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THE PERCEPTION ON DEMOCRATIC DECONSOLIDATION IN THE PHILIPPINES


AMONG PROFFESIONALS IN SAN JOSE, NORTHERN SAMAR

MERIAM ESIDERA AÑONUEVO

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMUNICATION


UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
UNIVERSITY TOWN, NORTHERN SAMAR

S.Y 2017-2018
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CHAPTER I

Introduction

Background of the study

Everyone claims to love democracy; it is most synonymous

with the word “good”. Practically every government calls itself

“democratic” no matter how authoritarian it may actually be. We

cannot deny the fact that we enjoy the utmost freedom and fair

elections being offered to us by the democracy.

The rule of law has been hallowed out, the press has been

muzzled, critics has been imprisoned, and the principle if

dissent political system has been safe, and the liberal

democracy is definitely here to stay. Historically, this has

indeed been the case. So far, democracy has not collapsed in any

wealthy country that has experienced at least two government

turnovers as a result of free and fair elections.

Democratic consolidation refers to the extent to which

democracy is the only game in town. Consolidated democracy is

stable. Citizens have come to believe that democratic form of

government possesses unique legitimacy and that authoritarian

alternatives are unacceptable. In a democratic country like

Philippines, freedom of expression is what allows us to become


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autonomous individuals who are able to engage with ideas and

decide what to we believed in.

Today, millennials attach slightly greater importance to

the rights to peaceful protest and to express unpopular views.

They also regard the value of open and fair elections as

slightly less important. This probably reflects more generation

orientations towards alternative for civic engagement. They

prove similar among selected age groups in their views about the

importance of media freedom and the need for checks and balances

on executive powers.

The primary assumption behind this approach is that a

stable democracy depends on citizens’ acceptance that “democracy

as the only game in town”. This assumes a causal relationship

between attributes to democracy and the stability of democratic

regimes. A sizable minority of citizens loses its beliefs in

democratic values, and starts voting for “antisystem” parties,

candidates or movements that flout or oppose constitutive

elements of liberal democracy.

Through the use of this study we will be able know the

level of awareness of the citizens about this democratic

deconsolidation that is now facing in our country. Acceptance of

democracy as the world’s dominant form of government and of an


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international system built on democratic ideals is under greater

threat than at any point in the last 25 years.1

1
Hhtp://www.eiu.com. Democracy index 2017
Jackson and Jackson, p.59
5

Statement of the problem

This study aims to determine the perception on democratic

deconsolidation in the Philippines among the professionals in

San Jose, Northern Samar.

Specifically, this study intends to explain the following

questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents in terms of:

a. Age

b. Sex

c. Civil status

d. Educational attainment

e. Occupation

2. What is the level of mass media exposure of the

respondents?

3. What is the perception on the democratic

deconsolidation on the Philippines among the

professionals in San Jose, Northern Samar in terms of:

a. Level to which the citizens support the democratic

system as a whole?

b. Level to which the citizens support the key

institutions of liberal democracy?


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c. Level to which citizens are open to authoritarian

alternatives?

4. What is the relationship between the perception of the

respondent and the following variables:

a. Age

b. Sex

c. Civil status

d. Educational attainment

e. Occupation

f. Level of mass media exposure?


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Objectives of the study

This study aims to determine the perception on democratic

deconsolidation in the Philippines among the professionals in

San Jose, Northern Samar.

Specifically, this study intends to explain the following

objectives:

1. The socio-demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of:

f. Age

g. Sex

h. Civil status

i. Educational attainment

j. Occupation

2. The level of mass exposure of the respondents.

3. The perception on the democratic deconsolidation on

the Philippines among the professionals in San Jose,

Northern Samar in terms of:

d. Level to which the citizens support the democratic

system as a whole.

e. Level to which the citizens support the key

institutions of liberal democracy.

f. Level to which citizens are open to authoritarian

alternatives.
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4. The relationship between the perception of the

respondents and the following variables:

g. Age

h. Sex

i. Civil status

j. Educational attainment

k. Occupation

l. Level of mass media exposure

Significance of the study

The Philippines is one of the countries which is

experiencing the democratic deconsolidation hence, a study is

the best possible way to understand the democratic

deconsolidation which is essential in the governing democracy.

Specifically, this study is relevant to the following:

Professionals. This study will help deepen and widen

the level of knowledge on democratic deconsolidation among

professionals.

