoughts and beliefs.

Lal Bahadur Shastri

He resigned from railway ministry when an accident took place.

Mahatma Gandhi
Be the change you wish to see in this world. As human beings, our greatness lies not so much in
being able to remake the world - that is the myth of the atomic age - as in being able to remake
ourselves” Ahimsa is a means and truth is the end. Hate the sin and not the sinner.

Napolean
‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the pocket of the coat and it should be so
simple that it can be understood by a peasant’.

Paul Appleby
All govt org are not merely administrative entities. They are and must be political organism.

Plato
"The punishment suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer under
the government of bad men”

Socrates
What is right is right and remains right if nobody does it and what is wrong is wrong and
remains wrong even if nobody does it. Virtue is knowledge.

Thomas Jefferson
In matter of style, swim with the current; in matters of principle, stand like a rock. Honesty is
the first chapter in the book of wisdom.

United Nations International Code of Conduct (1996)

Page | 70
Miscellaneous
 The standard should be one of not only the conduct of Caesar’s wife but of Caesar
himself.
 Rivers do not drink their waters themselves, nor do trees eat their fruit, nor do the clouds
eat the grains raised by them. The wealth of the noble is used solely for the benefit of
others.
 Government is a small reflection of society.
 Horses for the courses policy. We can't have one horse running all courses.
 If winter comes can spring be far behind.
 Water, water everywhere but not a drop to drink.
 Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything in school.
 Doing things right vs Doing right things.
 Quid pro quo.
 Values of public determine ends.
 Values of admin determine process.
 All great leaders look for solutions and not problems.
 Litmus Test.
 'We see things as we are and not as they are'.
 Sticking to moral values comes at a price.
 Might is right - Matsyanyaya.
 Statecraft.
 Let there be light and there was light - Jesus
 Television has become a chewing gum. It hardly gives us anything meaningful.
 A major cause for corruption is low salaries of our civil servants. Singapore was able to
weed out corruption by substantially increasing the salary of government employees.
However, will such tactics work in India?
 Interpretation of religion should not be seen as final. It should be contextual and in sync
with the time in which we are living. There are myriads of condition and situation which
can't be addressed by mere subjective reading of text.
 Mind is the charioteer and senses are horses.
 Life of integrity is restrained and controlled.

Page | 71
THE ORIGIN OF HUMANISM
The Prayer "Sarvatra Sukhinah Santu Sarve Santu Niramayah;" `Let all be happy here and let all
enjoy full health’ of Vedic Sages echoed this Universal welfare. The earthly life constitutes the
central concern for the Vedic Aryans. The sacrificial fire-rites which were evolved during Vedic
period had social welfare as its motto, the motive was to prepare the land for agriculture for
abundance and welfare of human race. Vedantic Hinduism of Vivekananda stresses the
importance of service to the weak and the needy as its practical aspect.

Various Interpretations of Humanism.

Humanism is not an established school of philosophy, but is a definite philosophical outlook
emphasized the worth and dignity of man by rejecting other worldliness and transcendentalism.

It is this worldly, man-centered secular philosophical outlook. It claims that the man is self-
sufficient and is able to comprehend the world phenomena and works out a certain social order
without the help of God.

It is an attitude towards and an approach to man's worldly life and values. It is characterised by
interest in man, concern for man and faith in man's reason and conscience for discriminating
perception of truth and goodness.

The modern genetic engineering sees man as a product of evolutionary process, and an agent
controlling and directing this process.

Humanism as the philosophic attitude regards the interpretation of human experience as the
primary concern of all philosophizing and asserts the adequacy of human knowledge for this
purpose. By giving to all science and literature a reference to human life and its purpose,
philosophy connects itself with literary humanism. Science, viewed in its relation to man, can
be utilised for human purpose. But emphasis on utilitarian aspect of science undermines its
value as independent branch of human knowledge.

1. Gandhian Humanism-
 Gandhi's great contribution to Humanism consists in conceiving a religion that centres
almost wholly around man and his life here in this world. Religion, according to him,
should pervade all our activities, it cannot and ought not to be pursued in seclusion from
one's fellow beings and in separation from life's other activities. The equivalent for
Religion is "Dharma" in Sanskrit which means moral obligation and connotes
individual's integrity as well as social Solidarity.
 Gandhi understood religion completely from that point of view. His Humanism is
integral, discussing all the aspects of human life and has rationalist attitudes which differ
from Romantic Humanism as well as Radical Humanism and yet synthesizes the two.
Free Will In Gandhian Thought. The Problem of free will is discussed by almost all
renaissance humanists. `Man the measure’ is the earliest declaration of humanistic
outlook. Humanists confirm that man is the maker of his own destiny. Gandhi also gave
great importance to freedom. His whole life was spent for the individual's and national
freedom.
 However for him free will did not mean slavery to desires of our mind but freedom of
`rational self'. Once you condition yourself with ‘rational self'’ you are free to move
within those restraints. In the words of Emerson, "A man is free to speak the truth not to
lie, free to serve, not to exploit, free to sacrifice himself but not free to kill or injure".

Page | 72
  Gandhi's whole philosophy of wants and needs was conditioned by self-control. Gandhi
has respect for and faith in the individual. To him, the individual alone is real; the
Society and the state have little meaning apart from the individual.
 Prof. Iyer regards Gandhi as one of the most revolutionary of individualists and one of
the most individualistic of revolutionaries in world history.

The Importance of Morality in Humanism

Renaissance Humanist accorded the privileged position to poetry, rhetoric, history, ethics and
politics on the conviction that these disciplines alone educate man as such and put man in a
position effectively to exercise his freedom.

Like other humanists, Gandhi gives importance to Social Sciences. Having an ethical approach
to life Gandhi sought to unite the mankind in common pursuit of justice and establishment of a
moral order in world-society.

Morality for him was not a matter of outward conformity but of inward fulfilment, of deep
conviction accomplished by right action. Hence famous Socratic dictum `Virtue is knowledge',
implies that right thought must result into right action.

For Gandhi action was his domain. Gandhi's greatness lies in translating one's noblest thoughts
into action which is the highest achievement of man.

Action Oriented Seven Fields of Social Life

Gandhi wanted people to put into practice morality in the seven main fields of life. He
enumerated following seven Social Sins:
1. Politics without principles.
2. Wealth without work.
3. Commerce without morality.
4. Knowledge without character.
5. Pleasure without conscience.
6. Science without humanity.
7. Worship without sacrifice.

The first epigram deals with the Political field. As Plato says "either true and genuine
philosophers find their way to political authority or powerful politicians by the favour of
Providence take to true Philosophy'. Philosophers are the men of Principles.

For Gandhi, Rama was the symbol of a king dedicated to Principles. The Kings in Indian
tradition were only the guardian executors and servants of ‘Dharma’. The two main principles
which were practiced by Gandhi and advocated for the society are Truth and Non-violence.

The second and the third dicta deal with the sphere of Economics. Tolstoy and Ruskin inspired
Gandhi on the idea of bread-labour. The Bhagavad Gita also declares that he who eats without
offering sacrifice eats stolen food. Gandhi put this into practice at his community centres.

Bread-labour was one of the vows of his ‘Asrama’ prayer. The word `Sacrifice’ of the
Bhagavad Gita was interpreted in the sense of "yajna" or rituals of Mimansa system by the
earlier ‘Acaryas’ but Gandhi put it into modern context when bread-labour was looked down
upon with the spread of Industrialization and class-consciousness.

Page | 73
Gandhi quotes Bible, "In the sweat of thy brow salt thou eat thy bread". So far as body only
needs food, one should labour for it with the help of one's body only. Moderate labour makes
one healthy and creative.

Gandhi advocated more or less equal wages for all kinds of work. These strains in his thought
made him a champion of economic democracy no less than political and moral democracy.

The third dictum was developed into the idea of Trusteeship by Gandhi. Business man has to act
only as a trustee of the Society for whatever he has gained from the Society. Everything finally
belongs to the Society. "Trusteeship provides a means of transforming the present capitalist
order of society into an egalitarian one".

The fourth dictum deals with knowledge. Education stands for the all round development of the
individual and his character. Gandhi's system of Basic Education was the system for
development of one's character. True knowledge leads to the development of one's character
where one evolves his `Rational self'.

Conscience of a ‘Rational Self’ is evolved with consideration of whole mankind, particularly

the poorest of all. Gandhi gave a ‘talisman’ `Whenever you are in doubt or when the self
becomes too much with you, apply the following test: Recall the face of the poorest and the
weakest man whom you may have seen and ask yourself, if the step you contemplate is going to
be of any use to him'. This will lead to the balance of the use of natural resources also.

About the progress of Science, Vinoba Bhave has said "Science should progress in the direction
of Spirituality" otherwise it would bring total destruction. Gandhi held that Science without the
thought of the welfare of humanity is a Sin. Science and humanity together pave the way for
welfare of all.

In Religion, we worship, but if we are not ready to sacrifice for Social service, the worship has
no value; it is sin to worship without sacrifice. Gandhi's everyday prayer was a recitation of the
virtues of an ideal person as depicted in the Bhagavad Gita. His prayer is addressed to one's own
better self, the conscience, the true self.

Gandhi advocated the concept of Ethical Religion and not dry and dead ritualism. He saw the
biggest threat to Religion not from the atheists but from the dogmatists, fundamentalists and
ritualists. He considered poverty, inequality, exploitation, oppression, hunger, barriers of caste,
class and creed, as man-made and showed a way out of it through an integral Philosophy of life.

Gandhi was prepared to repudiate scriptural and canonical texts if these were repugnant to
reason and moral values. There is no Religion higher than Truth and Righteousness. Gandhi
views life in its integral wholeness. According to him "human life is a synthetic whole which
cannot be divided into separate watertight compartments religious, moral, political, economic,
social, individual and collective. All the seemingly separate segments are but different facets of
man's life. They act and react upon one another".

For Gandhi, all life is of one piece'. These seven dicta deal with all the aspects of human life
and thus indicate integral humanism of Gandhi. Among the thinkers of Modern India probably
nobody has contributed more for the advancement of humanism than Mahatma Gandhi. He gave
humanistic basis to Social Philosophy: he humanized Politics, Science and Religion.

The Integrated Vows For Society

Page | 74
As part of his moral religion, Gandhi introduced eleven vows in his "Asrama" (Community
centre). He wrote about these vows to the "Asramites" from Yeravada Jail. They are 1. Non
violence, 2. Truth, 3. Non-stealing , 4. Chastity or celibacy, 5. Non possession, 6. Bread labour,
7. Abstemiousness in diet, 8. Fearlessness, 9. Tolerance or Equality for all religions, 10. Self-
sufficiency in respect of the use of indigenous products, 11. Elimination of untouchability.

All these vows have integral implication of moral, Social, Political and Economic Values.
Gandhi attached special importance to these vows, not in a ritualistic manner, but as a way of
entering more deeply into the truth.

1. Ahimsa (Non-Violence): The Universal Love G

Gandhi described "Ahimsa" to be the law of life; he identified "Ahimsa" with universal love.
To him "All well constructed societies are based on the law of Non-Violence that the
families are bound together by ties of love and so are groups in the so called civilized
society. Only they do not recognize the supremacy of the law of non-violence.

Gandhi transformed "Ahimsa" from a passive attitude to an active and dynamic factor by
welding renunciation and action into one force. He was therefore able to transform Ahimsa's
earlier world-denying expressions into a world-affirming real politics and build a bridge
principally through action and only afterwards by thought, between its application for social
good on the one hand and for individual spiritual development on the other. Even
"Satyagraha" is conceived by Gandhi as non-violence in action.

Ahimsa being the law of love, it consists not in claiming but in giving. `Love ever suffers,
never resents, never revenges itself', it is self-suffering.’ Gandhi used non-violence not only
at the individual level but also on the social level for abolition of untouchability, picketing,
and non-cooperation. On the political level he brought about liberation without the use of
violence. Einstein believed that the problem of bringing peace to the world on supranational
basis will be solved only by employing Gandhi's method on a large scale.

Gandhi firmly believed that non-violence must be lived in day to day life. "It is not like a
garment to be put on and off at Will. Its seat is in the heart and it must be an inseparable part
of our being» it should become a creed rather than a policy; and to be a creed, Non-violence
has to be all-pervasive.

2. Satya Truth: The Law of Moral Order Without non-violence it is not possible to seek and
find Truth. Non-violence and truth are so intertwined that it is practically impossible to
separate them. They are like two sides of a coin or rather a smooth unstamped metallic disc.
It has no observe, or the reverse. Nevertheless, non-violence is the means Truth is the end.

Gandhi's truth is akin to Vedic Rituals, the moral order and ultimate principle of the
Universe» therefore he identities God with truth. "To me God is Truth and Love, God is
ethics and morality, God is Humility, and truthfulness." Gandhi was conscious of what truth
is and followed a path of humanism.

For Gandhi, truth is not only truthfulness in word, but also in thought and deed» not only the
relative truth of our conception but the absolute truth, the Eternal principle, that is God. Thus
Existential meaning of God is Truth. Gandhi's truth meant freedom of self-actualization for
societal development

Page | 75
 Gandhi's mystic fight against three foremost social institutions-imperialism, capitalism and
racism is an invincible proof that his conception of truth was very much societal. Gandhi's all
other vows follow from Truth and Non-violence as Socratic virtue followed from knowledge.

Gandhi wanted the application of these principles for the smooth functioning of all the
organizations striving to bring about social transformation. Gandhi's aim was to evolve a
moral man in a moral society

3. Sarva-Dharma Samanata: Tolerance or Equality For All Religions

This vow embodies in itself the true spirit of harmony among different Religions of the
world. Gandhi as a humanist has provided us the lasting solution to the vexed problem of so-
called secularism. Humanism did not have an anti-religious or anti-Christian character. The
religious discussions of the humanist had two principal themes the Civic function of religion
and religious tolerance.

