RIB and Bond Interp PDF

Radial and Standard Bond Log
Interpretation Principles
Titan Specialties Ltd. www.titanspecialties.com Tekco Instrument Division
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................3
2.0 Sonic Amplitude Traditional Logging Methods ................................ 4
3.0 Sector Bond Tool Principals ..............................................................11
4.0 Sector Bond Tool Response .............................................................13
5.0 Log Quality Control (Logs Examples) .............................................15
6.0 Shade Levels on the Sector Bond Log Mapping ..............................22
7.0 Reference ..........................................................................................24
2
Interpretation Principles
1.0 Introduction
The purpose of this manual is to provide a quick reference guide for the Titan
Sector Bond Tool evaluation and analysis. A very brief introduction to Acoustic
Wave Theory is presented and a reference is given in section 7 if additional
information is desired.
Also, to show the importance of circumferential or radial cement evaluation from

Sector Bond Tool logging and some of the advantages associated with it.
Finally the sector Bond Tool response to Casing Size and Weight, and to
Transmitter – Receiver Spacing as well as practical logging situations and quality
control suggestions are presented.
3
2.0 Sonic Amplitude - Traditional Logging Methods
Traditionally, cement is used to fill the annular space between the casing and the
borehole.
The main functions of the cement are:
a. To restrain fluid migration between formations thereby isolating

producing formations from undesirable ones.
b. To mechanically support the casing thereby keeping it in place.
Cement bond logging is used to evaluate the quality of the bonding of the cement
to casing as well as the formation.
The main waves (also called arrivals) are casing, formation, and fluid arrivals.
(See Figure 1) The fastest arrival, in most cases, is the casing wave.
Figure-1
Casing, Formation and Fluid Wave Forms
4
The principle is very simple. The amplitude of the acoustic casing wave is
strongly attenuated when the casing is firmly cemented or bonded, see Figure 2.
This phenomenon enables us to locate sections of good and poor bonding.
Figure-2
The signal is attenuated when casing is well bonded to cement.
Studies have shown that the casing arrival has a maximum attenuation (minimum
amplitude) when the cement sheath is more than ¾ -in.
Assuming good centralization the amplitude is also related to the transmitter –

receiver spacing, and to casing size and weight. The API Cement Bond Log
Advisory Board recommends the 3-foot spacing for Cement Bond Logging.
A longer spacing (5-foot) records the sonic wave train which provides useful
information on the cement bonding.
Referring to Figure 3, a typical Sector Bond Log is shown. Track I display

includes the Travel Time, Gamma Ray, and Collar Locator. Track II shows the 3-
foot First Arrival Amplitude and Expanded Amplitude. Track III presents the
Minimum, Maximum and Average Sector Amplitude and Track IV is a typical 5-
foot VDL. Track V is a typical Sector Mapping Display
5
Figure-3
Sector Bond Log example showing main characteristics such as Channels, Free
Pipe, Good Bonding, Collars, and typical VDL display.
6
Interpretation of the 3-foot amplitude begins with recording the first arrival
amplitude and its travel time. The gate is normally located on the first positive
half cycle of the compressional wave as is indicated in Figure 4. The tool is
calibrated in a controlled environment. At Titan this is done using a pressurized
tank, constructed of 5.5” casing that has a maximum of 72 mV in a completely
free situation. In bonded or partially bonded casing the log will read less than the
maximum value, to a minimum that is normally 1 to 2 mV (Tool & System noise
plus some pipe signal – depending on the compressive strength of the cement).
Figure 4
Typical 3-foot signal. The amplitude and travel time are measured on the first
positive half-cycle.
7
Table-1
Expected response for the 3’ receiver of a 2 ¾” Sector Bond Tool in free pipe
As a suggestion, calibrate the 3 foot amplitude to a standard of 72 mV in 5.5” free

casing. Then the Tool will read 81.2 mV in 4 ½” free Casing, and 62.2 mV in 7”
free Casing.
NOTE: The 3-foot receiver does not need to be calibrated in every casing size,
but you should verify the response is typical of the casing being logged. Calibrate
the Tool as per Table 1 and then Attenuation Rate and Compressive Strength
estimates can be calculated using an Interpretation Chart.
8
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Table-2
2 ¾” Sector Bond Tool values for the 3’ Travel Time and 3’ Amplitude taken in
the Calibration Tank with fresh water = 190 uSec/foot.
The 3’ Travel Time is measurement of elapsed time from the transmitter, through
any media and back to the 3’ receiver. The Travel Time gate on the 3’ signal must
be properly set for the 3’ Travel Time curve to plot as predicted. If using a
Warrior System the well “Variables” must be entered manually for the Predicated
Values to be plotted.
9
Travel time is useful to verify tool centralization in free pipe. A Travel Time
curve should be fairly straight except at collars which will produce a kick. Also,
while logging, if the travel time value is less than or faster than the free pipe
reading, fast formation arrivals may be indicated.
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Table-3
Shows predicted value for most typical casing sizes using a Fluid Travel Time of 210
µsec/foot.
NOTE: 3-foot Travel Time in the Titan Sector Bond Tool may differ slightly
from competitors’ tools. Although the spacing may be the same, transmitter and
receiver diameters may vary causing the travel times to differ thus we perform
calibrations.
10
3.0 Sector Bond Tool Principals
The Titan Sector Bond Tool uses a method based on a low-ultrasonic high-sonic
frequency. The system consists of a single Omni Directional transmitter crystal
and a segmented receiver crystal spaced 1.5 feet vertically down from the
transmitter as is illustrated in Figure 5. Below the 1.5’ segmented receiver are the
standard 3’ and 5’ receivers.
Figure-5
Illustration of Sector Bond Tool principle
11
When the transmitter crystal is fired it resonates between 18 and 20 kHz and the
signal emanates 360° from the tool. As the signal is propagated through the
various mediums the segmented crystal receives the signal in 45° to 60°
increments depending on the outer diameter of the tool. This way the Sector Bond
Tool has complete coverage of the casing.
There are several advantages associated with the Titan design:
• Circumferential resolution for channel identification.
• Tool requires no special transmission scheme. Signals are transmitted in