Political science teachers. This study will serve as a

reference for in depth analysis and classroom discussion

relating to democracy and how it is viewed in terms of

legitimacy and attractiveness.


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Political science students. This study will deepen

their knowledge and understanding about democratic

deconsolidation in the Philippines.

Government authorities. This will aid the government

authorities to positively respond to democratic deconsolidation.

This will also help them to formulate policies on democratic

deconsolidation.

Future researcher. This study on the democratic

deconsolidation and the concepts within will help future

researcher aspiring to develop more ideas. This will also

encourage them to study more and search for more related study.

Scope and limitations of the study

This study is limited only at determining the perception on

democratic deconsolidation in the Philippines among the

professionals in San Jose, Northern Samar.

Specifically, this study attempts to determine the

respondents profile in terms of age, sex, civil status,

educational attainment, occupation and the professionals and the

level of support of the citizens.


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Theoretical framework

Juan Linz2 proposes a narrow definition of democratic

consolidation which combines behavioral, attitudinal and

constitutional dimensions. The working definition of a

consolidated democracy entails: 1. “behaviorally, a democratic

regime in a territory is consolidated when significant national,

social, economic, political, or institutional, actors spend

significant resources attempting to achieve their objectives by

creating a nondemocratic regime or turning to violence or

foreign intervention to secede from the state,” 2.

Attitudinally, a democratic regime is consolidated when a strong

majority of public opinion holds the belief that democratic

procedures and intuitions are the most appropriate way to govern

collective life in a society such as theirs and when the support

for antisystem alternatives is quite small or more or less

isolated from the pro democratic forces.’ And 3.

Constitutionally, a democratic regime is isolated when

governmental and nongovernmental forces alike, throughout the

22
Keith Davis, Human Behavior at work, 5th edition, (USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.) p.49
Anselmo D. Lupday, General Psychology, (Makati city: Grand Publications and Research Corporation),
2005, p.87
Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan. problems on democratic transition and consolidation 1996, p.5
james Danziger understanding political world 11th edition, p.205
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territory of the state, become subjective to, and habituated to,

the resolution of conflict within the specific laws, procedures,

and institutions sanctioned by the new democratic process.”

According to them, a democracy is consolidated when it has

become “the only game in town”. The mass level attitudinal

dimension emphasized the democracy becomes “the only game in

town” when the majority of the citizenry hold the view that

democratic method and procedures are the most appropriate way to

govern the country.

For Danziger3 democracy is governance by leaders whose

authority is based on a limited mandate from a universal

electorate that selects among genuine alternatives and has some

rights to political participation and opposition.

Davis believes that, people perceive their experiences in

an organized framework that they have built out of their own

experiences and values. Their own problems, own interest, and

their own backgrounds control their perception of each

situation.

Lupday4 enumerates the three theories on perception and

these are: registration theory, recognition theory and response

theory. According to him, perception is primarily a matter of

registration somewhere in the brain, in the lower brain centers

3
ibid
4
Ibid,.
12

put primarily occurs in the sensory cortex. Recognition theory

assumes that, perception is a matter of building up a scheme or

“mental representation” of an object in one’s mind. One does not

perceive anything unless he/she recognizes it. The response

theory postulates that an input has no meaning unless one knows

what to do about it. The input could be either mental or

behavioral.

This means that the perception of a person on a particular

object, event, issue, or problems depends on personal

experiences and values but organizing it through sensation. When

one perceives something, it is subjective; it may be positive,

negative or nothing at all. Thus the respondents may have

different perceptions on the democratic deconsolidation in the

Philippines because they vary in terms of age, sex, civil

status, educational attainment, occupations and the level of

mass media exposure.5

5
Keith Davis, Human Behavior at work, 5th edition, (USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc.) p.49
Anselmo D. Lupday, General Psychology, (Makati city: Grand Publications and Research Corporation),
2005, p.87
Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan. problems on democratic transition and consolidation 1996, p.5
james Danziger understanding political world 11th edition, p.205
13

Conceptual framework

It assumes that the respondents age, sex, civil status,

educational attainment, occupation, level of mass media

exposures affects their perception on democratic

deconsolidation.

This relationship is illustrated in the paradigm below;

Paradigm

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Socio-demographic profile

Age

Sex The perception on


democratic
Civil status
deconsolidation in the
Educational attainment Philippines

Occupation

Level of mass exposure

Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing the responsibility

between independent and dependent variables.