The Civic function of religion was recognised on the basis of the correspondence between
the heavenly and earthly city. The heavenly city was the norm or the ideal of man's civil life,
its recognition meant the commitment of man to realize, as much as possible, its
characteristics in the earthly city.

Gandhi's earthly city was ‘Ramarajya’ and he tried to realize that throughout his life. For the
humanists, the attitude of tolerance is derived from their conviction of the fundamental unity
of all the religious beliefs of mankind and therefore the possibility of a universal religious
peace.

The vow of tolerance of all religious beliefs in Gandhi's everyday Prayer, and the
cooperation he received from the people of all faiths, confirm his genuine tolerance. Gandhi's
religion was not narrow sectarian. He did not want his house to be walled in on all sides and
windows to be stuffed. He wanted the cultures of all lands to be blown about his house as
freely as possible.

Conclusion
As a humanist, Gandhi worshipped God through the service of man and looked upon all human
beings as but the manifestations of God Himself. His humanism meant his utter devotion to the
human interest. "The nineteenth Century was marked by Industrial Revolution, the twentieth
century was a century of nuclear holocaust and environmental degradation, the Twenty-first
should bring a synthesis of Science and spirituality, Socialism with human rights, Social change
with non-violence national sovereignty with world citizenship. And this is Gandhi".

Page | 76
Lecture - 2
 Veil of ignorance.
 Equal basic liberty.
 Fundamental rights.
 We can't trade off liberty.
 Test of inequality should be whether it benefits especially those who are at the bottom.
 Jeremy Bentham : Utilitarian Principles i.e. Greatest good for the greatest number.
 Jurisprudence and moral philosophy.

The highest principle of morality is to :-

 Maximise the general welfare, &
 collective happiness.

There are two sovereign moral masters:

1. Pleasure and Pain
2. Greatest good for the greatest number.

 Find its usage in Constitution, Law making exercise.

 Cost Benefit analysis used by companies.
 We cannot place a $ on life.
 Cigarette smoking in Czech Republic. Phillip Morris Study.
 Costs: Increased health cost
 Benefits: Tax revenues, health care savings (due to early death), pension savings,
savings in housing costs.

 Some kind of sacrifice is necessary to ensure greater good.

 You got to assign some $ value.
 Effect on the minority is not considered.

Queen v/s the Dudley case.

People thrown to lions in Roman. Few people sufferings v/s collective happiness of thousands.

 Fails to respect individual rights.

 Not possible to aggregate all values and preferences.
 Would be it just to torture an individual to extract information about a bomb attack.
 Shouldn't we distinguish between higher and lower pleasures?
 Intensity and duration of happiness only matter and not quality. The quantity of pleasure
being equal pushpin is as good as poetry.
 Pleasure that Romans take should that become a parameter for quantifying.

John Stuart Mill

 Whether utilitarian can be expanded to accommodate humanitarian concerns.
 Utility is the only standard of morality. Distinguish higher from lower, base and unworthy
pleasure.
 Intense pleasure v/s Higher pleasure.
 It's better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. It's better to be Socrates
dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.
 Art Museum v/s Watching television. It engages our higher human faculties.

Lecture - 3
 John Stuart Mill - Distinguish between higher and lower pleasure.

Page | 77
  Simpson's and Shakespeare example.
 Individual rights are worthy of special respect. Justice is the most sacred part of
morality. Why is justice the chief part of our morality.
 In the long run if we respect rights, the society in a long run would be better off. Should
a doctor yank organs from healthy person to save 5 individuals.
 Intrinsic value of individual rights.
 Are there theories of good life that can provide independent moral standards.
 Respect for human dignity.
 The reason for respecting individual and not using them goes beyond utilitarian.
 Individuals are separate being with separate life. It's a mistake to think about justice or
laws by adding our preferences.
 Libertarianism: Fundamental individual right is the right to liberty. We are separate
individual beings. A right to chose freely to live our lives as we please provided we
respect other's rights.

Role of government.
 No paternalist legislation: Seatbelt laws, motorcycle helmet. That should be upto them.
The state has no business coercing them to wear seat belt.
 No morals legislation: Many laws try to promote virtues of citizen. Prevent sexual
intimacy between gays and lesbians. Nobody else is harmed and nobody rights is
violated.
 No redistribution of Income from Rich to Poor. It's a kind of coercion. It amounts to
theft.
 There can be a minimal state that taxes people for services that everybody needs.
 Was there justice in initial holding?
 Was there operation of free consent?
 Fix ideas.
 Justice in acquisition and transfer.
 Taxing Bill Gates- He is getting money from society. People who amass so much wealth
that people who are left at the bottom would languish at bottom forever.
 Stealing a loaf of bread for feeding hungry.
 Taxation = taking of earnings = Taking the fruits of labour = The right to claim a portion
of labour Taxation ~ Forced labour = I do not own myself.
 Violates the principle of self possession.
 People # collection of preferences.
 Ask them to give charity.
 Minimal State.
 Milton Friedman. Many of the functions we take for granted is paternalistic.
 Social security.
 Government can't force everyone to put aside some earnings today for the retirement.
People should be free to take their decisions and risks.
 The poor need the money more. Individual philanthropy. Need v/s deserve.
 They owe to the society.
 Taxation by the consent of the governed is not coercion.
 We live in an economically and politically stable society. If there were unrest in the
society then the person may be not be able to make that money.
 Benefits of an action don't make an action just.
 We can't discount the people around us.
 It's a product of lot of other factors. Chain of reasoning.

Lecture 4

Page | 78
 John Locke - There are certain fundamental individual rights that no representative
government can override them. Those fundamental rights include a natural life to life,
liberty and property.

 Right to property is a natural right. It is pre political. It is present even before

government comes on the scene and laws are enacted.

 State of nature is a state of liberty. Human beings are free and equal beings. There is no
natural hierarchy. Even in a state of nature there is a law.

 The rights we have, we can't give up. Nor we can take them from somebody's else. We
are not free to take our own life. We are the creature of God and God has prior property
rights. The idea of reason. We will be led to the conclusion that freedom does not mean
freedom to do whatever we want. Our natural rights are unalienable.

 Unalienable rights to the pursuits of happiness - Thomas Jefferson I can't take my life
and sell myself in slavery.

 TRIPS. Drug patent laws. Agree to respect the patents.

 AIDS crisis in S. Africa. American AIDS drugs were hugely expensive. Generic version
of drug from India at a tiny fraction of the cost.

 Pirated version of drugs.

 What should be the rules of intellectual property. Some acts of consent or international
agreement should be in place.

 Persuasive argument.

 Morally defensible argument.

 What becomes of our natural rights when we enter into the society ?

 No law can violate our natural rights. It calls for very limited form of government. The
law of nature persists when government arrives.

 Everyone can enforce the law of nature. If someone violates the law of nature he should
be punished. It starts out looking very benign but it gets into trouble. The only way to
escape from state of nature is to undertake the act of assent. To create a govt or
community where there will be a legislature to make law and everybody agrees to obey
laws decided by majority. What counts as property is defined by the government.

 Plot thickens.

 Consent of the majority.

 We emerged from the state of nature and formed government.

 Can we return to the state of nature and leave the government.

Page | 79
  Implied consent.

 Locke is against arbitrary rule or law. If it is by law then it does not really amount to
violation. What are the limits of consent?

Lecture 5
 A democratically elected people has the right to tax people but it has to be through
consent of the majority. But the consent required is not individual.

 Can the government conscript people and send them to fight?

 Coercive legislation and enforcement powers.

 What matters is that the political authority or military authority is not arbitrary.

 Consent a powerful, moral instrument.

 Case study:
o Increase pay and benefits
o Conscription
o Hire mercenary - Putting price on human lives. The person who takes the dollar
has a choice whether to join or not. People who have lower income are being
coerced to being drafted. How is it different from normal army recruitment. Here
also only people from lower strata make it and from certain pockets of the
country. Patriotism is a higher motivation than money. Putting life on the line.

Lecture 6
 The Critique of Pure Reason - Immanuel Kant Supreme principle of morality. What
freedom really is.
 Kant rejects utilitarianism. All human beings have certain dignity that commands our
respect. We are all rational beings. We are capable of reason and we are also
autonomous beings and can act and choose freely.
 Utilitarians were half right. We seek to avoid pain and like pleasure.
 Pain and pleasure are not our sovereign masters. It's our rational capacity that
distinguishes us from animals.
 To act freely = To act autonomously.
 Opposite of autonomy = Heteronomy. Acting according to an inclination.
 Nature is governed by laws of cause and effect.
 To act freely is not to choose something for best end but to choose the best end itself.
 We act as means to realisation to ends. We are instruments rather than author in pursuit
of our goals. Capacity to act freely gives human life its dignity. Human beings an end
itself. Therefore it is wrong to use people for fulfilment of goals.
 Motive for duty v/s inclination
 Reverence for the moral laws.
 Capacity for reason exists undifferentiated among all of us. It is a universal capacity. So
there is a fixed moral law it is fine to have sentiment or feeling but that does not form
basis of duty
 A good will isn't good because of what it effects or accomplishes, it's good in itself.
Even if by utmost effort the good will accomplishes nothing it would shine like a jewel
for its own shake as something which has its full value in itself.
 Moral worth of an action depends on motive (do the right thing for the right reason).

Page | 80
 Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the
person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time, as an end.
 The concept of humanity as an end.
 Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should
become a universal law.
 Honesty is the best policy - It's also the most profitable.

Page | 81
Quotes
Martin Luther King
 Faith is taking the first step even when you can't see the whole staircase
 Darkness can't drive out darkness, only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate, only
love can do that.
 Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.
 If you can't fly then run, if you can't run then walk, if you can't walk then crawl, but
whatever may you do you have to keep moving forward.
 There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor
popular but he must take it because
 Before you do anything, stop and recall the face of the poorest most helpless destitute
person you have seen and ask yourself, Is What I am about to do going to help him?
 It's the action and not the fruit of the action which is important.
 Non cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good.
 In matter of conscience, the law of majority has no place.
 Victory attained by violence is tantamount to defeat, for it is temporary.
 The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.
 A man is the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.
 It has always been a mystery to me how men can feel themselves honoured by the
humiliation of their fellow beings.
 First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.
 Public opinion alone can keep a society pure and healthy
 There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor
popular, but he must take it because conscience tells him it is right.”
 Never, never be afraid to do what's right, especially if the well-being of a person or animal
is at stake. Society's punishments are small compared to the wounds we inflict on our soul
when we look the other way.
 The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and
convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.
 A man who won't die for something is not fit to live.
 Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere
 We must accept finite disappointment, but never lose infinite hope.
 If a man is called to be a street sweeper, he should sweep streets even as a Michelangelo
painted, or Beethoven composed music or Shakespeare wrote poetry. He should sweep
streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will pause to say, 'Here lived a great
street sweeper who did his job well.
 There comes a time when silence is betrayal
 Never forget that everything Hitler did in Germany was legal.
 Wars are poor chisels for carving out peaceful tomorrows
 The time is always right to do the right thing.
 Life's most persistent and urgent question is : "What are you doing for others?"
 Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy to a friend.
 One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.
 Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and
misguided men.
 If I cannot do great things, I can do small things in a great way.
 Dante, said that hottest place in hell are reserved for those who in a period of moral crisis
maintain their neutrality.
 Lightning makes no sound until it strikes.
 Not everybody can be famous but everybody can be great, because greatness is
determined by service.

Page | 82
  A right delayed is a right denied.

Bertrand Russell
 Do not fear to be eccentric in opinion, for every opinion now accepted was once
eccentric
 The fundamental cause of the trouble is that in modern world the stupids are cocksure
while the intelligent are full of doubt.
 War does not determine who is right - only who is left.
 Longing for love, search for knowledge and unbearable pity for the suffering of the
mankind.
 The hardest thing in life is which bridge to cross and which to burn.
 If there were in the world today any large number of people who desired their own
happiness more than they desired the unhappiness of others, we could have paradise in a
few years.
 Not to be absolutely certain, is one of the essential things in rationality.

Einstein
 There are two ways to live your life. One is though nothing is a miracle. The other is as
though everything is a miracle.
 Imagination is more important than knowledge.
 If you can't explain it to a six year old, you don't understand it yourself.
 Logic will get you from A to Z; imagination will get you everywhere.
 Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.
 Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.
 Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its
whole life believing that it is stupid.
 I speak to everyone in the same way, whether he is the garbage man or the president of
the university.
 Coincidence is God's way of remaining anonymous.
 Never memorize something that you can look up.
 When you are courting a nice girl an hour seems like a second. When you sit on a red-
hot cinder a second seems like an hour. That's relativity.
 I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious.
 If a cluttered desk is a sign of a cluttered mind, of what, then, is an empty desk a sign?
 Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.
 Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to
stop questioning.
 Try not to become a man of success. Rather become a man of value.
 The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking. It cannot be changed
without changing our thinking.
 Don't say you don't have enough time. You have exactly the same number of hours per
day that were given to Helen Keller, Pasteur, Michaelangelo, Mother Teresa, Leonardo
da Vinci, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Einstein.
 Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds
 You never fail until you stop trying.
 I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be
fought with sticks and stones.
 Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love.
 Any fool can know. The point is to understand
 The world is a dangerous place to live, not because of the people who are evil, but
because of the people who don't do anything about it.

Page | 83
  It is not that I'm so smart. But I stay with the questions much longer.
 Everything must be made as simple as possible. But not simpler.
 “What is right is not always popular and what is popular is not always right.
 “In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity”
 The woman who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. The
woman who walks alone is likely to find herself in places no one has ever been before.
 Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth.
 Genius is 1% talent and 99% percent hard work..
 We all know that light travels faster than sound. That's why certain people appear bright
until you hear them speak
 Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.”
 What a sad era when it is easier to smash an atom than a prejudice
 “Only those who attempt the absurd can achieve the impossible
 The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax.
 If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are
a sorry lot indeed.
 If there is any religion that could respond to the needs of modern science, it would be
Buddhism
 The tragedy of life is what dies inside a man while he lives

Immanuel Kant
 Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person
of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.”
 Dare to think

B. R. Ambedkar
 I measure the progress of a community by the degree of progress which women have
achieved.
 Life should be great rather than long.

