ReadingC1 USA PDF

READING
LEVEL C1 (USA)
Teacher’s Pack Reading

READING
LEVEL C1 (USA)
Teacher’s Pack Reading

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Contents
 TURNED MY LIFE UPSIDE DOWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07
 A NICE CUP OF TEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
 THE LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY THE ORIGINAL SETTLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
 SELF-DRIVING CARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
 THE TRUTH GAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
 DRAWING AND PAINTING THERAPY GROUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
 REVEALING YOUR LUCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
 LEGENDS OF THE MYSTERIOUS MONARCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
 BANKING TERMS AND FINANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
 MORE PEOPLE THAN EVER ARE CHANGING BANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
 NEW YORK HOUSING SHORTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
 COMPANY'S GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
 DICTIONARY USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 PEACE PILGRIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 WOMEN ADVENTURERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
 TELEPHONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 FORMAL LETTERS AND CUSTOMER SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
 COLDS & FLU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
 DEPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
 JOB HUNTING - INTERVIEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
 DOLPHIN THERAPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
 ANIMAL RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
 ANIMAL WRONGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
 "THREE MEN IN A BOAT" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
 THE BRONTË SISTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
 BALLOON DEBATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Copyright© CAE Computer Aided USA Corporation - Computer Aided Elearning, S.A. 5
 I'LL GIVE YOU A CALL! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 A GUIDE TO THE SEYCHELLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
 AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
 ALTERNATIVE SCHOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
 HAPPY FAMILIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
 THE FOOD OF THE GODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
 INSTRUCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
 THE FIRST AMERICANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
 DIVERSITY IS THE SPICE OF LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
 WHAT'S ON TV? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
 TRAVELLING IN SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
 FLY ME TO THE MOON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
 NATURAL DISASTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
 SLEEP AND DREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
 YOU'RE AS OLD AS YOU FEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
 ADVERTISING - STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
 LEARNING TO WRITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
 STORIES FROM OVER THE WORLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
 GREAT MINDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
 HERE IS THE NEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
 SOCIAL TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
 IN THE BEGINNING... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
 THE END OF THE WORLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
 TRAVEL BROADENS THE MIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
 JOURNEY TO SUCCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6 Copyright© CAE Computer Aided USA Corporation - Computer Aided Elearning, S.A.
READING LEVEL C1
TURNED MY LIFE UPSIDE DOWN
If I had known that walking into that Irish pub was going to turn my life upside down, I would never
have gone in. But, there's no point holding onto false hopes; I can't change the past, I can only hope
that in the future the tears will dry up.
I don't know why I decided to go into that particular pub; I had never been there before. It was a
hot day in August and I had been walking around town all morning trying to find a florist that had
the flowers I wanted. I could feel the back of my neck getting sunburnt. I had the crazy idea in my
head that if I didn't have her favorite flowers then Georgia wouldn't say yes when I proposed to her.
In every florist downtown I asked if they had purple tulips, and the response was always the same;
they apologized and said that if I had come the day before, I would have had my pick of all the colors
of the rainbow, but that they had sold out that morning. I saw a picture in the newspaper the next
day of the magical wedding of a super-rich businessman and his beautiful bride who had insisted on
having one of the walls of the town hall where the ceremony took place covered in tulips. I don't
know how many flowers were used but it must have cost an enormous sum of money.
Eventually, I found a florist with the flowers I was looking for. It was a tiny old store which looked
like it hadn't changed in a hundred years. It must not have had a website, because if it had had one,
then the businessman would have beaten me to the tulips in that store too. A bell rung as I opened
the door which disturbed the overweight cat lying down on the windowsill. The cat stopped purring
and looked at me; it seemed happy that somebody was finally coming into the deserted store. I
decided to stroke the chubby tomcat. I wish it had been a bit friendlier, perhaps then it wouldn't
have scratched me. Anyway, the scratch wasn't too bad; it hardly bled at all. The old lady behind the
counter apologized profusely for her aggressive pet and jumped at the chance to make a sale. She
handed me some aromatic violet tulips. I paid and then took the colorful bouquet and headed back
out into the oppressive heat.
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Copyright CAE Computer Aided USA Corporation - Computer Aided Elearning, S.A. 7
READING LEVEL C1
I was quite far away from home and the midday sun was making me thirsty. I wanted a drink and
the giant four-leaf clover on the door of the Irish pub and the horseshoe just above the door seemed
like good omens. With two lucky charms at the entrance, who would have thought so much
misfortune would be waiting for me at the bar. There were a few other people sitting in the tavern;
an old man with an empty glass and a couple who were sitting down and kissing. The old man asked
for a pint of lemonade mixed with iced tea and the ice melted almost instantly. I ordered a refreshing
coke and a glass of tap water which I put the flowers in. The barman offered me the remote control
and I pushed the button to turn on the TV, and a game of darts came on. I hate darts; it's so dull.
"Purple tulips are my favorite." I heard the kissing girl say to her partner. I knew instantly it was
Georgia; the girl I loved; the girl I was going to propose to. That pint of coke was so bitter, I haven't
drunk coke since.
©
8 Copyright CAE Computer Aided USA Corporation - Computer Aided Elearning, S.A.
READING LEVEL C1
A NICE CUP OF TEA
1. Bring mineral water to a boil in a kettle, with a teapot ready, having been previously warmed
with boiled tap water.
2. Loose tea is preferred to tea bags as the quality tends to be superior. Add to the pot one
teaspoon for each person plus one for the pot.
3. Pour the freshly boiled water into the teapot and stir once in a clockwise direction. Leave the
tea to brew for 3 to 5 minutes.
4. Pour a little cold milk into the cups before serving the tea. Sugar may be added to taste. Tea can
be enjoyed at any time of day and in all circumstances, not just at 5 o'clock.
The British are widely believed to be the greatest tea drinkers on Earth. However, in countries
where tea is cultivated an even larger quantity is consumed regularly.
Generally speaking, it is drunk without milk or sugar in the Orient; and frequently it accompanies
meals.
In Japan, it is associated with an elaborate ceremony, while the Tibetans add yak butter
transforming it into a substantial drink appropriate to their hostel climate, but repulsive to the
majority of foreigners.
Tea is thought by some to have therapeutic, almost magical properties, but is also known to
contain tannin, which is harmful in large amounts.
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READING LEVEL C1
THE LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY THE