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Hypotheses

This study hypothesized that:

1. There is no significant relationship between the age and

the perception on democratic deconsolidation.

2. There is no significant relationship between sex, and the

perception on democratic deconsolidation.

3. There is no significant relationship between civil status,

and the perception on democratic deconsolidation.

4. There is no significant relationship between educational

attainment, and the perception on the democratic

deconsolidation.

5. There is no significant relationship between occupation,

and the perception on democratic deconsolidation.

6. There is no significant relationship between the level of

mass media exposure, and the perception on democratic

deconsolidation.
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Definition of terms

For better understanding of this study, the following terms

are conceptually and operationally defined:

Age. It refers to the period of time during which someone

or something has lived or existed. It refers to the number of

years that the respondents have lived from birth up to the

period of this study.

Civil status. In this study, it refers to the status of the

respondents, either single, married, widow/widower or separated.

Educational attainment. In this study, it refers to the

highest level of education obtained by the respondents.

Occupation. It refers to the work of a person or

respondents.

Mass media. Operationally, it refers to the different

medium used to transmit news, and information like newspapers,

radio, television and the world wide web.

Sex. Operationally, either of the two major forms of

individuals that occur in many species and that is distinguished

respectively as female or male especially on the basis of their

reproductive organs and structures.


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Respondents. Conceptually, in this study, it refers to the

professionals in the San Jose, Northern Samar.

Perception. Operationally, it is a process of attaining

awareness or understanding of sensory information. It is also a

process whereby the brain interprets the sensation it receives,

giving them the order and meaning.

Democracy. Operationally, Governance by leader whose

authority is based on a limited mandate from a universal

electorate that selects among genuine alternatives and has some

rights to political participation and opposition.

Direct democracy. Operationally, All the citizens are

active, direct participants in making public policy decisions.

Electoral democracy. Operationally, A political system in

which virtually all citizens periodically vote to select

political leaders from among alternatives contenders.

Authoritarianism. Operationally, the political actions and

decisions of the ruler are not constrained, while the political

rights and freedoms of the citizens are significantly limited.

Democratic deconsolidation. Operationally, this is said to

occur in the event that democracy ceases to be “the only game in

town” or when at some point, sizable minority of citizens loses

its belief in democratic values, become attracted to


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authoritarian alternatives, and start voting for “antisystem”

parties candidates, or movements that flout or oppose

constitutive elements of liberal democracy.6

6
Jackson and Jackson, p.82
James Danziger, understanding a political world., 2015; p.253
The Merriam-Webster dictionary, (Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2011) p.53
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CHAPTER II

Review of related literature

Conceptual literature

ON DEMOCRACY

According to the authorities, democracy is a concept

derived from Two-Greek roots: demos, meaning the people and

kiratos, meaning authority. In ancient Greece, democracy meant

government by the many. Today, democracy demands that all

individuals should have equal access to public policy through

participating in fair and competitive elections, but the

policies themselves are made by their representatives. The

democracy index regards freedom of expression as essential for

democracy to take root and flourish. The equality of democracy

in any country may in large measure be gauged by the degree to

which freedom of speech prevails. Societies that do not tolerate

dissert heresy and the questioning of conventional wisdom cannot

be “full democracies”.

The economist intelligence units’ index is based on that

measures on democracy which reflects the state of political

freedom and liberties which are not thick enough, do not

encompass sufficiently, or, in some cases, at all, the features

that determine how substantive democracy is. Freedom is an


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essential component of democracy, but now it is said to be

sufficient in itself. Our democracy index is based on five

categories which are the electoral process and pluralism; civil

liberties; the functioning of government; political

participation; and political culture. The five categories are

interrelated and form a coherent conceptual whole. The condition

of holding free and fair elections, and satisfying related

aspects of political freedom, is clearly the sine qua non of all

definitions. However, basic freedom rights include freedom of

speech, expression and of press, freedom of religion, freedom of

assembly and association, and the right to due process. All

democracies are systems which citizens freely make political

decisions by majority rule. But rule by the majority is not

necessarily democratic.

In democracy, majority rule must be combined with

guarantees of individual human rights and rights of minority.

Most measures also include aspects of the minimum quality of

7functioning of government. If democratically based decisions

cannot be, or not implemented, then the concept of democracy is

not very meaningful. Democracy is more than a sum of its

institutions.