Leo Tolstoy
 Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself.
 Wrong does not cease to be wrong because the majority share in it.
 To get rid of enemy one must love him.
 A man is like a fraction whose numerator is what he is and whose denominator is what
he thinks
 of himself. The larger the denominator, the smaller the fraction.

Gautama Buddha
 However many holy words you read, however many you speak, what good will they do
you if you do not act on upon them?”
 Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it. Do not believe in anything
simply because it is spoken and rumoured by many. Do not believe in anything simply
because it is found written in your religious books. Do not believe in anything merely on
the authority of your teachers and elders. Do not believe in traditions because they have
been handed down for many generations. But after observation and analysis, when you
find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one
and all, then accept it and live up to it.
 Doubt everything. Find your own light.”
 Every morning we are born again. What we do today is what matters most.”

Page | 84
  Believe nothing, no matter where you read it, or who said it, no matter if I have said it,
unless it agrees with your own reason and your own common sense.”

Mahatma Gandhi
 Be the change that you wish to see in the world.
 Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.
 An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind.
 Seven Deadly Sins. Wealth without work; Pleasure without conscience; Science without
humanity; Knowledge without character; Politics without principle; Commerce without
morality; Worship without sacrifice.”
 First they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you, and then you win
 God has no religion.
 Your beliefs become your thoughts; Your thoughts become your words; Your words
become your actions; Your actions become your habits; Your habits become your
values; Your values become your destiny
 You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is like an ocean; if a few drops of the
ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty
 The future depends on what you do today
 “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.
 To believe in something, and not to live it, is dishonest.”
 There are people in the world so hungry, that God cannot appear to them except in the
form of bread
 “Strength does not come from physical capacity. It comes from an indomitable will
 My Life is My Message
 You can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but you will
never imprison my mind.”
 The simplest acts of kindness are by far more powerful then a thousand heads bowing in
prayer.
 In doing something, do it with love or never do it at all.
 To my mind, the life of a lamb is no less precious than that of a human being
 Always aim at complete harmony of thought and word and deed. Always aim at
purifying your thoughts and everything will be well
 In a gentle way you can shake the world.
 Poverty is the worst form of violence.
 A No uttered from deepest conviction is better than a YES merely uttered to please, or
worse, to avoid trouble.
 The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to
solve most of the world's problems.
 Happiness is when what you think, what you say and what you do are in harmony.”

Tagore
 The butterfly counts not months but moments, and has time enough Socrates
 The unexamined life is not worth living.
 There is only one good, knowledge and one evil ignorance.
 By all means marry; if you get a good wife, you’ll become happy; if you get a bad one,
you’ll become a philosopher
 He who is not contented with what he has, would not be contented with what he would
like to have
 Know thyself.

Page | 85
Aristotle
 No great mind ever existed without a touch of madness.
 Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.
 Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.
 Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime
 The whole is greater than sum of its parts.
 We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore , is not an act, but a habit.
 All persons ought to endeavor to follow what is right, and not what is established.

Bentham
 Rarest of all human quality is consistency.

Arthur Schopenhauer
 Compassion is the basis of morality.
 Every man takes the limits of his own field of vision for the limits of the world.
 One should use common words to say uncommon things.
 Religion is the masterpiece of the art of animal training, for it trains people as to how
they shall think.

Mark Twain
 It is curious that physical courage should be so common in the world and moral courage
so rare.
 If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything
 The man who does not read has no advantage over the man who cannot read.
 Classic - a book people praise but don't learn.
 God created war so that Americans would learn Geography.
 I do not fear death, I had been dead for billions and billions of years before I was born,
and had not suffered the slightest inconvenience from it.
 Kindness is a language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.
 The best way to cheer up yourself is to try to cheer someone else up.

Charles Dicken
 It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.

Henry David Thoreau

 I learned this, at least, by my experiment: that if one advances confidently in the
direction of his dreams, and endeavours to live the life which he has imagined, he will
meet with a success unexpected in common hours.
 Never look back unless you are planning to go that way.
 Our life is frittered away by detail. Simplify, simplify.
 Disobedience is the true foundation of liberty. The obedient must be slaves.
 Things do not change, we change.
 Dreams are touchstones of our characters.
 This world is nothing but a canvas of our imagination.

John F. Kennedy
 The Chinese use two brush strokes to write the word 'crisis.' One brush stroke stands for
danger; the other for opportunity. In a crisis, be aware of the danger--but recognize the
opportunity.”
 Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names.
 The rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened.
Page | 86
  “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
 Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth
 “A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on. Ideas have endurance
without death.
 One person can make a difference, and everyone should try
 To those whom much is given, much is expected
 Mankind must put an end to war - or war will put an end to mankind
 A child miseducated is a child lost.
 “Without debate, without criticism no administration and no country can succeed and no
republic can survive.
 We need men who can dream of things that never were
 Those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly
 The supreme reality of our time is the vulnerability of our planet
 A journey to Thousand miles begins with one step

Benjamin Franklin
 Either write worth reading or do something worth writing.
 He that can have patience can have what he will.
 You may delay but time will not.
 Justice will not be served until those who are unaffected are as outraged as those who
are.
 If everyone is thinking alike then no one is thinking.
 Instead of cursing the darkness, light a candle.
 It is the first responsibility of every citizen to question authority.
 An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.
 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
 Lost time is never found again.

Franklin Roosevelt
 The only thing we have to fear is the fear itself.
 The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have
much, it is whether we provide enough for those who have little.

Thomas A. Edison
 I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that don't work
 Many of life's failures are people who did not realise how close they were to success
when they gave up.
 5% of the people think; 10% of people think they think and the other 85% would rather
die than think.
 Genius is 1% inspiration, 99% perspiration
 When you have exhausted all possibilities, remember this - you haven't

 Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is always to
try just one more time.
 I never did a day's work in my life, it was all fun.
 The most necessary task of civilization is to teach people how to think. It should be the
primary purpose of our public schools. The mind of a child is naturally active, it
develops through exercise.
 Give a child plenty of exercise, for body and brain. The trouble with our way of
educating is that it does not give elasticity to the mind. It casts the brain into a mold. It

Page | 87
 insists that the child must accept. It does not encourage original thought or reasoning,
and it lays more stress on memory than observation.
 Good fortune happens when opportunity meets preparation.

Thomas Paine
 Independence is my happiness; the world is my country; to do good my religion.
 Whatever is the right as a man is also the right of another; and it becomes my duty to
guarantee as well as to possess.
 Those who expect to reap the blessings of freedm must undergo the fatigues of
supporting it.
 The mind once enlightened cannot again become dark. George Washington
 If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to
the slaughter.
 My mother was the most beautiful woman I ever saw. All I am I owe to my mother. I
attribute my success in life to the moral, intellectual and physical education I received
from her
 Human happiness and moral duty are inseparably connected
 99% of failures come from people who make excuses.”
 Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness.”
 “Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder

Thomas Jefferson
 I can't live without books.
 Honesty is the first chapter of the book of wisdom.
 I am a greater believer in luck, and I find the harder I work the more I have of it.
 On matters of style, swim with the current, on matters of principle stand like a rock.
 Determine never to be idle. No person will have occasion to complain of the want of
time, who never loses any. It is wonderful how much may be done, if we are always
doing.

Confucius
 Consideration for others is the basis of a good life and good society.
 If your plan is for one year plant rice. If your plan is for ten years plant trees. If your
plan is for one hundred years educate children.
 Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles.
 Don't adjust the goals, adjust the action steps.
 Give a bowl of rice to a man and you will feed him for a day. Teach him how to grow
his own rice and you will save his life.
 The man who asks a question is a fool for a minute, the man who does not ask is a fool
for life.
 Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves.
 It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop
 Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.
 It's a universal law -- intolerance is the first sign of an inadequate education.
 An ill educated person behaves with arrogant impatience, whereas truly profound
education breeds humility.

Plato
 The beginning is the most important part of the work.

Page | 88
Miscellaneous
 Before you do anything, stop and recall the face of the poorest most helpless destitute
person you have seen and ask yourself, Is What I am about to do going to help him?
 It's the action and not the fruit of the action which is important.
 Non cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is cooperation with good.
 In matter of conscience, the law of majority has no place.
 Victory attained by violence is tantamount to defeat, for it is temporary.
 The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.
 A man is the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he becomes.
 It has always been a mystery to me how men can feel themselves honoured by the
humiliation their fellow beings.

Page | 89
CITIZEN CENTRIC GOVERNANCE
Quotes
 Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible, but man's inclination to injustice
makes democracy necessary - Thomas Jefferson
 Democracy is the worst form of governance except all those forms that have been tried
from time to time - Sir Winston Churchill
 A customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We
are dependent on him. He is not an interruption in our work. He is the purpose of it. He
is not an outsider in our business. He is part of it - Mahatma Gandhi

What role does the Government play?

Regulatory Function
1. Thomas Jefferson said government is created to secure the inalienable rights of all
citizens - i.e., the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. If everyone were to
be allowed to pursue complete freedom for doing whatever he wants to do and to pursue
his happiness, then it could lead to a situation where rights and freedom of other persons
may be affected. This necessitates the regulatory role of government.
2. Restrictions are imposed for larger good of the society.
3. There are large number of cases where public interest is sacrificed due to both over
regulation and under regulation (weak buildings)

Following principles should be kept in mind:

 Regulation only when necessary - India is an over regulated country. There are sheer
number of outdated laws.
 Effective - Large number of regulations leads to their slack implementation. Social
legislations are classic example.
 Self Regulation is the best form of regulation - Income Tax, VAT, Property Tax.
 Regulations should be simple, transparent and citizen friendly.
 Involving citizen groups, professional organisations in regulation activities.
 Service Providing Functions
 Involving NGO, corporate, local bodies.
 Initiate a voluntary service initiative in our social sector.
 Monitor performance in service delivery.
 Third party audit. Citizen Report Card. Performance based incentives.
 Linking permanence in service to performance.
 Database to monitor performance of various schemes.
 Ensure competition, efficiency and accountability
 Single Window System. Germany has adopted Single Window Multi Channel
Government (SWMCG). There are Citizen Service Centres that provide facilities
for registration, licenses. A single CSC caters to 1,00,000 population.
 www.direct.gov.uk provides single web based access to information and public
services delivered by UK government.
 Development Function
 For socio economic development of its citizens.
 Mandatory social audit.

Problems and Solutions

Current Problems
Routine and repetitive procedures
Paper work and delays
Page | 90
 Rigidity of the system
Centralisation of powers
Highly hierarchical and top down approach
A large number of intermediary level delays finalisation of decision
Divorce of authority from accountability
Tendency towards micromanagement
Form becomes important than substance and procedures are valued over outcome
Abuse of authority
Lack of responsiveness
Hardly any effective redressal system
Wooden
Red tapism
Rules and procedures are viewed as an end in themselves.
We can't continue to remain prisoners of archaic procedures and processes.
Inspector Raj.
Employees adopt an apathetic or lackadaisical attitude towards citizens and their
grievances
Disciplinary proceedings are seldom taken and imposition of penalties is even more rare.
Inflexible
Self perpetuation
Inward looking.
Safeguards provided to civil servants which were well intentioned have been misused.
Mismatch between what is required and what is provided. Policies and actions are far
removed from the needs of the citizens.
Article 311 of the constitution.
Refuge behind the wall of collective decision making in committees which cannot be
brought to book.

What Should be Done?

 Sound legal framework
 Proper implementation of laws and their effective monitoring
 Decentralisation, delegation and accountability
 Transparency
 Citizen feedback mechanism
 Suo moto disclosures
 Rule of law - Zero tolerance
 Independent valuation of the quality of Governance
 Re engineering government process to make it citizen centric
 Grievance redressal mechanism
 Active citizen participation
 Minimising complexity
 Streamlining and linearising the process
 Responsive
 Proactive
 Adopt the Idea of subsidiarity
 Process simplification
 Flexibility in implementation and customized to local needs.
 Empowering citizens
 Information facilitation and solution centres.
 Feedback mechanism
 Consensus Oriented

Page | 91
  Decentralisation and delegation
 Focus on outcomes
 Maintain harmony between their thoughts, words and deeds.
 We can learn from the British experiment of having Public Service Agreement (PSA)
with local government under which objective and measurable targets for various services
are fixed together with an evaluative mechanism. The funds are allocated on the basis of
their achievement on PSA.
 Mexico has a competition for the most useless bureaucratic procedures.
 Administration exists for the welfare of the people. It is not meant to exist in some kind
of ivory tower following rigid rules and procedures. The real test of administration is
human beings and their welfare.
 Ethos of serving the citizens should permeate all government organisations. Primary
function of the state is to promote the welfare of the citizen. Evaluation of the
functioning of the government has to be based on the satisfaction they provide to
common man.
 Prominence should be given to the voice of the citizen.
 CVC was set up in 1964 following the recommendations of the Santhanam committee.
First ARC had recommended the setting up of Lok Pal.

Citizen Participation
Paradigm shift from "top down" to "bottom up". Increasing decentralisation. Transforming
representative democracy to participatory one. Citizens are no longer considered passive
beneficiary but they are seen as equal stakeholder in the development process. It is a democratic
right.