ORIGINAL SETTLERS
The term British English refers to the English used in the United Kingdom, as well as all the dialects
used in the whole of the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the term American English refers to
the English in the United States, as well as all the dialects used in the aforementioned country.
Over the past 400 years, the forms of language used in

the United States and the ones used in the United
Kingdom have diverged in a few ways. Consequently,
nowadays, we find some differences in pronunciation,
grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuation, idioms and
in some formats, for example, in dates and numbers.
In this text we focus on the differences in vocabulary.

Many words mean very different things on each side of
the Atlantic. Sometimes, each variety of English uses a
different word to refer to the same concept and
sometimes the same word has different meanings.
American English is sometimes faithful to the language

that was spoken by the original settlers. That's why
American English speakers use the word "fall" that meant
autumn in Elizabethan English; they also maintain the
meaning of "mad" as angry and "mean" as "unpleasant".
The North Americans were influenced by other nationalities too. For example, "cookie" was
introduced by the Dutch and nowadays, it is used to talk about a small, flat cake that is dry and
usually sweet, in other words, a "biscuit" in British English.
However, there are many more differences. For example, in the United States a "purse" is a
handbag, whilst in British English it's something that's in a handbag.
For the British, "flat" is a noun that means a set of rooms for living, usually in a building, whilst North
Americans would use the noun "apartment" to refer to this type of house.
If a North American went out to dinner in a "vest" and "pants", he would be wearing a "waistcoat"
and "trousers", while an Englishman would be underdressed to say the least!
Moreover, pedestrians in the United Kingdom walk on "pavement" on each side of the road and
drivers fuel their vehicles with "petrol". In the United States pedestrians walk on "sidewalks" and
drivers use "gas" to fuel their vehicles.
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READING LEVEL C1
SELF-DRIVING CARS
Self-driving cars, which are currently being tested on our roads, may soon be more common in our
streets and residential areas. There's no need to be alarmed. You may think it would feel weird to
travel in a driver-less vehicle, but I beg you to reconsider. It would be just like traveling on the top
deck of a double-decker bus except the automobile would be truly automatic. When you're upstairs
on the bus you have a huge windshield which you can see the world through, and you don't have to
concentrate on driving. You can really take everything in or if you're tired you can fall asleep to the
gentle drone of the engine. A car without a driver would be very much the same; you would be a
passenger with the chance to step in and take control or relax and go to sleep. But, on a bus or in
the passenger seat of a car, you're still relying on human reactions.
Reaction time or thinking time, when simplified,