7
Ibid.,
Pippa Norris and voeten. Democratic deconsolidation.p.134
http./www.eiu.com.democracy index2017
20

ON DEMOCRATIZATIONS

A democratic political culture is also crucial for

legitimacy, smooth functioning and ultimately, the

sustainability of democracy. A culture of passivity and apathy;

obedient; and docile citizenry is not consistent in democracy.

The electoral process periodically divides the population into

winners and losers. A successful democratic and political

culture implies that losing parties and their supporters accept

the judgments of the voters and allow for the peaceful transfer

of power. Participation is also necessary component as apathy

and abstention which are considered enemies of democracy.

Citizens cannot be required to take part in the political

process, and they are free to express their dissatisfaction by

not participating. However, a healthy democracy requires the

active, freely chosen participation of citizens in public life.

Democracies flourish when citizens are willing to participate in

public debate, elect representatives and join political parties.

The consolidated democracies can be understood as a mature state

and electoral turbulence. Consolidation is theorized to the rest

of the pillars of widespread public agreement with democratic

values, constitutional arrangements reflecting democratic norms


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and principles the absence of major groups and parties

threatening to undermine the regime.

In a book, measuring public support for democracy; the word

“democracy” as presented in survey questions mean different

things in different people, such us liberty and elections,

peace, social welfare or even economic development. Identifying

six major conceptions of democracy, distinguishing between

democracies that are electoral, liberal, majoritarian,

participatory deliberative or egalitarian survey participants,

therefore may not be sharing their opinion of or support for

democracy, but rather their support for an associated concept or

institution. Asking participant what democracy “means for them”

can help surveys control for this from bias.8 Democratization or

democratic transition begins with the breakdown of the former

authoritarian regime and ends with the establishment of a

democratic regime. In their study of the transition to and

consolidation of democracy, Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan (1996)

propose a narrow definition of democratic consolidation which

combines behavioral, attitudinal, and constitutional dimension.

Their working definitions of a consolidated democracy entails:

1. “Behaviorally” a democratic regime in a territory is

consolidated when no significant resources attempting to achieve

8
O’Donnell and Schmitter (1986)
Bratton,2002. p.44
Coppedge et al., 2011, p. 254
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their objective by creating a nondemocratic regime is

consolidated when a strong majority of public opinion holds the

belief that democratic procedures and institutions are the most

appropriate way to govern collective life in a society such as

their and when the support for antisystem alternatives is quite

small or less isolated from the pro-democratic forces” and

“constitutionally, a democratic regime is consolidated when

governmental forces alike, throughout the territory of the

state, become subjected to, and habituated to the resolution of

conflict within the specific laws, procedures and institutions

sanctioned by a new democratic process.” According to them, a

democracy is consolidated when it has become the only game in

town. When the majority of the citizens hold the view the

democratic methods and procedures are the most appropriate way

to govern the country. Principled and reliable commitment to

democratic principle and institutions among the majority of the

population constitutes the attitudinal foundation of democratic

consolidation.

In this approach to democracy in developmental perspective,

Larry Biamond9 (1999) emphasizes that “the essence of democratic

consolidation is a behavioral and attitudinal embrace of the

democratic principles and method by both elites and masses”.

According to him, consolidation takes place in two dimensions of

9
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attitudinal and behavioral; and at three level elites,

organizations and mass public. Although it is one of six

domains, mass attitudinal are crucial to consolidation. He

considers democratic consolidation” the in process achieving

broad and deep legislation, such that all significant political

actors, at both the elite and mass levels believe that the

democratic regime is the most right and are appropriate to their

society, better than any other realistic alternatives they can

imagine.” At the mass level they must be of a broad nominalist

and behavioral consensus on the legitimacy of democracy. A

democracy cannot be regarded as consolidated unless there is

broad and deep public support for democratic principles and

institutions. The mass level attitudinal foundation of

democratic consolidation emphasizes that ordinary people must

exhibit reliable commitment to democracy as the only game in

town.

Guther et al., believe that if a significant portion of a

population were to question the legitimacy of a regime and its

key institutions, reject democratic rules of the game, or regard

as authoritarian alternatives as preferable to the current

democratic regime, conclude that consolidation is incomplete.