analog fashion.
• Minimally affected by a thin cement sheath. The Sector Bond Tool

measures vertically and only the first arrival is measured, therefore thin
cement affects are minimal.
• Because the Sectors have only a 1.5-foot spacing they are less affected by
fast formation than the typical 3-foot or 5-foot measurements.
• Excellent signal response in heavy mud up to 18#/gal including oil base

mud.
• Minimally affected by casing thickness, less than ultrasonic tools.
Some disadvantages associated with all bond tools are:
• Any acoustic tool will be affected by a microannualus.
• Must have continuous coupling with all media being investigated.
12
4.0 Sector Bond Tool Response
The Sector measurement is intended for channel identification but may also be
used for a pseudo 3-foot amplitude measurement. The attractiveness of this tool is
that a channel or unbonded section of pipe is shown very clearly in the Cement
Map and the corresponding sector. The sector that measures the channel or
unbonded section will show higher amplitude, while if there is no channel the
sector readings tend to stack and track the 3’ amplitude curve.
Figure-6
Sector 3 in both the Map and Amplitude curve display indicate an unbonded section.
13
When the radial receivers are averaged, recalculated and presented as a pseudo 3
foot amplitude curve there is a noticeable difference in fast formation between the
pseudo 3-foot and the actual 3-foot. The difference is the pseudo curve is less
affected by fast formation and will yield a more accurate response in fast
formation due to the 1.5 foot spacing of the radial receivers.
"
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Figure-7
Tool response for a 3-foot amplitude and Pseudo 3-foot amplitude.
14
5.0 Log Examples
A series of log examples to aid the field engineer in interpreting and identifying
log problems is presented here:
Free Pipe
Example-1
Primary Sector Bond Log Presentation in Free Pipe.In the free pipe the sectors
amplitudes decreases at the collars (except in Extreme-Line or Flush-Joint Casings). Free
pipe is the best place to calibrate a CBL or an SCBL tool; the Minimum, Maximum and
Average Amplitude should be within 15 mV of each other. Here in 5.5” x 17# casing, the
3’ was calibrated to 72 mV and the sectors to 100 mV in free pipe.
15
Bonded Pipe
Example-2
This log shows an example of bonded pipe. In bonded pipe the 3’ amplitude will
decrease and the travel time will increase in elapsed time; except in fast formation.
The 5’ VDL will appear wavy unlike its straight appearance in free pipe and the
map should show primarily black.
16
Fast Formation
Example-3
This log shows a case of Fast Formation effect.The 3’ travel time is reading
almost the same as the casing travel time and the 3-foot amplitude reads higher
than expected. The Mapping shows a more pessimistic view of bonding and the
formation arrival is arriving in time where the casing arrival is predicted to come
in.
Note: The 3’ pseudo curve is not as severely affected by the faster formations.
17
Bad Calibration
Example-4
A miss calibrated sector is easily identified by a white “strip” in the map during
most of the log. Here Sector #2 has a calibration zero value that is too high. A
sector can also have a calibration value that is too low, causing a black strip down
the map. If a situation like this is encountered the tool must be recalibrated.
18
Micro Annulus
Example-5
This example will be compared with example 6. The first log was run with no
pressure at the well head and indicates poor bonding at several intervals.
Example 6 shows a second log run under pressure and produces features of
interest.
19
Micro Annulus
Example-6
This is the same Section presented in Example 5, but logged under 2000 psi.
Notice that the 3-foot Amplitude reads lower than the previous log. The Sectors
values have decreased from 40 and 50 mV to 5 to 15 MV in Amplitude. At
12305’-12445 the Sectors read a higher average Amplitude and the 3-foot Travel
Time indicates Fast Formation. This should be interpreted as Micro Annulus with
good bonded sections and with some Fast Formation effect confirmed by the
VDL.
20
MicroChannel
Annulus
Example-7
The lighter strip in the Cement Map, along with the separation in the Min and Max
amplitude readings indicates a channel. The fact that the lighter colored strip in the
Cement Map is skewed and not straight indicates a channel. There is also Fast Formation
present from 12520’ to 12662’.
21
6.0 Shade Levels on the Sector Bond Mapping
There are primarily two different methods of calibrating sector tools. Both
methods calibrate the sectors from 1 to 10 millivolts (depending on the compressive
strength of the cement) for the 100% bonded end , but the 100% free end can vary from
100 mV maximum for any size casing, to the specific Millvolt reading in free pipe for the
casing being logged. The reason for the two different calibration routines is that if the
pseudo 3’ curve is going to be used the sectors must be calibrated to the same 100% free
Millvolt reading as the measured 3’ curve. Below are two of the many different
combinations possible for the color legend for the cement map.
In 5.5” x 17 Lbs/Ft casing using a shade level scale setting of Black = 10 and
White = 60 would result in mV to shade levels of:
Shade MV % Bond
Black 0-10 100 to 46 %