can be considered to be around 1.5 seconds for a
human. Of course, in reality, actual reaction time
varies according to many factors. Apart from the
thinking time, if a driver needs to step on the
brakes really quickly, then he still has to move his
foot off the accelerator and onto the brake pedal.
However, in autonomous cars, the driver has been
laid off, we no longer have to factor in the thinking
time and reaction speed. Laser guided and
computer controlled systems mean the pedals can
be pressed in an instant or the steering wheel can
be instantaneously engaged in order to swerve
past somebody who has stepped onto a pedestrian
crosswalk before they should have done.
So, these cars that have no drivers could make our neighborhoods safer. That is one hopeful
outcome of the project, but another benefit will be the economic possibilities. Automotive and
engineering companies are spending a fortune developing this technology because they are aware
of the profit that could be made. You may think that the money will be made by selling these cars
to consumers, but you would be wrong and you can be forgiven for misunderstanding the market.
The real financial opportunities will be found in the automation of logistics and public transport. So
we will have trucks, buses and taxis with no drivers which will drastically reduce costs. For the
moment, we can rest assured that we will still be able to enjoy driving. And we must remember to
enjoy driving because the gas engine, whose satisfying rumble makes grown men feel like giddy
schoolchildren, is something that won't last forever as we move into an age of electric cars.
One day we will have to wave goodbye to the V6 petrol engine. Fossil fuels, whose emissions are
responsible for leaving the environment in a terrible state, are a finite resource. Our only option is
to find an equivalent alternative, but many people think driver-less cars are unnecessary. What will
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READING LEVEL C1
the bus drivers, mailmen, truck and taxi drivers do when their jobs are taken by computers? Perhaps,
initially they will still be needed to put on a spare tire if there's a puncture, but it is not inconceivable
that this process will also, one day, be automated. Then what will they do? This question is one that
many of us will have to tackle. As computers and robotics become more and more advanced, they
will inevitably become increasingly better at doing our jobs. This is just one ethical issue that arises
in a world of artificial intelligence. Here is another: imagine two people step into the road in front
of a driver-less car, the car can miss one person and hit the other. How does it know what to do?
Who should it hit?
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READING LEVEL C1
THE TRUTH GAME
As a youngster, I used to go hiking with a group of friends, none of whom particularly enjoyed the
usual teenage pastimes of drinking, dancing and such.
On one of these trips a guy whose name I've forgotten suggested playing the game of "Truth".
Each player must tell the others about something that supposedly happened to him or her. If
someone believes they are lying, one can challenge and gain a point if that's so.
Some of the stories were obviously nonsense. For example, a girl named Pauline claimed that she
was in telepathic communication with a martian. And my best friend at the time, Eric Turner,
explained how he had traveled back to the days of Nostradamus in order to discover how he had
made his predictions. We all had a good laugh over these. However, others were rather more
interesting.
We all had a good laugh over these. However, others were even more interesting. There was that
pretty girl who said she had a near death experience after suffering an accident and she described
how she witnessed a review of her entire life while moving towards a loving presence at the end of
a tunnel.
Someone else told us he had been cured of a serious illness by a faith healer and I recall that he
insisted it was true, even when challenged.
However, the tale that impressed me the most was told by a quiet boy with a faraway look in his
eyes. He said he had once been introduced to a person who was familiar to him and they had both
realized at the same instant that they had first met in a dream.
Of course we didn't believe this, but our friend denied making it up.
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READING LEVEL C1
DRAWING AND PAINTING THERAPY