High levels of mass support for democracy alone do not make

democracy become consolidated. However, a lack of reliable mass

commitment to democracy undermines the stability of a democracy.


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Democratic transition emphasizes that a new political

regime must embody the procedural minimal conditions of

democracy that it distinguished itself from the previous non

democratic regime. It is the opposite of democratic breakdown.

Democratic consolidation involves the stability and persistence

of the new political regimes. Hence, it emphasizes that the new

democracy must be seen as “the only game in town” that a return

to some form of authoritarian rule is no longer likely.

Democratic deconsolidation emphasizes that the consolidated

democracy is no longer seen as “the only game in town” that a

return to some form of authoritarian rule is not unlikely. When

a new political regime embodied the minimal condition of

democracy such as free and fair elections, universal suffrage

and multiparty competitions, democratic transition ends,

democratic consolidation draws of the minimal definition of

democracy.

The attitudinal foundation of democratic consolidation at

the mass level emphasizes not only support for democracy but

also rejections of authoritarian alternatives, support for

democracy is not accompanied by rejection of authoritarian

alternatives support for democracy may not be deep and robust.

If support for democracy coexists with support for authoritarian


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alternatives, support for democracy would be superficial and

even hollow.10

ON PERCEPTION

Crano11 and Messe12 state that perception is an organism’s

awareness of environment that is perceived by the stimulation of

its sense organs. Our perceptions are organized around what we

consciously or unconsciously expect from our past experiences.

Their concept about perception is impacted by two components,

individuality and limit at relations.

Philosophers proposed several aspects of perception. The

traditional approach within the western philosophical examines

perception is a means of knowing. Sensory perception is regarded

evidence for variety of claims to knowledge, ranging from the

most ordinary claims about one’s surroundings, to the claims of

advance modern science and to claims that one has observed a

supernatural event. Thus, the philosophers seek to understand

the reliability and limits of sensory perception in the

justification of such claims. They have sought to determine the

line between what is directly given in perception and what

results from interpretation.

10
Ibid.
11
Marian D. Irish, The politics of American Democracy, (Englewood Cliff, New jersey: prentice Hall),p.518
12
Dahl 1971.
26

They further said that, individual established their own

perception, which is established through their own routinely

organized understanding of every event or pattern applicable

within their subject senses. Thus, perception is perceived by

the individual’s brain. The brain is programmed to set rules

regarding the meaningful pattern formed as a whole as

experienced by the individuals.

According to Fiske13 and Taylor14, people use information to

arrive at causal explanations for events. They examine what

information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal

judgment. Perception based on experience and the environment

creates framework for judgment.

According to Goldstein and Pevehouse, different perceptions

are partly the results from different filtrations of various

information the human mind received. They added that our

subconscious filters information coming “in about the world

around them”.

According to Rodee, et al., perceptions are psychological

process in which an individual tends to rejects the information

that do not coincide with his establishes beliefs system,

cultured values, and perceived expectations. Sometimes people

13
Pricilla B. Dizon, et al., General Psychology, (Makati City: Grand Publication and Research Corporation,
2005), p. 87.
14
S.T. Fiske., and S.E Taylor, Social Cognition, 2nd ed., 1991: (New York: McGraw-Hill)
27

“see only” information that conforms to their values, beliefs

and expectations.i

ON AGE

Ruch15 stated that older workers were reported to be slower

than their younger counterpart and learn less readily. However,

they are given higher ratings for good attendance, steadiness

and contentiousness.

According to Papalia16 et al., younger workers tend to be

less satisfied than their work, less committed to their

employers, more likely to change jobs. When we look at how well

people do their work, findings are mixed. In general,

performance improves with age, and some workers, continue to

increase their productivity late in life.

Truxillo17, et al. state that in the combination of many

trials of age and job performance, it was found out that age is

15
Ffloyd L. Ruch, Psychology and Life, 6th ed.,(N.J: Scott, Foresman and Co. 1998), p. 507.
16
Diane E. Papalia et al., Human Development, (Singapore: McGraw Hills Book Co.,1999), pp. 589-90.
17
D. M. Truxillo, et al., “Age and Work Performance, Myths and Realities”, Journal of Organizational
behavior. p.209
28

not related to creativity and core task performance; however the

older workers perform slightly lower. Older workers, however,

may have better performance in terms of safely,

counterproductive work behavior, aggression, and tardiness.