Citizens Involvement
 Seeking information : RTI
 Giving suggestions : Listening to the voice of citizens not only during elections but
making it a continuous process. Citizens are in the best position to indicate their
priorities and possible solutions.
 Demanding better services - Simple Suggestion Box
 Holding service providers accountable - Citizen Report Card (Bengaluru)
 Making citizen part of policy formulation and decision making - Communitisation of
services in Nagaland. It is a partnership between the government and the community for
sharing responsibility in management of public institutions and services. Social Audit.
Bhagidari - Citizen Partnership in Delhi.
 Enabling Women Participation and Disabled.

Benefits
 Ensures accountability and makes governance efficient and responsive.
 Makes government services more effective and sustainable.
 It enables poor and marginalised to influence public policy.
 It helps promote healthy grassroot democracy.

Decentralisation and Delegation

Principle of Subsidiarity
The central authority should perform only those functions which cannot be performed at
intermediary or local level. The government should "steer rather than row" and perform role of
facilitation rather than itself undertaking. The activities so delegated can be carried out by
private sector or citizens group.

Page | 92
Benefits of Delegation
 It saves time and leads to quicker decision making.
 Develops and grooms people for leadership role.
 Provides more time for deliberations and constructive review.
 Increases productivity and saves cost.
 More level of satisfaction.

Barriers to delegation
 Reluctance by superior to delegate - Lack of trust, will not get credit, difficult to
monitor.
 Reluctance by subordinate to accept - Easier to ask than to take initiative, fear of making
mistakes, avoid criticism.

How should it be promoted?

1. Culture of transparency where subordinates have required information
2. Capacity building.
3. Better communication channels and feedback mechanism
4. Subordinates should be made to feel important.
5. Rewarding good performance.
6. A culture of trust and risk taking.
7. Standards to measure and evaluate performance.
8. Avoiding "upward delegation"
9. Building motivation and commitment.
10. Avoiding micromanagement of routine work.

Grievance Redressal
Effective and timely redressal of public grievances is a hallmark of responsive and responsible
governance. The society is today is impatient with old system of governance which is not
performing up to its expectations.

Institutions
 Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances.
 Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRMS).
 Initiatives like Lokvani in UP.
 Central Vigilance Commission
 State Lokayuktas.
 NHRC, SHRC etc.

Why do we have grievances?

 Abuse of office or due to corruption.
 Systemic deficiencies within an organisation.
 Non fulfilment of needs.

Process Simplification
The working of most of the government organisation in India is based on Weberian principle of
decision making which nowadays is outdated rules and regulations.

Process Simplification process might include:-

 Clear assessment of citizens needs,
 weeding out unnecessary rules and documentation,
 redesigning of process.

Page | 93
  Bring about changes in forms, process, structure and statutes.
 Ensuring rationality and simplicity should be the objective. Use of ICT.
 Single Window Approach.
 Reducing hierarchy.
 Stipulating time limits for disposal of cases.
 Phrases like 'left to discretion of', 'as far as possible' should be left out from manuals.
 System of rewards and incentives for simplification and streamlining of procedures may
be introduced in each department.
 Principle of 'positive silence'
 Doing a pilot study and getting it evaluated.
 Re-engineering of whole process.
 Jankari - RTI facilitation on phone.

e-Governance
Steps Taken in Past
 Department of electronics was established in 1970
 NIC in 1977
 National e-Governance Programme in 2006 Mahatma Gandhi had given the concept of
Su-Raj All this leads to erosion of trust in governance.

The system cries out for change.

Role of Citizen
A vigilant citizenry, fully aware of its rights as well as duties, is perhaps the best way to ensure
that officials as well as other citizens, discharge their duties effectively and honestly.
Low levels of compliance of Rules by the citizens is also an impediment to good governance.
Awareness of rights and duties are two sides of the same coins.

International Ranking
 Global Competitiveness Index
 Corruption Perception Index Information asymmetry.

The traditional role of civil service which was of administrator, service provider and controller
of development activities has to make way for the new roles of facilitator and regulator so as to
create best environment and conditions in the country for building a nation of excellence.

YOJANA GOOD GOVERNANCE

 Define Good Governance. What are its characteristics?
 Governance is not only the concern of the governed. Comment
 Governance is more than merely economic governance. Justify
 Minimal Government v/s Paternalistic Welfare State. Which is more suitable in India?
 Changing role of government in current context. Can market and civil society substitute
Government.
 What are the major concerns in governance today?
 'Judicial Creativity' should not stifle 'Executive Creativity'. Substantiate it with
examples.
 What is Rule of Law. What's its importance ?
 Role of Self Help Group and Microfinance.
 What are the causes for regional disparity in India. What are its consequences and how
to tackle it?

Page | 94
  Discuss the importance of Capacity Building in furthering the cause of Good
Governance.
 Discuss the need for innovation in Government.
 Criminalisation of politics is a threat to Good Governance.
 Government, Market and Civil Society are three principal actors in governance.
Elaborate
 Religion and Democracy.
 Contrary to belief there is resurgence of State in many areas of governance. Substantiate.

Good Governance
There are varying definitions of Governance but it can be broadly defined as:
The exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs at
all levels. It comprises mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which citizens and
groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations, and mediate
their differences

UNDP
Good governance is, among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also
effective and equitable. And it promotes the rule of law. Good governance ensures that political,
social and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voices of the
poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of
development resources.

Good governance provides an environment in which all citizens develop to their full potential. It
aims at providing public services effectively, efficiently and equitably to the citizens. Concept
of welfare state is enshrined in the Constitution. Citizens are at core of good governance.

Average citizen is less concerned about various structures and processes of governance than
with obtaining rapid equitable access to services. Our priority must be to place the citizen at the
centre of a modern public administration. This is the idea of inclusive government

Mechanisms for assuring good governance have three key elements:

1. Internal rules and restraints (for example, internal accounting and auditing systems,
independence of the judiciary and the central bank, civil service and budgeting rules)
2. "Voice” and partnership (for example, public-private deliberation councils, and service
delivery surveys to solicit client feedback)
3. Competition (for example, competitive social service delivery, private participation in
infrastructure, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and outright privatization of
certain market-driven activities)

8 Attributes of Good Governance

1. Accountable
2. Responsive
3. Equitable and Inclusive
4. Transparent
5. Consensus Oriented.
6. Participatory
7. Follows the Rule of Law.
8. Efficient and Effective

Pre Conditions Required for Good Governance

Page | 95
  Strong Civil Society
 Free Press
 Independent Judiciary
 Civil service embedded with professional ethos
 Enlightened policy making
 Free participation of citizens in electoral process.

4 Pillars of Good Governance

 Ethos of service to citizen
 Ethics (honesty, integrity and transparency)
 Equity (treating all sections alike with sympathy for weaker sections)
 Efficiency (speedy and effective delivery without harassment)

Observation
Rwanda has made clear progress in terms of economic growth, public sector management and
regulatory reform since the genocide in 1994. As many other observers note, its record with
respect to democracy and respect for civil and political rights has been extremely problematic.
Should Rwanda be considered well governed because of its economic progress, or poorly
governed because of its democratic deficits.

Market, Civil Society and Government

Today the primary responsibility of the state is to facilitate, enable and coordinate the efforts of
civil society and market forces. Market and civil society can't become substitute for the
government. The government has to become an agent of change and guarantor of social justice.

Problematic Areas in Governance

 Chain of accountability from civil service to legislature and to political authority is
weak.
 Limited oversight by parliamentary committees.
 Criminalisation of politics and increasing role of the caste in regional politics.

Rule of Law and its importance

 The concept of good governance is undoubtedly linked with the citizens’ right of life,
liberty and pursuit of happiness. This could be secured in a democracy only through the
rule of law
 The rule of law is expressed through the axiom that no one is above the law. One has to
clearly understand that the rule ‘of’ law is different from the rule ‘by’ law.
 Under the rule ‘by’ law, law is an instrument of the government and the government is
above the law while under the rule ‘of’ law no one is above the law not even the
government.
 It is under this framework that rule of law not only guarantees the liberty of the citizens
but it also limits the arbitrariness of the government and thereby it makes government
more articulate in decision-making.
 The rule of law as Dicey postulated is equality before law. This is secured through
formal and procedural justice which makes independent judiciary a very vital instrument
of governance.
 In our constitutional system, every person is entitled to equality before law and equal
protection under the law. No person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty except
according to the procedure established by law.

Page | 96
Effective Delivery of Services
 Demands have to flow from bottom up and not from top down.
 Judiciary, media and civil society play important role in ensuring delivery of services.

Capacity Building
 Decentralisation of power is necessary to empower people. It fosters confidence and
reduces dependency on higher authority for meeting basic needs.
 The most crucial element is building up of leadership qualities.
 Access to information, innovation and accountability are needed to build an environment
for capacity building.

Religion and Democracy

Democracy doesn't belong to any faith. Equally, no faith is synonymous with democracy. We
have given primacy to values of pluralism. The constitution guarantees, judiciary upholds and
leaders believe in this value system.

Bottlenecks in implementation of policies

 Multiplicity of laws governing same or similar set of issues.
 Requirement of large number of approvals.
 Separate clearances from different authorities for same issue.
 Too many point of contacts.
 Lack of transparency in administration of clearance.
 Little communication or information sharing among different departments

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS - YOJANA

Quote
1. Nations have succeeded in casting away the yoke of foreign rule only to discover that
they have to fight a new against their own system which remained infected with the
ethos of the repressive and exploitative regime.
2. Every revolution dissipates and leaves behind only the slime of a new bureaucracy.
3. There is no doubt that we have had our success in bringing a some smile on the face of
our people.
4. Has the vision of democracy as envisioned in the Stroke of Midnight Hour has faltered ?
5. Problems can't be solved by same level of thinking that created them.
6. If you want to build an efficient all India service, I advise you to allow the service to
open their mouth freely - Vallabhbhai Patel

Why Reform Administration?

1. Administration from a patwari in the village to cabinet secretary at the centre is the face
of the government for the people. Reform in the administration is a sine qua non if we
wish to see a fundamental transformation of our country.
2. The transformation of society depends critically upon the transformation of
administrative apparatus from being Sahibs to Sewaks.
3. The steel frame needs to flow with the spirit of service without which it will become a
cage resisting change.
4. The civil services, the administrative apparatus of the state and the architecture of
government provide the instrument to turn vision into reality. Administration provides
social legitimacy to the system.
5. Quality of governance is the primary reason behind success stories of advanced
countries of West.
6. India's dismal record can be traced to its poor public service.

Page | 97
 7. Today the aspirations and expectations of citizens from the government system are of
highest order of excellence. There can be no comprise with the quality (Akash Tablet
and Tata Nano example).

What we want?
 People oriented
 Efficient
 Responsive
 Transparent
 Effective
 Flexible and adaptable

What we get?
 Rigidities
 Weberian model of bureaucracy which we inherited from British based on hierarchy and
strict adherence to rules.
 Needless complexities.
 Overcentralisation
 Abuse of authority.
 Unresponsive to people's needs.
 Red tapism
 Status quo
 Poor work culture
 Lack of professionalism
 Politicization of services.

What compels change?

 Furious pace of tech change
 Rapid globalisation
 Growing specialisation in fields of administration

How it can be done?

 Devolution of authority
 Performance contracting
 Customer focus.

The Way Out ?

1. Linking promotion with actual performance on the job - Avoid excessive reliance on
Annual Confidential Report (ACR). Existing system of performance appraisal is
unsatisfactory. It should be 360 degree mechanism. Independent third party should be
associated with the assessment. First review after 14 years and another on completion of
20 years. Dead wood should be weeded out.
2. Bringing competition in civil services - Lateral entry, specialising the generalists. Need
for specialization (First ARC had recommended it in 1969). Getting the best men for
each job.
3. Enforcing strict disciplinary regime - "Public employees are like headless tail, you can
get them in, but can't get them out". This results in poor work culture. The constitutional
safeguards have shielded the guilty against swift punishment. It has created a climate of
excessive security without fear of punishment for incompetency.

Page | 98
 4. The multi hierarchical structure should be reduced. Need to create a lean, thin and
efficient government machinery.
5. Streamlining rules and procedure.
6. Adapt to local conditions.
7. Multiyear budgeting cycle. UK has 3 year budgeting. It avoids rush at the end of the
fiscal year.
8. The whole system is based on mistrust. Government must repose trust on its civil
servants.
9. Increasing use of competition in the delivery of public services, including competition
between public and private sector providers has improved cost effectiveness and service
quality.
10. Create a Performance Based Organisation.
11. There is a need for political and bureaucratic will at the highest level to bring about
meaningful change.
12. The relationship between Civil Servant and ministers should be of trust and non partisan
functioning. Good governance is a casualty when political executive and the civil service
cosy up to each other forgetting the norms for good administration.
13. Business as usual cannot deliver results. The reforms will bring success in long run but
will be painful in short run. Closeness to political masters may bring short term
advantages.

Advise for Civil Servants

1. Maintain high personal integrity. Strength of service is people's faith in absolute
incorruptibility and honesty. They should be absolutely beyond reproach. Even in
corrupt regimes such officers are respected.
2. Fair in administering laws, policies and administrative decisions.
3. Develop an analytical ability to fully assess and understand issues. Decisions arrived at
after full understanding are likely to be implementable and deliver expected results.
4. "Out of the box thinking". Don't hesitate to take the right actions.
5. Good governance is the fundamental right of the citizens. Identify gaps in public service.
Be open minded and mentally receptive.
6. Don't hesitate to take decisions. Acts of omission often may go unnoticed or not
punished. These are, however, extremely harmful for good governance.
7. Learn to take full responsibility. Delegation must be accompanied by effective
leadership. This will require not blaming subordinates for shortcomings.
8. Sensitive to the needs of marginalised groups.
9. Analyse all reasonable policy options which can be considered on the issue. Putting
forth views clearly and logically. State what you consider the most appropriate course of
action and not what minister thinks best.
10. Don't criticise Government policies in public discussions. As a civil servant the
responsibility is to provide support to the government. By criticising you are
undermining government, as well as yourself.
11. Develop inter personal skills.
12. Adapting to IT simplifying administrative procedures.
13. Feedback mechanism.
14. Form a consensus viewpoint. Not be shy of taking tough decisions in the interest of
effective policy implementation.
15. Work diligently with all stakeholders as a team.
16. Stand by your principles and convictions.
17. Identify people's felt needs and enmesh them in your programmes.
18. Exercise of power has to be done by an independent application of mind.