Dark Gray 10 – 27 46 to 23 %
Medium Gray 27 – 44 23 to 12 %
Light Gray 44 – 60 12 to 04 %
White 60 -72 04 to 0%
22
In 5.5” x 17 Lbs/Ft casing using a shade level scale setting of Black = 10 and
White = 60 would result in mV to shade levels of:
Shade MV % Bond
Black 0-10 100 to 50 %

Dark Gray 10 – 27 50 to 28 %
Medium Gray 27 – 44 28 to 18 %
Light Gray 44 – 60 18 to 11 %
White 60 and UP 11 to 0%
23
7.0 Reference
1. D. D. Fitzgerald, Tenneco Oil E & P, and B. F. McGhee and J. A.

McGuire, Schlumberger Well Services: “Guidelines for 90% Accuracy in
Zone Isolation Decisions”. SPE 12141, presented at the 58th Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition held in San Francisco, Ca, 1983.
2. Robert M. Belerute, SPE, Amoco Production Co., Mark A. Wilson. Koch

Industries, and Fred L. Sabins, SPE, Halliburton Services. “Attenuation of
Casing Cemented With Conventional and Expanding Cements Across
Heavy-Oil and Sandstone Formations”. SPE 18027, SPE Drilling
Engineering, September 1992.
3. M. Grosmangin Schlumberger Surenco, S.A. Caracas, Venezuela; F. P.

Kokesh Schlumberger Well Surveying Corp., Houston, Texas; P. Majani
Schlumberger Surenco, S. A. Caracas, Venezuela. “A Sonic Method for
Analyzing the Quality of Cementation of Borehole Casings”. SPE 1512,
presented at the 35th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE held in Denver, Co
1960.
4. Computalog, Fort Worth, Texas, 1990. “Operations Manual of the 2 ¾”
24

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Radial and Standard Bond Log

1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................3

2.0 Sonic Amplitude Traditional Logging Methods ................................ 4

3.0 Sector Bond Tool Principals ..............................................................11

4.0 Sector Bond Tool Response .............................................................13

5.0 Log Quality Control (Logs Examples) .............................................15

6.0 Shade Levels on the Sector Bond Log Mapping ..............................22

7.0 Reference ..........................................................................................24

Also, to show the importance of circumferential or radial cement evaluation from

2.0 Sonic Amplitude - Traditional Logging Methods

The main functions of the cement are:

a. To restrain fluid migration between formations thereby isolating

b. To mechanically support the casing thereby keeping it in place.

Casing, Formation and Fluid Wave Forms

The signal is attenuated when casing is well bonded to cement.

Assuming good centralization the amplitude is also related to the transmitter –

Referring to Figure 3, a typical Sector Bond Log is shown. Track I display

As a suggestion, calibrate the 3 foot amplitude to a standard of 72 mV in 5.5” free

3.0 Sector Bond Tool Principals

Illustration of Sector Bond Tool principle

There are several advantages associated with the Titan design:

• Circumferential resolution for channel identification.

• Tool requires no special transmission scheme. Signals are transmitted in

• Minimally affected by a thin cement sheath. The Sector Bond Tool

• Excellent signal response in heavy mud up to 18#/gal including oil base

• Minimally affected by casing thickness, less than ultrasonic tools.

Some disadvantages associated with all bond tools are:

• Any acoustic tool will be affected by a microannualus.

• Must have continuous coupling with all media being investigated.

4.0 Sector Bond Tool Response

Tool response for a 3-foot amplitude and Pseudo 3-foot amplitude.

5.0 Log Examples

6.0 Shade Levels on the Sector Bond Mapping

Black 0-10 100 to 46 %

Black 0-10 100 to 50 %

1. D. D. Fitzgerald, Tenneco Oil E & P, and B. F. McGhee and J. A.

2. Robert M. Belerute, SPE, Amoco Production Co., Mark A. Wilson. Koch

3. M. Grosmangin Schlumberger Surenco, S.A. Caracas, Venezuela; F. P.

4. Computalog, Fort Worth, Texas, 1990. “Operations Manual of the 2 ¾”

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