ON SEX

According to the liberal feminists, all people are created

equal by God and deserve equal rights. These types of feminists

believe that opposition exist because of the way that men and

women are socialized, which supports patriarchy and keeps men in

power positions. Liberal feminists believe that women have the

same mental capacity as their male counterparts and should be

given the same opportunities in political, economic and social

spheres. Women should have the right to choose, not have their

life chosen for them because of their sex. Essentially, women

must be like men. Furthermore, they believe that sex is not a

defining factor in performance.


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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Locale of the study

The municipality of San Jose18 grew from a place that was

then discovered with bushes, shrubs, and marshes, where wild

chicken called ilajas, abounded. It was then called Carangian,

being the site of hunters assembled their trap, known as Carang,

to catch wild chickens. In time, the word Carang was corrupted

and the place began to be known as Carangian. Due to favorable

economic opportunities, people migrated to the place. As the

population grew, it became a barrio within the administrative

jurisdiction of the municipality of Bobon known as Carangian.

San Jose’s total land area of 2,985 hectares (7,380 acres)

is generally underlain by well-bedded and moderately terrain.

San Jose is a fifth class municipality in the province of

Northern Samar, Philippines. It is located at the Northern

18
30

central part of the province, about 19 kilometers (12 mi) east

of Allen, where the ferry terminal is which connects the island

of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao via the Pan-Philippines

highway (formerly the Maharlika highway), it is proximately 150

kilometers (90 mi) northeast Tacloban city, the regional center

of the Eastern Visayas. According to the 2015 census, it has a

population of 17,561 people.

Politically, the municipality is bounded on the north by

the Philippine Sea, on the east by the municipality of Bobon, on

the south by the municipality of Victoria and on the west by the

municipality of Rosario. San Jose is politically subdivided into

16 barangays; Aguadahan, Bagong sabang, Balite, Bonglas, Dao,

Gengarog, Geratag, Layuhan, Mandugang, P.tingzon, San Lorenzo,

Tubigdanao, Brgy. North (pob.), Brgy.South (pob.), Brgy.East

(pob.), Brgy.West(pob.) 1920

20
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
31

Research design

This study employs descriptive research methods,

specifically, survey and correlational design. According to Gay,

as cited by Sevilla, et al., descriptive research involves

“collection of data in order to test hypotheses or to answers

questions concerning the current status of the subject of the

study”, survey was the instrument of this study, “to gather

relatively limited data from a relatively large number of

cases”.

Correlational method will also be used to determine the

extent to which the independent variable such as age, civil

status, educational attainment, sex, and occupation are related

to perception of the respondents on the democratic

deconsolidation in the Philippines.21

21
Consuelo G. Sevilla, et al., Research methods (Quezon City: Rex Printing Company Inc., 1992) p.110
32

The Variables and their measure

For purpose of analysis the variables are categorized as

follows:

Age. The mean of the ages of respondents will be used in

categorizing age of the “young” and the “old” category. Those

whose ages are in and above the mean are considered as “old”

while those whose ages are below the mean are considered as

“young”.

Category

Young

Old

Sex. This was categorized as male and female.

Civil status. This was categorized as follows;

Civil status Category

Single

Widow/widower

Single

Separated

Married
33

Educational attainment. This will be categorized as.

Elementary level, elementary graduate, high school level, high

school graduate, college level, college graduate.

Occupation. This was categorized as teachers, lawyers,

policemen/policewomen.

Population and sampling

Before collecting the data, the researcher will first ask

for the list of names of the professionals in municipal office

of San Jose, Northern Samar. A letter informing professionals

that they are chosen as a respondents of the study will be

prepared.

The respondents

The respondents of the study are the professionals in the

municipality of San Jose, Northern Samar. In order to identify

the respondents, the researcher will secure the official list of

professionals on the municipal office in San Jose, Northern

Samar.
34

Research instruments

This study will use an interview schedule in collecting the

data needed in the study. It was divided into two parts;

Part I dealt with the respondents’ personal-profile such as

age, sex, civil status, occupation, educational attainment,

religion.

Part II contained questions to determine the level of mass

media exposure and the perception on democratic deconsolidation.

Validation of research instrument

In order to test the validity of the research instrument,

it will be pretested in a selected professional in Catarman,

Northern Samar. Comments and suggestions will be taken from

them, so it will arrive at a better, precise and accurate

research instrument.22

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