GROUP
Let your subconscious reveal secrets through

images to gain an understanding of your inner
conflicts.
Join us on Thursday mornings from ten to twelve

thirty.
No artistic ability necessary.
All ages welcome.
Please call: 382-7946 for more information.
It is natural for human beings to want to express themselves creatively.
Moreover, what we choose to represent and how we do so speaks volumes about our state of
mind and health. Just as we can mentally visualize positive circumstances during relaxation
exercises, so we can transfer these images onto paper.
We can learn to use color for our well-being. Psychologists have demonstrated that dark or dull
colors are associated with negative feelings; black symbolizes dispair, while blue is the color of
health and violet suggests spirituality. Red, reminding us of blood, means danger.
Many objects have a common significance in the language of the subconscious; others are
personal. For example, a house represents oneself, but a particular characteristic of the house like
the shape of a window or a piece of furniture may recall our childhood.
Minute figures in one corner of the canvas may warn of low self-esteem, while very fast and bold
movements suggest anxiety. Our painting and drawing sessions are followed by a discussion
during which we exchange ideas and impressions, helping one another come to terms with hidden
fears and desires.
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READING LEVEL C1
REVEALING YOUR LUCK
Astrology.
Reliable astral charts reveal your true self. Exact

time of birth essential. Call: 689-2454.
Tarot by Sylvia.
Worried about love? Money? I can put your mind

at rest. Telephone: 667-9487
Learn to interpret your dreams and discover your

inner world. Dreamstudio. 774-8162
Hynosis.
Cure childhood traumas. We are professionals. Call Leo: 431-7528
Palm reading.
Find out what the future holds for you. Ariadne: 389-6221
Find your lucky number by adding all the figures in your date of birth. Example. January 15th, 1980.
one plus five plus one plus one plus nine plus eight plus zero equals twenty-five. Two plus five is
seven. Numerological studies: 812-6485
Are you psychic? We are a self-help group who meet regularly. Realize your potential. Rosa: 226-
1158.
Haunted house? Possession? This is REALITY, not fiction. Ghosthunters can help: 388-4772
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READING LEVEL C1
LEGENDS OF THE MYSTERIOUS MONARCH
There is a story, which has been told for centuries, that is so popular in England that it was one of
the first books ever published there. It is the legend of one of the most iconic monarch's in British
history; although, funnily enough, he probably never even existed. The world famous King Arthur
had a mysterious background in the literature of the Dark Ages. He first makes an appearance in the
9th century book, 'History of the Britons' by Nennius. In 'History of the Britons,' however, he is not
a king. He is, apparently, a 6th century Welsh general, but he is only mentioned briefly and the
account of his life is not very persuasive.
It's not until after the Norman conquests that Arthur appears again in English literature. This time,
he's the king that we recognize and fondly recall today; the noble monarch in the tale with knights,
dragons, wizards and magical swords. It was the Welsh monk Geoffrey of Monmouth who wrote
Arthur's story, for the second time, in his book, 'History of the Kings of Britain.' Despite Geoffrey of
Monmouth claiming that 'History of the Kings of Britain' was translated from an ancient manuscript,
historians at the time announced that his book was made up nonsense. But his emphasis on the
romanticized magical history of a Celtic warlord made the book extremely popular with both the
Norman conquerors and the oppressed Anglo-Saxons. Geoffrey of Monmouth regularly mixed
factual events with mythical stories which gave the book a sense of historical truthfulness.
When Henry II of England married Eleanor of Aquitaine, French and English literature became mixed
and interwoven in their courts. The Arthurian legend, as well as being loved in England, was
particularly popular in the Celtic area of the north of France. Towards the end of the 12th century,
Chretien de Troyes, a writer in the royal courts, wrote incessantly about the adventures of King
Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Chretien added more layers to the legend such as the
famous knight, Lancelot. Another addition by Chretien was Perceval; the knight that rode into the
distance in search of the Holy Grail.
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READING LEVEL C1
The combination of myth, legend, truth, religion and chivalry meant that the story remained popular
for centuries to come and when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1439, books
started to be manufactured on a huge scale. Once again a new version of the legend appeared, but
this time there was an emphasis on themes of betrayal, murder and adultery in the love affair of
Guinevere and Lancelot. 'The Death of Arthur' by Thomas Malory was one of the first best sellers. It
was set in a dark landscape of love, lies and death which the English could comprehend as they had
just been involved in a violent civil war: The War of the Roses. It is Malory's version that became the
inspiration for all the books, plays and films which have been produced ever since, and the
popularity of the legend has never appeared to dwindle.
The fact that the story was so well-loved was particularly useful for the 16th century King Henry VIII;
the king who had six wives. He wanted to prove his worth to both his subjects and also to the
powerful Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The ideal way was to show that Henry VIII was descended
from the legendary King Arthur himself. In The Great Hall in Winchester hung Arthur's supposed
Round Table, first put up by King Edward III. Henry VIII had the table repainted with his image at the
head of the table. He succeeded in showing himself as Arthur's heir; a king who was continuing
Arthur's quest to make Britain great.
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BANKING TERMS AND FINANCE
New research shows young people still face (e.g.)