Page | 99
 19. One cannot keep opposing a decision taken by the government unless there are serious
intellectual differences.
20. Orders which are illegal or against any statutes have to be ignored.
21. Success has price. It cannot be based on falsehoods, inequity and illegality.

RTI
 A major success has been in exposing the major Adarsh Society scam in Mumbai,
mismanagement of Commonwealth Games, 2G Spectrum.
 The success of the legislation is attributed to people power only as they have relentlessly
pursued to compel authorities to be more accountable.
 There are more than 4 million RTI queries every year.
 The act of seeking information is easy and simple. The information seeker just needs to
have high willpower and right intent.
 NCPRI - National Campaign for People's Right to Information
 Public authorities are reluctant to share information and Information Commissioners are
overburdened with RTI applications with inadequate staff.
 CIC can have maximum 11 commissioners but presently it only has 5.
 There have been violent attacks on RTI activist. Sehla Masood, Amit Jethava, Satyendra
Dubey.

Quotes
"You must be the change you wish to see in the world."
“As human beings, our greatness lies not so much in being able to remake the world - that is the
myth of the atomic age - as in being able to remake ourselves”

"Mahatma vision of strong and prosperous India can't become a reality unless we weed out
corruption from our politics, economy and society. "
"Governance is the weak link in our quest for prosperity and equity."
"Elimination of corruption not only has moral imperative but also economic one."

Improved governance in the form of:-

1. Non expropriation
2. Contract enforcement.
3. Decrease in bureaucratic delays

It also boost India's image on international stage. As a favourable ranking in Transparency

International Report or improvement in ranking in the Ease of Doing Business is likely to see
greater foreign investment and collaboration with Indian government. For example,
Scandinavian countries with low levels of corruption finds it extremely hard to do business in
corruption ridden environment.

6 Governance quality measures:

1. Voice and accountability.
2. Absence of political instability and violence.
3. Government effectiveness.
4. Reasonableness of regulatory burden.
5. Rule of law.
6. Absence of graft.

Page | 100
What is Rule of Law?
Constitutional safeguard has shielded the corrupt from abusing the public office. This has led to
erosion of accountability. It has created a heap of roadblock in reducing corruption. While the
honest have to be protected the dishonest seem to have cornered most of the benefit available
under Section 311. Such provision not available in UK.

One of the indicators is delay in the sanctioning prosecution of a delinquent by the competent
authority. Departmental enquiries are soft-pedalled either out of patronage or misplaced
compassion. Public office is a office of trust. There are 2 facets to corruption:-
1. The institution which is highly corrupt
2. The individuals which are corrupt.

Transparency, openness, boldness, fairness and justice.

Absence of rules is clearly not a problem. The rule of law cannot defeat the perversity of the
heart. The line between good and evil passes straight through the middle of every human heart.
He who administers government by means of virtues is like a pole star which keeps its place and
all the other star turn towards it. When the ruler himself is right, the people naturally follow him
in his right course. If the governance is by men who are derelict the governed will suffer.
@Plato injunctions:

"The punishment suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in the government is to suffer
under the government of bad men"

"Confucius described righteousness as the foundation of good governance and peace. Man
should first become righteous then only there shall be righteousness in the world."

Good governance must be founded on moral virtues.

The act of good governance simply lies in making things right and putting them in right place.
People do not adhere to principles and act in their own self interests.

Ethics is a set of standard that helps guide conduct. The problem is that present codes of ethics
are not direct and to the point.

They are like vague sermons. For formulating a code of ethics, we should keep in mind
Napoleon's advise:
"Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the pocket of the coat and it should be so
simple that it could be understood by a peasant"

The standard of probity. The question of propriety (correct behaviour) in governance.

Jawaharlal Nehru in the Mudgal Case and Lal Bahadur Shastri in the railway accident. They set
high standards of conduct in parliamentary life.

The concept of quid pro quo.

"The standard should be one of not only the conduct of Caesar's wife but of Caesar himself"

Merely shrinking the role of government by resorting to deregulation, liberalisation and

privatisation is not necessarily the solution to the problem. e.g. 2G spectrum case and coal block
allocation, Aircel Maxis Deal, Saradha Scam case.

Page | 101
Minimise discretionary decisions.

Social Audit.
 The move by the government to weed out antiquated laws is a welcome step.
 Public example would have to be made out of people convicted on corruption charges.
 Social monitoring and RTI
 Quote by Gladstone: "The purpose of the government is to make it easy for people to do
good and difficult to do evil"
 We resort to blame game. Legislature blame judiciary, executives blame legislature,
bureaucrats blame politicians and if nothing left everyone blames democracy itself.
 One has to discharge its sphere of responsibility.
 Accountability and responsiveness are the real solutions to the conflicting situations.
 Ministers in Tony Blair’s government have had to resign on such minor improprieties as
a telephone call to the concerned person to fast track the issue of a visa for the ‘nanny’
of the Minister’s child.
 High standard of conduct in parliamentary life: Mudgal case, JLN
 Public example has to be made out of people convicted on corruption charges.
 Growing permissiveness in society to corruption.
 Social audit and social monitoring. Right to information has to be the starting point.
 Alibi for our lapses.
 Culture of integrity needed.

Ethics
 Ethics is a set of standards that society places on itself and which helps guide behaviour,
choices and actions. Standards do not, by themselves, ensure ethical behaviour; that
requires a robust culture of integrity. The crux does not lie in bold words but in putting
in place competent disciplinary bodies and promoting a culture of integrity.
 The word ‘ethics’ is from the original Greek term ethikos, meaning ‘arising from habit’.
 Corruption is so deeply entrenched in the system that most people regard corruption as
inevitable and any effort to fight it as futile. This cynicism is spreading so fast that it
bodes ill for our democratic system itself.
 If good behaviour is consistently rewarded and bad behaviour consistently punished, the
bulk of the people follow the straight and narrow path.
 Both values and institutions matter. Values are needed to serve as guiding stars, and they
exist in abundance in our society. A sense of right and wrong is intrinsic to our culture
and civilization. But values need to be sustained by institutions to be durable and to
serve as an example to others. Values without institutional support will soon be
weakened and dissipated. Institutions provide the container, which gives shape and
content to values. e.g. Delhi Metro Train or Temple example.

3 factors further compound the problem:

1. Colonial legacy - exercise of power arbitrarily. Society which worships power.
2. Enormous asymmetry of power. 90 % in unorganized sector. Nearly 70% of organised
are under state jobs.
3. Citizen at the mercy of the state. Over regulation, severe restriction on economic
activity.

Monopoly and discretion increase the propensity to corruption while competition and
transparency reduce corruption.

Page | 102
Coming of competition and expansion of choice has greatly reduced corruption in many spheres
of governance. Similar role has been played by technology and transparency.

For a large democracy India still has the smallest number of decision makers. Local government
is not allowed to take root and power has been centralised both horizontally and vertically. The
net result is weakened citizenry and mounting corruption.

Empowering citizens:-
 RTI
 Citizen Charter
 Citizen Report Cards
 Public Consultation

The quality of politics:

If politics attracts and rewards men and women of integrity, competence and passion for public
good, then the society is safe and integrity is maintained. Honesty is incompatible with survival
in politics.

Culture for zero tolerance of corruption

Citizen a victim of extortion. They end up losing more by resisting corruption.

Kamal Hasan in movie India.

Collusive corruption.
As the economy is freed from state control the extortionary corruption declines and collusive
corruption increases which is undermining the foundations of our democracy and endangering
society. Several cases of collusion between the bribe giver and corrupt public servant Even if
corruption declines in certain areas it shifts towards others.

The United Nations Convention against Corruption was adopted by the UN General Assembly
in October 2003, providing an international instrument against corruption. The ADBOECD
Anti-Corruption Action Plan, which has been signed by the Government of India, is a broad
understanding to further the cause of inter-regional cooperation in the matter of prevention of
corruption. The World Bank has also declared war against corruption by refusing to fund
projects whose implementation is tainted by corrupt practices. At the annual meeting of the
International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group in Singapore in 2006, a joint statement
was issued with major multilateral financial institutions agreeing on a framework for preventing
and combating fraud and corruption in the activities and operations of their institutions.

Other issues
Right to Information in India.
SC ruling to disclose assets.
Paid news.

#Whistleblower Legislation

 We need to award exemplary punishment to the corrupt thereby raising the risk
associated with corrupt behaviour.
 Corporate ethics and business ethics. We need to have ethics in every profession.
 Corruption today has just become a way of life.

Page | 103
#Ethics in citizen behaviour because such behaviour impinges directly on ethics in government
and administration.

Connivance
 Indians have always valued a world beyond the material and embraced spiritualism as a
way of life.
 Instances abound in our epic of triumph of good over evil.
 The vigilance of our enlightened people.
 Transparency International Index.

Public servants should not work with a private agenda but for the welfare of the public. It will
lead to greater empowerment of the people - the core need of the democracy.

Social Infrastructure
Educate citizens about the evils of corruption, raise awareness level and give them a voice. This
introduces a new dimension of accountability to the people rather than just legislative and legal
accountability.

The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) of Hong Kong has produced
exemplary results over the last 30 years by strengthening the ability of civil society to question
corruption. It also produces a television drama series called the ICAC investigators. It spreads
anti-corruption message. Corruption is portrayed as something which is harmful to families, to
the society and to the economy. Bringing about change in public attitude to corruption.

Indian Perspective
 Public Interest Litigation
 Jan Sunwai by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan, Rajasthan. It brought out corruption in
local public works.
 NCPRI Delhi: It used RTI law to expose corruption in PDS.
 Campaign for Citizen Charters by PRAJA of Mumbai.
 Satyameva Jayate programme.
 Civil society organisations are path breaking initiatives. The successful initiatives of
civil society underscore the critically of educating people and raising their awareness.
 Involving the masses
 Inviting civil societies to oversee government programmes.
 Disseminate service standards.
 Establish complaint mechanism
 Access to information
 Public hearings to audit government activities.
 Awareness campaign through radio, newspapers and the television.
 Assess public service delivery periodically
 Incorporating corruption as a subject in the education curriculum
 Setting website on corruption
 Feedback form from citizens.
 Associating former public servants in lobbying against corruption.
 Enforcement of Citizen Charter. MP Act for Right to Service Delivery Act, 2010
 Policy of incentivising citizens should be actively pursued. Enacting a False Claims Law
is one way.
 A reward system for reporting cases of corruption will also help. FCA (False Claims
Act) in US makes it possible for interested citizens to approach any court in any judicial
district for recovery of proceeds of corruption. Here the plaintiff is rewarded with a 15-

Page | 104
 35% of money. It is based on the premise that government alone can't win the war
against fraud and it is necessary to involve citizens in the entire process. A significant
feature is the protection offered to whistle blower.

Problems with Citizen Charters

 Fallen into disuse
 Promises have become pious declarations
 No mechanism to enforce them

Suggestion
It would be better to have few promises which can be kept rather than a long list of lofty
declarations which are impractical.

Role of Media
Crucial role in prevention, monitoring and control of corruption.
Inform and educate. Expose corruption. Investigating reporting and sting operation.
Due to cut throat competition and race for TRP media does not verify the allegations before
putting them in public domain.
PCI has prescribed a Code of Conduct for print media. However, no such code exists for the
electronic media.

Important Points
Ethics is an art of self government. United Nation Convention against corruption adopted in
2003 . It has been signed by India but yet to be ratified. UN Office of Drugs and Crimes
(UNODC) has been coordinating efforts to trace and identify illegally transferred funds. ADB
OECD Anti Corruption Action Plan for Asia Pacific has been signed by GOI is broad
understanding to further the cause of inter regional cooperation in the matters of prevention of
corruption The need of the hour is to have zero tolerance towards corruption

Social Audit
Who does?
Client, beneficiary, or civil society

Benefits
 Prevention of wrong doing in procurement of products and services and in distribution
of welfare payments.
 Checking of attendance of teachers and students in schools and hostels.
 Check host of other citizen service oriented activities of government.
 Operating guidelines of all schemes and programmes should provide for a social audit
mechanism

Societal Consensus
Fight against corruption necessarily requires broad consensus on the importance of making
society corruption free.

Systemic Reforms
1. Monopoly + Discretion - Accountability = Corruption
2. Holistic approach for combating corruption would require optimum mix of punitive and
preventive measures. Punitive measures act as deterrent whereas preventive measures
reduce opportunities for corruption by making system transparent, increase
accountability.