difficulties in accessing finance for the businesses
they want to start up. The reasons for these
problems have been connected to a lack of business
and financial experience, unworkable business
plans, poor credit ratings and large student loan
repayments, despite the government's
commitments to help tomorrow's new businesses
get ahead by providing capital to them.
Businesses owned by young entrepreneurs are newer and closer to the starting stage than
established ones, so sufficient levels of capital are a vital component in creating growth and
expansion. The financial help that is the most critical is working capital for day to day business. This
reason is similar to the needs of businesses run by other age groups. Even so, the fact that so many
new start ups are technology based means that these running costs are often lower, and the sums
required are normally less.
Yet these younger entrepreneurs are twice as likely to have their applications rejected by banks and
insurers. These institutions claim it would be irresponsible to accept more credit requests than they
presently do because most young people have not been clients at a bank for long enough, and
therefore, have neither a good nor bad credit history. Bankers say that in these situations it is safer
to reject a claim than to accept it. However, current business leaders suggest the mentality of these
institutions is too conservative and that credit histories are not a reliable way of predicting success.
Perhaps it is because of these restrictions that the majority of young entrepreneurs who used to
request debt financing from traditional banks and insurers is now turning to crowd-funding and
online lending. Capital available through these alternatives is growing quickly and this very same
adaptability of young business people to this reality is encouraging.
The best news is that those who did not apply for credit mostly reported it was because their
businesses are not in need of any. Nevertheless, significant numbers of young business people
avoided applying sure this would end in rejection or because they could not afford to lose all their
personal assets. It is a shame to think their brilliant plans could sink before they even had the chance
to get started.
Luckily, another way exists for tomorrow's leaders to find a way past these inflexible perspectives,
as younger entrepreneurs can often apply for government programs that older business owners
cannot because their ages exclude their access to them.
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MORE PEOPLE THAN EVER ARE