Page | 105
3. e-Governance : E-Seva (Andhra Pradesh), FRIENDS (Fast, Reliable, Instant, Effective
Network for Distribution of Service)
4. Rural Kiosks, in Andhra
5. The lack of transparency is fertile ground for corruption. Bureaucratic complexity and
procedures make it difficult for ordinary citizen to navigate the system
6. Monopolistic setting promote corruption. Taking advantage of departmental hegemony.
7. De monopolisation of telecom sector. It is one of the most successful examples of
curbing corruption through introduction of competition.
8. Growing role of private players in providing direct marketing services to farmers outside
the government controlled mandis (markets) in MP.
9. Simplifying Transaction- Malady of admin is the multiplicity of layers in every decision
making. Single Window Clearance. In Canada the single window gives all approvals in
just 2 days. Concept of Positive Silence
10. Using IT - Gyandoot project in MP. It seeks to provide information about prevailing
agricultural produce prices at auction centres and easier processes for obtaining copies
of land records. Bhommi Project (KN) where 20 million records of land ownership were
computerised. Before any introduction of IT is attempted, it is necessary that the existing
procedures are properly re engineered and made computer adaptable. Greater challenge
have been in their replicablity and up scaling. Bottlenecks abound. NIC should take
concrete steps to build up skills and domain expertise among its personnel
11. Transparency- An organisation is transparent when its decision making and manner of
working is open to public and media scrutiny and public discussion. Example of
improved transparency is the system for transferring teachers in Karnataka. While the
earlier system was ad hoc, the current is a computerized system processing transfers
centrally.
12. Integrity Pacts- It can create confidence in public contracting. It is an agreement
between the public agency involved in procuring goods and services and the bidder for a
public contract to the effect that the bidders have not paid and shall not pay any illegal
gratification to secure the contract in question.
13. Discretion- Opportunities for corruption are greater in a system with excessive discretion
in the hands of official machinery.
14. Supervision- As governments and agencies have hierarchical structure the need for
effective supervision becomes paramount. There have to effective checks and balances.
Supervision provides such mechanism. The very fact that not many cases are initiated
against corrupt officials by the department itself is an indicator that the supervision
function is not being given the attention it deserves.
15. With the constitution of independent agencies to combat corruption, departmental
officers feel that it's not their responsibility to curb corruption and turn a Nelson's eye to
the problem
16. External machinery can in no way be substitute for anti corruption measures taken by
officers in leadership positions.
17. Random inspections
18. Surprise visits
19. Confidential feedback from citizens
20. Use of decoy clients
21. There should be a column in the self assessment portion of ACR wherein each officer
should indicate the measures taken by her to check corruption in office and what were
the outcomes of such measures.
22. Reporting officers tend to play 'safe' by not commenting objectively on the integrity of a
public servant even when the certain unethical practices have been noticed.
23. Colourless entries such as 'nothing adverse has come to notice' are quite common.

Page | 106
 24. Accessibility and Responsiveness- Facilities, concessions and rights which are available
to them in each department should be made public and procedure for getting their
grievance redressal.
25. Appeal procedure and timely disposal of application.
26. Rustomjee Committee on Administrative Reforms had identified 187 services required
by the citizens in different departments and had fixed time limits for their disposal.
27. Help desk
28. Prominent display board.
29. Automatic call centres
30. Simplified computerised systems of service delivery
31. Concentration of corruption prone tasks in few hands should be avoided. The task as far
as possible should be broken up into activities which are handled by different people.
32. Business Process Re-engineering in official functioning required. Back office functions
are segregated and take place in a time bound manner based on the principle of 'first in
first out' with the minimum scope for discretion while the front office should be a 'single
window' for provision of services to citizens in full public view.

Monitoring Complaints
Most public offices do have a complaint monitoring centre but more often than not the system
does not work as the complaints ends with the official against whom the charges are alleged. It
usually takes several months to get a response.

In contrast the ICAC in Hong Kong responds to complaint within 48 hours. In Singapore, a
complainant to the office of the Commission is attended within 5 minutes, the complaint is
looked within 24 hours and an enquiry or investigation is completed within 2 months.

Unless public bodies respond promptly, all efforts to give a voice to the citizen would be futile.

Reforming Civil Services

The system should be transformed so that at every level of the civil service there is a clear
assignment of duties and responsibilities with structured and interlocking accountability in
which the government servant can be held accountable for the manner in which he/she performs
his/her duty. Such assignment should be specific and categorical and include in concrete terms
the supervisory and oversight responsibilities of the controlling officers.

At present, there is no incentive to work diligently and efficiently and no adverse consequences
of shirking work, indulging in corruption or failing to achieve an acceptable level of efficiency.

There is no performance audit.

Risk Management
The risk of corruption depends on the nature of the office and its activity and the character of
the person holding the office. An office having more discretion and more public interface is
more vulnerable to corruption than an office in which there are no discretionary powers.

The posts can be qualified as : High Risk of Corruption, Medium Risk of Corruption, Low Risk
of Corruption

A risk management system should be in place that should ensure that 'low risk personnel' should
hold 'high risk jobs' and vice versa.

Page | 107
Risk profiling poses a challenge in the sense that the present system of performance evaluation
discourages a reporting officer from giving anything 'adverse'. Therefore it would be more
suitable if risk profiling is done by a committee of eminent persons after the officer has
completed ten years of service and then once in every 5 years. One method is integrity test.
These tests are used in some developed countries.

Since 1994, NYPD has conducted a very intensive programme of integrity testing. It creates a
fictitious scenario base upon known acts of police corruption such as theft of drugs to test the
integrity. All officers are aware that such programme exists and their own conduct may be
subjected to such tests. However, the frequency of such tests is not known creating an
impression that the tests are far frequent than they actually are.

Audit
The information becomes available to the anti-corruption bodies only when the audit report of
the CAG is laid before the Parliament. By the time a serious irregularity comes to knowledge a
lot of time is lost. Such delays alert the culprits and allow them to destroy evidence and material
making it extremely difficult to complete investigation.

Anti corruption bodies should be equipped to undertake forensic audit of government

departments where major irregularities come to their notice.

There should be a public shaming of known corrupt officers.

Vigilance Network
Create a database of corruption cases and update regularly. Incorporate all related information
involving conflict of interest, officers of doubtful integrity, contractors, suppliers etc. Part of
this information should be accessible to the general public, part to all departments and entire
information to ACB. The CVC may take the lead in establishing such a networked database.

Protecting Honest Civil Servants

1. The degree and parameter of vigilance activity should be increased in order to enhance
the level of efficiency and effectiveness in the organisation.
2. Risk taking should form part of government functioning. Every loss caused need to
necessarily become the subject matter of a vigilance enquiry. There could be bona fide
mistakes. This view was expressed by former PM Manmohan Singh as well as the
current PM Narendra Modi where he has called for civil servants to innovate.
3. Managerial decision making offers considerable scope for genuine mistakes being
committed which could possibly raise questions.
4. There is a general perception among officer that anti corruption agencies do not fully
appreciate administrative and business risks and that they tend to misinterpret the
motives where the decision has gone awry.
5. Allegations can be made by dishonest subordinates against whom the officer has
initiated disciplinary proceedings or he may have stood in the way of dishonest
intentions of the corrupt subordinate. More sinister could be the role of "aggrieved"
outsiders who failed to have their wrongful way.
6. It is generally assumed that:
 A decision should be wrong for there to be corruption
 It is easier to involve everyone in the chain of decision making and allege
'conspiracy' than to take pains to find out the individuals who are actually
involved.

Page | 108
  This approach has led to conviction rates being dismally low, honest
functionaries demoralized and dishonest ones often going scot free.

The crucial question is one of ensuring a balance between equality before law and
protection of an honest civil servants who has her reputation to safeguard, unlike a
corrupt one. CBI powers to initiating investigating against officers of JS and above has
been declared unconstitutional by SC. This is known as 'Single Point Directive'

SC in Jain Hawala Case had annulled the then executive direction of the Government.
To nullify this the Govt brought in a statutory requirement in the DSPA to safeguard
honest civil servants.

Relation between Political Executive and Permanent Civil Service

1. The relationship between the Minister and Civil Servant is organic. The minister has the
mandate of the people to govern, but the civil servant has an equivalent constitutional
mandate to advise the minister. Once his advice has been suitable considered, unless the
Minister passes an illegal order, the civil servant is bound to implement it.
2. A civil servant is required to implement the orders of govt without bias, with honesty
and without fear or favour.
3. There is no system of specifying of accountability thus making relationship only issue
sensitive. The civil servants should be held accountable for the delivery of key results.
The political executive is judged on the basis of whether it has chosen the right outputs
to achieve social goals. If this is done, the relationship between the political executive
and permanent civil service would have been objectively defined.
4. Arbitrary transfer and posting of civil servants at the behest of the ministers. The process
of transfer of civil servants is perceived so lucrative that it is popularly known as the
transfer industry. The officers are shifted in utter disregard of tenure policies or any
concern about the disruption of public services and the adverse effect on the
implementation of development programmes.
5. Instrument of transfer is widely misused. It is also used used as an instrument of
punishment.
6. Any premature transfer should be based on sound administrative grounds. The civil
servants should be given the right to appeal against such an order if he feels aggrieved.
The transfers are effected at the whims and fancies of the decision making authority.
7. Another likely area of conflict between the Minister and the officers is the influence
exercised by the Minister in the day to day functioning of subordinate officers. It has
often been observed that Ministers issue instructions formal or informal to influence the
decisions of the subordinate bureaucracy.
8. Several states have created an institution of 'District Incharge Minister' to review the
development activities in the district. There have been instances where District Ministers
have exceeded their brief and issued instructions which come totally within the officer's
domain.
9. We must end on a note of optimism. We have always valued a world beyond the
material and have embraced spiritualism as a way of life. Instances abound in our epics
of good behaviour, of the triumph of good over evil. There is no reason why that cannot
be attempted again.
10. Corruption free government will lead to greater empowerment of the people - the core
need of a vibrant democracy.

Page | 109
Laws and Conscience
There are two additional guidance. One is outside the actor - law and second is within the actor -
conscience. Law must conform to the human nature. It must be physically and morally possible
to obey laws. Laws must also be just, distributing goods and burdens equally. The law should be
for common and not private good.

Citizens must be aware of the existing laws.

Laws also have territorial limits:
 Natural law - bases on human nature, developed with time, human reason can discover
it. Natural law is written in the hearts of men.
 Divine laws.

Universal beliefs irrespective of time, place and civilisation. These are embedded in human
nature. It has two qualities - universality and immutability. It extends to all human beings.

While natural law is universal, all human beings may not subscribe to its general principles in
the same way. It does not necessarily result in the same actions. Natural law does not change
because human nature does not change.

What is the punishment for violating natural law?

If civil laws are based on natural laws there is a moral obligation to follow them.
 Lawful government with proper authority
 Not contrary to natural law
 For the common good and not for private
 Authority has sufficiently promulgated it.

Absence of any of the above leads to civil disobedience. It subscribes to a higher law than a
civil law. The person acts morally but illegally. Legality and morality should be identical.

Natural law holds that murder is wrong. Pro life people consider abortion as wrong as it
amounts to taking of an innocent life. Civil laws cease to exist because of some privilege and in
special circumstances.

There are so many laws, rules and regulations that govern human behaviour that it is virtually
impossible for any human being to know all of them. We do not need strict standards to govern
human behaviour, the human intellect is capable of knowing and judging what is right and what
is wrong. Information, reflection, judgment, decision and action are the criteria for determining
morality.

Conscience
 Laws states a general rule concerning actions, conscience lays down a practical rule for
specific action. It is wider than law. Conscience is to law as a brush is to paint.
 A doubtful law is never binding.
 Getting things right vs. doing the right things.
 Educating and updating the conscience.
 All public administrators have to make discretionary administrative decisions.

Inalienable rights. Right to life.

Quality of rights is limitations. All human rights are limited because they come from natural law
which does not confer absolute rights on anybody. Exercise of one right is curtailed by exercise
of another right.

Page | 110
"Your right to wing your arm stops at my nose"

Duty also limits the exercise of rights. I may have a right to drive a car but I have a
corresponding duty not to kill others while driving.

Human beings are not only rational but also social. They have the duty to themselves and other
human beings.

You should be first your own best friend. How can you think well of or treat other people fairly
and decently if you hate yourself or have a poor self image.

Taking the will in decision making so that our decisions are morally good.

We belong to the society, the family and the state. We owe these institutions something for the
benefits they have conferred on us. With suicide we deprive society of its claims on us. We fail
to fulfill our duty to society.

"Just Cause" for something

Family planning.
 Good effect should take precedence as long as it is the primary intended effect.
 Ethics does not present pre packaged, agreed on principles or solutions to the morality of
human actions. People have a conscience and in the last resort that conscience must
decide what is right or moral for them in a particular case.
 Thorny problems.
 Medical ethics.
 Self defence.
 The danger can be avoided only by self defence. If the victim can depart the scene the
other actions of self defence are unnecessary and should not be taken.
 The attack must be actual and proximate
 The attack must cause or be about to cause real danger, such as loss of life, limb or
property
 The intention of the victim must be self defence and not revenge

Truth
It is conformity of speech and thought. It is conformity of what we think and what we
communicate. If a person is unaware of the contradiction then it is only a simple error. A formal
lie is a conscious and deliberate statement contrary to what is in the communicator's mind.

Essence of lies:-
 Statement contradicting thought
 There is an act of the will to state or communicate something contrary to the thought.
 There is an intention to deceive

Types of lie
 Untruth told to harm another person
 Untruths told to harm another person
 Told in jest or fun

Page | 111
A lie occurs only when a person tells an untruth to another person who has a right to know the
truth. The natural purpose of speech is to convey one's thoughts or judgments to others. A lie
distorts this process and therefore contrary to natural law.

Circumstances make the action of lying only less bad, never good. The end doesn’t justify the
means. Sometimes researchers make the bad results look good, either by skewing data or
misinterpreting the findings. Using deceptive tactics to protect oneself is not professional
behaviour. Confidentiality v/s Right to Know.

Revelation of the secret for the common good v/s the individual good.

Euthanasia
 Whether the person is still a person. Does death mean cessation of the heart? Cessation
of the brain? Or both?
 Science has been unable to resolve this issue.

Abortion
 When does life begin?
 Pro life argue that human life begins at the moment of conception.
 Consider the circumstances, reflect on the options, weigh them carefully and decide the
best outcomes in every case.
 Both sides engage in a considerable rhetoric, exaggeration, misrepresentation, distortion
and perpetuation of myths.

Little rational communication.

John Locke - "The government that governs least governs best"
 Root cause is the oversized government.
 The invisible hand does not always prevail.
 State intervention is justified when private ownership doesn't exist or when private
ownership would be dangerous.
 Lassez faire - Let the people do as they please.

Individualism v/s mercantilism

The dictatorship of the proletariate would be final. It would be result in a classless society - the
final goal of the evolution. There is no place for religion and ethics. Religion has preached
patience under hardship, and ethics subscribes to submission to lawful authority. Ethics are
religion are the result of the productive system of the time and will disappear with capitalism.

Society and State

Society has been defined as a stable union of two or more people for a common purpose, to be
achieved by common action. Human beings are not just rational animals; we are also social
beings. We have a natural desire and need for one another. There are two societies of prime
importance - family and the state.

Strikes
 Just cause to cease work.
 It must be the last resort and not the first
 Advantages to be gained must outweigh the disadvantages.
 It should not violate a valid contract
 Every effort should be made to avoid violence

Page | 112
State
 It is a social contract and an artificial construction. The purpose of the state is to serve
the common good, the public welfare, peace and prosperity. It exists for the good of its
citizens. States exist to help people do what they are unable to do for themselves. This is
the principle of subsidiarity - that the state should never do for its citizens what the
citizens can do for themselves. It should supplement and not supplant.
 State exists for its citizens.
 Civil servants and ministers are not the masters of ordinary citizens; rather they are their
servants. Civil servants as "faceless people"
 Greed for power is more dangerous than greed for wealth. Power over other people is
insatiable.
 Weberian model of bureaucracy
1. Fixed hierarchy
2. Technical rules
3. Secrecy and security
 Public servants behave as uninterested and impersonal agents and have little
consideration for the public good. Some use the rules of bureaucracy either not to do the
job well or not to do it at all.
 Imagination and ingenuity is required.
 Public servants are not robots. And to use the excuse of "I was just doing my job" is
reminiscent of excuses made regarding Holocaust or during Vietnam war.
 Whistleblowing is always risky, but acting on only a hunch may be unethical.
 There is an ethical duty to obey legitimate laws, rules, regulations and orders but there is
also a duty to disobey those that are not legal or ethical.
 Reflection, consultation and weighing of all factors are an important part of the ethical
process.
 Usurping authority and acting unethically.
 The public or common good is more important than the private good.
 Over the centuries countries with state religions have experienced great conflicts and
wars over religion.
 State is the protector of the human life.

PUNCHES LINES

 Moral failure of something.

 Ethical violations / Ethical lapses.
 Represent tip of the iceberg.
 The whole is greater than the parts.
 Res Publica - the public or common good
 Public morality should be of higher value than private morality because public servant
carry out public trust. Public employees take an oath of office to discharge faithfully
discharge their responsibilities.
 Ethics should be an integral part of the school curriculum.
 People can interpret same issue differently.
 Self serving administration
 If everybody is doing it, that does not necessarily mean that it is a done thing.
 Hippocratic oath - Primum Non Nocere (above all, not knowingly to do harm)
 Principle of natural law.
 It is sometimes immoral to be legal. Pro life movement.
 Alexis De Toqueville
 Legality and morality should overlap but in many cases they do not.

Page | 113
  A straight stick appears bent when placed in a glass of water. This leads to errors in
observation.

Religion and ethics

In the course of human development, many ordinary beliefs and convictions had to be
discarded. For thousands of years people believed that the earth was stationary at the centre of
universe. The belief was erroneous. Ethics relies on human reason alone to develop principles
applicable to all people. In a pluralist society, people's religion, morals and values differ.
Therefore it is difficult to teach ethics without also teaching a particular viewpoint or offending
those whose views differ. World that exists is a product of human consciousness. These are not
final pronouncement but these do serve as a good starting point. Human reason is far from
perfect. Different schools of philosophical thoughts have emerged because of these limitations
of human intellect.

Diametrically opposite views

Both the approaches (Teleological and Deontological) combined together will not solve all the
problems of ethics. Wonder is the beginning of the philosophy. People have senses and intellect.
Intellect gives the capacity to form ideas.

Acquisition of knowledge
Our senses provide us only data, while our knowledge comes from judgements. Descartes
claimed that the only way to find objective truth is by attempting to doubt absolutely every
judgement. I think. Therefore, I exist. Earlier there was not keen interest in the ethics of
administration. Gradually due to demographic changes, increase in literacy level, growth of
technology people started demanding more of government in areas such as education, health,
transportation etc

# Deontological = Absolute standard for assessing morality.

Devil's advocate

Trustworthiness of senses.
If human beings do not have free will, they are not responsible for their actions. There is no
question of discussing ethics when human actions are determined by another source.

Train of thoughts.
The common thread.
Deontological perspective teaches that we ought to do perform good actions, and provides rules
for doing so but doesn't tell us how to do good.

SHORT NOTES - GARG

 Deontological ethics: our duty to do the right thing

 Consequential ethics: end justify means. Man is good if he is good to number of people.
Corruption, crime, extreme nationalism, communism, encounters
 Selflessness: keeping private interests, priorities and preferences aside. Consistency of
treatment. Public interest
 Integrity: consistency of action, conscience, thoughts and belief. Consistent display or
morally upright and ethical behaviour. No deviation no influence
 Objectivity: no prejudice/stereotyping. Rationality, logical and fact based. Principle of
fairness and justice

Page | 114
  Accountability: answerability, responsibility for one's action, conduct and outcome.
Ownership of decisions
 Openness: public disclosure of info, actions, outcomes related to policy, dept working,
financial matters
 Honesty
 Leadership: lead staff, interact and persuade public, build trust and confidence, lead by
example

EXTRA FROM SUBBARAO

Kindness
 Helpfulness towards someone in need, not in return for anything - Aristotle
 Friendly generous considerate
 Bedrock of humanist and religious ethics
 Hinduism: Daya/anukampa;
 Christianity: love towards fellow human beings;
 Islam: mercy;
 Karuna of Buddhism
 Empathy is important for kindness
 Emotional solidarity, support, care as well as money
 Differences dispute should be tolerated and forgiven
 Mother Teressa: kind and compassionate even at risk of making mistakes. By being kind
we do no harm. We won't injure the person physically psychologically even if we may
overindulge them.

Forgiveness
 Pardoning of an offence, wrongdoing, obligation.
 Forgive and forget
 Truth and reconciliation commission - Sri Lanka, South Africa
 Benefits of forgiveness
 Continuing personal relations
 Getting rid of persistent negative emotions
 Helping wrongdoers by enabling them to turn a new leaf

 But it could be misdirected - a woman in abusive relationship forgiving her partner who
has shown no remorse or contrition.
 The wrong should be excusable and wrongdoer should display guilt or remorse.
 Tendency to readily forgive may reflect lack of self respect,, or servility. It is a vice.
 Kant: person who fails to become angry at injustices done to him lacks dignity and self
respect
 Forgiveness is justified in only some circumstances. It has to be based on moral principle
 Forgiveness is process of getting over resentment.
 Self control and self strength
 Confuncius: before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves
 Forgiveness encourages person to examine his own conduct.
 It enables us to move forward.

Anger
 Plato: it has to be rationally controlled as it overwhelms reason and self control
 Uncontrolled anger is vice - road rage, teachers beating up students
Page | 115
  Stoics: anger is inconsistent w moral life since it dispose us to cruelty and vengeance
 It may be desirable to release anger into harmless channels. Catharsis cleanses the system.
 Aristotle: morally appropriate anger is shown by virtuous person. He is angry at right
things and w right people.
 Anger controlled by reason reflects virtue whereas anger ungoverned by reason is a vice.

Fortitude
 Aristotle: fortitude as means by which men can control their fear of death. Soldiers war
with fortitude will desert the battlefield.
 Fortitude is a mean b/w fear and rashness. It moderates opposing tendencies
 Recklessness of angry man is not fortitude. Brave men face real danger in full
consciousness of gravity of situation.
 Anyone risking life in line of duty or in order to relieve others from afflicting show
fortitude. It can be shown by ordinary people - like sincere teachers, nurses - who serve
society w little recognition or reward
 It is one of four cardinal virtues recognized by Plato, Aristotle
 Fortitude is guard and support of other virtues. If someone is beating up a fellow
passenger, one may have desire and kindness to intervene but ultimately don't because
one doesn't possess fortitude.
 One may have noble intention but one needs courage to act on them
 Civil servant need this. They should not yield to illegal pressures or allow them to be
won over by inducements. They should not yield to subtle threats

Cowardice
 Spoilt brat
 Indulgent, lacks prudence and temperament
 Family life tensions may spill into workplace and reduce productivity
 Lying, fabricating story
 Untrustworthiness, subordinates will not respect, bad example, bad work culture
 Arriving late
 Making up lies, excuses - untrustworthiness
 Bad example for subordinates
 Bad work culture, bad leadership
 Vengeful behaviour
 Tit for tat response
 Dereliction of duty
 Anger, vengeance, demonstration of power & ego, desertion of duty
 Hippocratic oath
 Evade ethical responsibility, public duty (if PHC)
 Not paying a shopkeeper
 Breach of trust
 Sure to get caught in audit -> some innocent workers may suffer
 Ethical perspective -> doesn't matter whether audited or not. Should be paid back
 Always remain in conscience
 Surreptiously changing decisions of political masters
 Priorities may be based on factual analysis of situation
 But role of admin is limited to advise
 Should not undermine the elected office
 Violation of code of conduct
Page | 116
  Unethical means, deception, violation of transparency
 Administrators must improve education and health std but they are duty bound to follow
lawful
 instructions and decision of the elected

Way forward
 Try persuasion
 Follow duty in the end

Page | 117
CASE STUDIES
GENERAL GUIDE FOR DECISION MAKING IN ETHICS
By: Vivian Weil

 Propose the ethical problem.

 State the pertinent facts.

 Identify the individuals or groups that could be affected (in other words, the individuals
or groups that could be helped or harmed and to what degree by the decision to be
taken).

 Generate the options (as the number of considered options gets bigger, the decision at
the end will better).

 Evaluate every option using the following criteria:

a. Is it harmful?
b. To whom?
c. How much harm?
(Compare the options based on the harm.)

a. Who will know about it?

b. Who should know?
c. What effect would this have?
(Compare the options in the sense of publicity.)

 If I were one of the affected persons, would I consider the decision appropriate or
correct?
(Compare the options in the sense of reversibility.)

 Select and propose one or various options. (It is possible that you will have to persuade
others about the selected option and it is possible there will be some negotiating
involved)

 Implement the decision or act to solve the problem.

 Propose what to do to prevent the same problem in the future and implement the
contemplated decisions.

SEPARATE TOPIC
Rights are protected not by the law but by the moral and social conscience of our society.

PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY (LFPDE) (briefly ethical, legal, transparent, pro-people)

 Legal - follow rule of law
 Fiscal dimension - propriety
 Policy - related to goals, promises and expectations
 Democratic - info sharing and interaction with people
 Ethical - following code of ethics and conduct

Page | 118
Recent Focus:
 Performance accountability
 Measurement of performance
 Focus on efficiency and productivity

ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
4 stages towards it:
1. Recognition
2. Judgement
3. Intention to act
4. Act

ADMINISTRATOR'S DILEMMA(REFERENTS)
1. Law
2. Superiors
3. Profession
4. Society

CIVIL SERVICE CORE VALUES

1.Integrity
2.Honesty
3.Impartiality
4.Objectivity

Recent Focus:
1.Tolerance
2.Perseverance
3.Spirit of Service
4.Commitment
5.Conviction
6.Care for depressed
7.Compassion

PARAMETERS FOR CORRUPTION-FREE PUBLIC LIFE [SIOAOHL]:- NOLAN

COMMITTEE
1.Selflessness
2.Integrity
3.Objectivity
4.Accountability
5.Openness - transparency
6.Honesty
7.Leadership - lead by example

PARAMETERS OF POSITIVE WORK CULTURE(TD4)

1.Teamwork
2.Discipline
3.Dedication
4.Democratic
5.Delegation

Page | 119
NEEDS OF LIFE
1.Beauty - aesthetic needs
2.Truth - intellectual needs
3.Moral - need to do right

BASIS AND SOURCES OF MORALS, VALUES AND ETHICS(FESLPCI)

1.Family (Love, care, compassion, service, tolerance, self-sacrifice)
2.Education
3.Society
4.Law
5.Profession
6.Conscience
7.Intuition

DIMENSIONS OF MORALITY
1.Universality(applicable everywhere)
2.Impartiality(representing fairness, no-discrimination, unbiased, no prejudice)
3.Self-Enforcing

DETERMINANTS OF ETHICS (OMICE)

1.Object
2.Intention
3.Means
4.Circumstances
5.End

BASIC HUMAN VALUES

1.Truth
2.Love-Caring
3.Peace
4.Responsibility
5.Justice

VALUE HIERARCHY REFERRANTS

Relation to:-
1.Self
2.Family
3.Society
4.Profession
5.Misc (environment, influences...)