CHANGING BANKS
Statistics suggest people are more likely to move to another country rather than change their
current account, but increasing numbers of account holders are switching to other banks after years
of lasting loyalty. More recently, the majority of those taking their business to new entities had held
their accounts with the High Street giants.
The speed of current account switching is on the rise and traditional banks have been noticing how
much business they are losing fast. That may be so, but almost all have not acted quickly enough,
and those few who have, have experienced different levels of success. Looking at what is on offer,
it appears that the banks are not sure what is taking their once faithful customers away, nor how to
attract new clients on board. Perhaps in desperation, some have taken the drastic step of offering
cash, and nearly all now offer accounts free from bank charges while customers do not go
overdrawn.
Comparison websites like switch4u.com reckon this growing consumer confidence, and increasing
competition, means people are now starting to vote with their feet when they're unhappy, and walk
away. Other consumer groups agree and predict these changes will make banks better prepared by
continuing to invent better deals.
In all, thousands have moved their accounts, and the question the banks should respond to is: what
makes switching so wise a move; how can we win more people over than the competition?
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With many online accounts the simple convenience of not needing to queue is enough reason for
many to change. Yet, this simple improvement of services is no longer an advantage as all banks
now provide free internet banking. According to swith4u.com, the appeal of interest being paid on
balances is certainly a major selling point. "More often than not, today's answer to saving is simpler
than the range of accounts people in their fifties and sixties grew up using. Combined accounts, as
well as reduced prices for paying a wide range of bills, including utilities, taxes and mobile phone
services, are what customers want nowadays' claims Angie Fishguard, a legal expert who compares
the small print in the contracts the banks provide for switch4u.com costumers. Based on her
experience, she warns that ' banks that reward customers with attractive incentives sometimes
make the account difficult to compare at a glance with offer from other operators."
Since September 2013 the process of switching banks has been streamlined to take less than a week,
with the industry guaranteeing the change will be complete in seven working days.
All a customer needs to do is to contact the bank to which they wish to switch the account, and its
staff will make all the arrangements. There is no need to even talk to the old bank, and many banks
allow the whole switch to be done online. Previously, mistakes, delays and disputes were common,
but these are things of the past.
However, there is an unforeseen problem customers often come across when switching accounts
and that is the issue of gaining access to old statements, something you will need if you are applying
for a mortgage, for example.
The easiest way to avoid all this is to print off all the information you think you might need before
you switch and keep it just in case.
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NEW YORK HOUSING SHORTAGE
New York City has become the epicenter of the affordable housing crisis. More and more, poor an
elderly people have been in risk of homelessness. What can the city of New York do to tackle this
problem?
New York mayors have tried to solve this problem over the last decades by renovating rundown
buildings subsidizing rent and construction costs. This has helped some families, but there is still a
great majority of people that need affordable apartments. This number of people only increases by
the year.
Rents in the city have dramatically increased by 75% between 2000 and 2014 according to New York
City Comptroller's Office.
Another public housing problem is the deteriorating condition of the buildings. The New York City
Housing Authority manages with more than 178,000 apartments and has to face $6 billion in capital
repairs.
Federal aid for public housing is unlikely to come back but the city needs to find alternative sources.
The new administration should consider a new plan for this enormous challenge and help solve this
problem as soon as possible.
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One of the solutions is the My Micro NY. This project was organized by former New York mayor,
Michael Bloomberg and sponsored by the city's Department of Housing Preservation and
Development. This pioneering project consists of an affordable modular residential tower that is
almost near to completion.
These prefabricated units are currently rising on a site in downtown Manhattan and are aimed to
produce additional, affordable housing choices for one and two-person households.
My Micro NY has nine stories and contains 55 units ranging from 250 to 370 square feet. These new
apartments are so small that the project had to receive an exemption since apartments are not
allowed to be smaller than 400 feet nor a building of micro-units.
It will be the first micro-unit apartment building in New York and also the first multi-unit building
featuring modular construction in Manhattan.
"The project focuses on quality and livability through features that highlight the use of space, light
and air," said the architecture of the design.
This idea has been warmly welcomed by the people, but has this really solved the whole problem?
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COMPANY'S GOALS
Dear Staff,
I am writing this monthly newsletter in order to take this opportunity to mention what a privilege it
has been to bear witness to the continued high standard of work we have all maintained this year.
What follows is a brief outline, a little pamphlet, if you will, which documents how we are doing so
far this financial year.
We have made strong moves to establish our online presence, and results are higher than the
forecast which we made last quarter. Making our services more accessible to the public has meant
we have been able to provide customers with a more personal, consistent service; we have had very
positive feedback as regards our online chat tool, which members of the public can use to hold a
conversation with staff here. Transaction details are also now more accessible than ever, and this
has resulted in exceptionally positive feedback. We are also finding a growing interest in the banking
services we offer, and the ability to offer an option to suit everyone's needs. Offering wider access
to the public and being a more transparent company is of paramount importance.
Although we welcome people who only want

to apply for a loan, cash a check, or deposit
savings, we want to attract customers who
desire a range of options when it comes to
their money, and we want the scope of
services to be wide and varying.
Considering our fast growth this quarter, it is