ROLE OF ETHICS IN SOCIETY

1. Moral framework for social relations
2. Determines moral worth of traditions, customs, manners
3. Evaluates everything
4. provides basis
5. promotes various values

ROLE OF MEDIA
1.Educate

Page | 120
 2.Organize
3.Facilitate people's participation
4.Watchdog
5.Campaign, crusade

Problems:
1. Responsible reporting
2. Yellow journalism
3. Paid news
4. TRP
5. Encroaching on privacy
6. Media bias
7. Corporate ownership

AIMS OF EDUCATION
1.Economic
2.Citizenship
3.Character/values

ROLE OF EDUCATION IN REALIZATION OF AUTHENTIC SELF

1.Enables autonomy
2.Upkeep integrity
3.Induce harmony

LIBERAL ARTS
1. Lack of sense of moral judgement and value-based leadership -capable of navigating
cultural differences
2. Have a sense of grounded-ness without being nationalistic
3. Helps lead in an ever more interdependent border-collapsing world -knowledge about
our own history
4. Helps understand what it means to be human, lead a meaningful life

CORRUPTION IN INDIA
Systemic Institutional Collusive Exploitative Petty episodic

Reasons for existence in LPG:

 Dependence on govt for many public goods and services(electricity, water, sewage)
 Environmental clearance, land acquisition
 Higher level of economic growth resulting in increased market value of public resources
 Highly competitive environment
 Discretion in the hands of public functionary
 Public procurement expanding
 Cost of election increasing
 Limitation in role of oversight authorities

ETHICS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

 Power is main instrument
 National interest is the main end/focus
 It is nation's right and duty to follow national interest -no dominant body to enforce
order

Page | 121
  Compulsion of self-interest dissolves and dominates ethics and morality -unethical to
compromise power and security -ethics-free zone

JUST WAR (ETHIC OF WAR)

 By legitimate authority (un)
 For just cause (uncharter)
 Rightful intention of advancing good and avoiding evil

Contemporary Additions:
 Just means
 Prospects of improving moral situation
 Nuclear pacifism
 Avoid overkill
 Last resort
 Respect of human rights
 Good achieved should be greater than damage done

ETHICS OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION

Cons:
 Negates sovereignty
 Negates intrinsic value of national communities achievements by its own efforts
 Negates the political, psychological and moral evolution that hinges in the above value

Pros:
 Isolation is not the solution sometimes
 Humanitarian elements may get negated
 Human cost of intervention may be lesser than that of non-intervention
 Absence of democracy may negate the very evolution of the above mentioned values

ETHICS OF ECONOMIC SANCTION

 Innocent involved in suffering
 Intentions may be ambiguous
 Hard power approach
 Can degrade into war
 Impact on target is limited

ETHICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

 Conflict between economic development and environmental sustainability
 Ethics of allocating burden of pollution reduction
 Commercialization of pollution in light of Kyoto

Outlooks necessary:
 Entire ecosystem is important
 Sustainability is important
 All life forms have right to live
 Close connection between environmental protection and peace

ATTITUDE BUILDING(IEOIK)
 Interaction
 Experience

Page | 122
  Observation
 Information
 Knowledge

Social influence in attitude change

 Social norms, values, approvals
 Family role
 Other social associations
 Education
 Religion
 Persuasion
 Role of media

ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOUR

 Fact Knowledge And Information Ideology Behaviour
 Introverted/extroverted
 Vested interests

PERSUASION
 Nature of source
 Credibility
 Trustworthiness
 Expertise
 Appearance
 Similarity
 Nature of information
 Content
 Presentation
 Consistency
 Rationality
 Nature of receiver
 Flexibility/rigidity
 Intelligence
 Socio-cultural background
 Age
 Circumstances

Ways of Appealing
 Appealing to emotion
 Appealing to reason
 Brainwash(persistent, coercive appeal)

Methods To Appeal
 Prestige suggestion
 Expert's opinion
 Two-sided message
 Consistency
 Setting examples
 All the above ways

Page | 123
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (PERMCU)
a) Ability to:-
 Perceive
 Evaluate
 Regulate
 Manage
 Control
b) Use emotions.

Use in civil services

 Helps build social capital within and beyond admin
 Helps make civil servant public-oriented, people-centric
 Facilitates leadership role
 Helps regulate emotions given the multiple pulls
 Helps governance because governance is all about relationships

SPECIFIC ETHICAL QUESTIONS

1. ETHICS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
a) Playing God
b) Treats babies as a means to one's whims
c) Contributes to bias against women

2. ETHICS OF SURROGACY
Pro:
a) Right to family
b) Right to share in scientific advances and its benefits
c) Child is considered a gift and denying a couple of this right can be seen as doing
them a grave disservice

Cons:
a) Entrenches patriarchy by not adopting adoption
b) Dignity of motherhood
c) Commodification
d) Creating a human life with the intention of relinquishing it
e) Mother's health

ETHICS OF MEDIA REPORTING IN HOSTILE SITUATION

The government’s role is to hunt criminals, prosecute them if they are found guilty, and try to
prevent terror attacks. The media’s is to report on what happens and how the state responds to
the same. The media and the state are not on the same side. The government’s role in this case is
to hunt criminals, prosecute them if they are found guilty, and try to prevent terror attacks. The
media’s is to report on what happens and how the state responds to the same. Policeman with a
gun raised to shoot terrorists is finding himself shoulder to shoulder with the cameraman raising
his camera to record the attack in real time. Both face the same threat in the same place, but
doesn’t mean they share the same prism of thought. And much of the coverage depends on what
is accessible. Both duties have to be harmoniously reconciled. State has to show that it is doing
its best no matter what the situation. While the media was seen as an observer in the past, it is
now a possible victim, and the possibility of journalists or their loved ones being killed is as
much as of any other citizen

Page | 124
SOLUTION:
 Better communication
 Dedicated spokesperson
 Media outfits across the country are ill-prepared: very few of them have reporters trained
to deal with a terror strike, even fewer have a standard operating procedure or fire drills,
and close to none keep protective gear like bullet-proof vests in-house
 Government has to revise its public diplomacy manual, designating specific officers as
spokespersons rather than giving out multiple, sometimes conflicting, accounts of
operations.
 Work on a more cohesive method for the state and the media to do their jobs while
respecting the other’s role

EXAMPLES
ETHICAL V/S MORAL
 Advocate
 Euthanasia
 Butcher

ETHICAL V/S LEGAL DILEMMA

 Blood donation urgency;
 O-ve blood group;
 hostel rules;
 warden
 Corex Drug;
 Patient;
 Brother;
 Responsible Prescription

PUBLIC ADMIN LIE-UNETHICAL

 Terror Act;
 State Machinery In Standstill Yet Issuing Public Message Of Being In Total Control To
Avoid Chaos

PUBLIC V/S PRIVATE VALUES

 Honesty V/S Secrecy (For Government)
 Impartiality, Fairness V/S Affirmative Action (As Policy Maker)
 Lathi Charge V/S Right To Protest (IPS Officer)
 War V/S Killing Civilians (As A Soldier)
 Efficiency V/S Social Justice (As Politician)
 Environment V/S Development (Tribal Perspective)

APPLICATION OF END-BASED ETHICS IN GOVERNANCE(UTILITARIAN)

 Inclusiveness in all sectors(education, employment, growth)
 Protection of environment
 Measurement of efficiency, productivity
 Cost-benefit analysis
 Today's market model
 Profit maximization, privatization
 Drug testing Amartya Sen, Kautilya

Page | 125
TEACHERS
Why high respect?
 Source of knowledge and wisdom
 Architects of country's future
 Children learn by following them Role of teacher
 Educator
 Facilitator
 Role model
 Motivator
 Value builder

Page | 126
ETHICAL TERMS

1. Values -
 Deeply held beliefs and ideas about right and wrong;
 2nd ARC - sense of right and wrong;

2. Morals - values about right and wrong;

3. Ethics -
 System of moral principles, norms, rules, standards etc.;
 2nd arc - Set of Standards that help guide conduct.
 Set of standards that society places on itself and which helps guide behaviour,
choices and actions;

4. Code of ethics - Covers broad guiding principles of good behaviour and governance.
5. Code of conduct - stipulates a list of acceptable and unacceptable behaviour in precise
and unambiguous manner.
6. Integrity - quality of being honest and having strong moral principles & moral
uprightness. It is generally a personal choice to uphold oneself to consistently moral and
ethical standards;
7. Honesty - Not disposed to cheat or defraud; not deceptive or fraudulent
8. Impartiality - treatment of different views or opinions equally and fairly
9. Objectivity - judgment based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions
or personal prejudices
10. Empathy - Understanding and entering into another's feelings; to perceive and to
respond in appropriate manner;
11. Sympathy - Sharing the feelings of others
12. Legality - Lawfulness by virtue of conformity to a legal statute
13. Rationality - based on logic; state of having good sense and sound judgment0
14. Stability - quality of being firm and steadfast
15. Aptitude - inherent ability
16. Responsibility - being responsible for one's conduct;
17. Accountability - means holding a person answerable to his/her acts;
18. Virtue - A particular moral excellence
19. Work Commitment - sum total of attitudes, beliefs, norms, traditions, values towards
work in an organisation.
20. Fortitude - Strength of mind that enables one to endure adversity with courage
21. Courage of conviction - to act in accordance with one's beliefs, especially in spite of
criticism
22. Excellence - possessing good qualities in high degree
23. Probity - having strong moral principles; uprightness of character or action.
24. Fusion of goals - Individual, Organizational and Social Goals
25. Diligence - Persevering determination to perform a task; meticulousness and
attentiveness while performing the job
26. Equality - equally balanced; relative term;
27. Equity - stands for equal share in the total for each stakeholder
28. Responsiveness - responding with emotion to people and events
29. Resilience - recovering readily from adversity, depression, or the like
30. Rule of Law - "a government of laws, not of men"; "be you ever so high the law is
above you"
31. Utilitarian - believes that the value of a thing depends on its utility
Page | 127
32. Compassion - humane quality of understanding the suffering of others and wanting to
do something about it
33. National Interest - country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military or
cultural.
34. Justice - quality of being just or fair
35. Transparency - means provision of access of government information to public;
36. Selflessness - quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others
37. Openness - attitude of ready accessibility (especially about one's actions or purposes)
38. Righteousness - Adhering to moral principles
39. Dedication - act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action
40. Solidarity - union of interests, purposes or sympathies among members of a group
41. Benevolence - showing kindness and good will
42. Non-discrimination - fairness in treating people without prejudice
43. Non-partisanship - fairness in treating people without prejudice
44. Neutrality - absence of bias
45. Tolerance - willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others
46. Equity - treatment of different views or opinions equally and fairly
47. Equality - quality of being the same in quantity, measure, value or status
48. Prudence - Knowing how to avoid embarrassment or distress
49. Wisdom - Accumulated knowledge
50. Discipline - Training to improve strength or self-control
51. Effectiveness - Being able to bring about an effect
52. Lawfulness - Quality of conforming to law
53. Loyalty - Act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action
54. Temperance - Trait of avoiding excesses
55. Humility -Disposition to be humble; a lack of false pride
56. Golden Rule - "We should do to others what we would want others to do to us"
57. Practicality - Concerned with actual use rather than theoretical possibilities
58. Work Ethos - Moral ideas and attitude that belongs to a group/organization/department
59. Work Culture - Customs, practices, beliefs, ideas, values, norms associated with work-
related activities
60. Impersonality in action - Having no personal preference or bias
61. Attitude - Means a person’s own evaluation of another person, idea, situation etc.
62. Persuasion - Instrument for attitude change
63. Emotion - Any strong feeling
64. Emotion - Feeling
65. Intelligence - Ability to think, act, reason in a logical manner
66. Emotional Intelligence - Being intelligent about emotion(perceive, evaluate, regulate,
manage, control, use)
67. Altruism - Quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others
68. Egoism - Theory that the pursuit of your own welfare is the basis of morality
69. Dehumanize - Make mechanical or routine(related to rule of law)
70. Courage - Quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear
71. Politics - Social science that deals with polity or the nation state
72. Human Action - 3 parameters:-
 Deliberate
 Voluntary
 Freely done

73. Family-inculcated values

 Mom - Love, care, compassion, service, tolerance, self-sacrifice

Page | 128
  Rest - truth, non-violence, discipline, cooperation, right conduct, right
behaviour, service, responsibility

74. Natural Law features

 Rooted in nature
 Perceived by reason; by perceiving human nature(ex. Homosexuality)
 Permanent, universal, binding, universal

75. Positive Law - Created by state

Parameters to be considered:-
 Nature of entity creating
 Nature of process used
 Nature of law

76. Conscience - act of mind, based on an intellectual stand based on wisdom; kinds of
conscience:
 True
 Certain
 Probable
 Doubtful

77. Intuition - Act of mind, perceiving without reason, based on instincts

78. Whistleblower - He/ She is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity
that is deemed illegal, dishonest, or not correct within an organization that is either
private or public

79. Citizen's Charter - Systematic and organized initiative to focus on commitments of an

organization towards a citizen in respect of (SICAG) i.e.,
 Standard of service
 Information
 Choices and consultation
 Access
 Grievance Redressal

Role:
 Social framework of ethics
 Citizen-friendly
 Participation-centric
 Promotes citizen empowerment

Problems:
 Simply on paper
 No statutory framework
 No consultation process
 No update, innovation, improvement

Page | 129
80. Audit - methodical examination or review of a condition or situation
81. Social Audit
 Participation of citizens
 Participation in assessing and evaluating achievements of aims and objectives
 Particularly related in activities associated with development involves
understanding, assessing, reporting and improving(UARI)

Aims:
 Understand from perspective of people
 Improvement and making the activity pro-people(citizen-centric)

Suggestions:
 Improve Gram Sabha
 Provision assistance
 Statutory framework
 Monitoring mechanism and grievance redressal
 Strengthen NGO

82. Role of Media(4EOFEMWC)

 4th pillar of democracy
 educate public opinion
 organize public opinion
 facilitate people's participation
 expose corruption
 monitor as watchdog
 Whistleblower
 Campaigner or crusader

83. Corporate Governance - Governance by a system of rules, processes and practices

independent of the owner balancing all stakeholders

84. Corporate Social Responsibility

Company's commitment to society a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into
a business model. World Bank defines it as commitment of the business to contribute
to sustainable economic development working with local communities and society at
large to improve their quality of life

85. Political Attitudes:

 Extraversion
 Agreeableness
 Conscientiousness
 Emotional Stability
 Openness to experience

86. Principles of Social Influence:

 Reciprocity
 Consistency
 Authority
 Scarcity

Page | 130
  Liking
 Social Proofs

87. Values commonly associated with public service

 Honesty and Integrity
 Impartiality - treatment of different views or opinions equally and fairly
 Respect for law
 Respect for person
 Economy and effectiveness
 Responsiveness - responding with emotion to people and events
 Accountability

Page | 131