no surprise that our organization has become
one of the most successful commercial banks.
Our international strategy has been evolving
too, with higher than normal returns on
investments.
In principal, the initial outlay in profits that our partner companies are set to receive this year is
record-breaking. Indeed, all statistics point to another award winning year for our own organization
as well as those closely associated with us.
According to our weekly research, our new platinum service has been seen as the best solution for
the investor with a large budget. This service has few customers that are eligible, so we should aim
to offer the highest services possible. We must also vary our marketing strategy in order to reach
an even wider audience.
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We have faced difficulties in securing funding for our more entrepreneurial projects but you, the
employees, have risen to the challenge. We also want to establish a consistent relationship with the
non-profit sector, and maintain this over the coming years.
Setting goals and achieving those goals; that is what we are truly about. It's a bold statement, but
one that we try to live by.
The final point I wish to mention, which is important to us all, is the upcoming ten year anniversary
celebrations. All employees are recommended to book their place on the coach as soon as possible,
to avoid any unnecessary disappointment (unless you are organizing your own transport)!
So, in closing, thank you again for all your efforts. This organization is nothing without its hard-
working staff. You make this company. I look forward to seeing some familiar faces at the
celebration.
Keep up the great work.
Many thanks,
Richard Waring
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DICTIONARY USE
Study 1 / 'st^di/ n.
1 [U] The activity of learning about one or more subjects - The study of history.
2 [C] A room where one studies or works.
3 [C] A deep investigation into a subject - E.g.: "He is making a study of teenage crime.”
4 [U; C often pl.] Subjects one learns about. E.g.: "How are your studies going?"
5 [C] A piece of music used to practise and develop technique.
6 [C] A drawing or painting of an object or detail.
Study 2. Vt.
1 To learn about one or more subjects - E.g.: “I'm studying at University.”
2 To make a careful examination - E.g.: “We are studying your application.”
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PEACE PILGRIM
Whatever you think of the philosophy, there's no denying that she was an exceptional woman.
Some dedicate their lives to voluntary work; others feel called to pray in a convent - Peace
Pilgrim's mission was to walk and to talk to whoever cared to listen.
Who ever was she?
Known only as "Peace Pilgrim" she kept her name and age secret, feeling that her message was
the important thing. She described herself as deeply religious although she identified with no
organized religion. She lived in America, a fairly ordinary life, until one day in 1938 when it dawned
on her that everything she was doing was meaningless. That day she made a decision: that she
would live in order to give, and not to get.
What did she do?
She started to walk fifteen years later and vowed to keep moving "until mankind has learned the
way of peace, walking until I am given shelter and fasting until I am given food". She spoke to
groups and individuals whenever interest was shown and answered letters from whoever wrote to
her. Her pilgrimage lasted 28 years until she died in a road accident in 1981. Her health was
excellent till the end.
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What was her message?
World peace begins with inner peace.
Whatever we do, wars will continue if there is conflict within ourselves. She felt we were at a
critical stage; that the time had come to make a choice, to decide which side we are on. However
hard it may seem, according to Peace Pilgrim, it's time we grew up.
How did people react?
Needless to say she attracted attention wherever she went; she was usually given whatever she
needed (she carried no money) and even the violent and disturbed fell under her spell. Her
peaceful, compassionate attitude persuaded an alcoholic to stop drinking and prevented a rough
bully from attacking a young girl. An angel in disguise? A harmless lunatic? Whoever she was, it
seems she couldn't be ignored.
An encounter.
I was privileged to meet Peace Pilgrim back in 1976. When I saw this elderly but sprightly woman
in her blue shirt, pants and tunic, I thought, what ever is she doing? Her cheerfulness and the way
she strode so confidently intrigued me, so I approached her.
"Good morning!", I said.
"Good morning!" she beamed at me and I was struck by the light in her clear blue eyes.
"Are you marching for peace?" I asked, noticing the lettering on her tunic, and "You seem to have
left the others behind".
At this she slowed down to stroll with me a while and explain her purpose.
My impression was of an intelligent, sincere person with extraordinary vitality and a total absence
of fear. When asked if she had ever run into trouble, she told me that a disturbed teenager had
once attacked her, but he had immediately been disarmed when she responded to him with
kindness instead of aggression.
I don't think one can remain indifferent in the presence of a person like that; she forces you to
take a look at your own life. What you do next is your own responsibility.
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WOMEN ADVENTURERS
For some, "adventure is the only reason for living", as orientalist, Alexandra David-Neel stated.
Women such as Menie Muriel Dowie, who dressed up as a boy so as to travel more freely, would
have agreed with her, as would female pioneers like: Amelia Earhart, who crossed the Atlantic and
the Pacific solo by plane; or Jacqueline Cochran who broke the sound barrier, Gertrude Ederlé, who
swam the English Channel. As daring as any man, these women adventurers defied social
conventions, ignoring accusations of being unfeminine. But sometimes one wonders if they were
not running away from a limiting society in search of freedom, rather than towards a definite goal.
Be that as it may, these travelers have left a valuable legacy in the form of diaries, collections and
such like.
Marianne North was born into a middle-class English family in 1830. Her youth was spent caring for
her sick father. As soon as he died, she took up oil painting from nature, and she started to travel.
At last, she found contentment in solitude and constant movement and, as she traveled, she painted
breathtaking scenes in every corner of the world: South Africa, the Seychelles, Borneo, Australasia,
the Americas. She voyaged as if possessed. Her vast collection of paintings is on permanent
exhibition at Kew Botanical Gardens. Marianne died in 1890.
Fanny Bullock Workman lived from 1859 to 1925. She left her native America as a young girl and
travelled with her husband from Europe to Africa and the Middle East. But Fanny was no submissive
little wife! The two of them cycled over the Atlas Mountains to the Sahara, through China and India,
then took up mountaineering. In 1906, she reached Nun Kun peak in the Himalayas, thus breaking
the women's altitude record. And as she did so, she set up a placard reading "Votes for Women!"
Together with her husband, Fanny wrote a number of travel books.
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Margaret Elizabeth Fountain, born in 1862, was English and started her travels by chasing her lover
to Ireland, later, travelling with another lover, Khalil Neimy, through Syria to Turkey, Algeria, Spain,
the Caribbean and on to Australia. Here, they parted, but Margaret continued on to America, New
Zealand. She collected some 20,000 butterflies as she went, but it seems as if she was far from
happy, and used her travels to fill what she called "the great void". She died in 1940, with a butterfly
net in her hand.
Alexandra David-Neel was born in 1868 and lived to the age of 101! She was Parisian, and started
travelling at an early age as she was fascinated by Eastern philosophy. She toured India as well as
Central Asia and spent two years as a hermit in the Himalayas. Here, too, she met Yongden, who
became her closest companion, but whom she treated rather like a child. In 1923, she disguised
herself as a pilgrim on her journey to Lhasa in Tibet, so as not to be seen as a threat to the society.
David-Neel left us scholarly books on Buddhism and when she died her ashes were scattered in the
Ganges River in the Buddhist tradition.
Gertrude Blom, a Swiss journalist, experienced almost the entire twentieth century as she lived from
1901 to 1993. After unsuccessfully fighting Nazism in Germany, she traveled to Mexico, where she
delved into the deepest forest in search of the Lacandones people. She found a community living
almost like Stone Age man, but whom she considered simply as fellow human beings. The natives
wore long tunics and never cut their hair. Her endeavor to save the Lacandones was also
unsuccessful, as they are now almost extinct. However, she left an invaluable collection of
photographs, articles and books.
Dervla Murphy is a contemporary writer of travel books, born in Ireland in 1932. At the age of ten,
she secretly decided she would cycle to India; twenty years later she did so. Her journey took her
through Persia, Afghanistan, the Himalayas and Pakistan. As a woman traveling alone, she faced all
kinds of dangers from extreme weather conditions to an encounter with wolves, but Dervla was not
frightened by risk. The trek, which took her six months, was recorded in a diary and published as
"Full Tilt". She later went on to undertake more journeys, for example, in the Andes with a donkey,
and to write more travel books.
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TELEPHONING
- Hello?
- Hello, could I speak to Mr. Wood, please?
- I'm afraid he's out. Would you like to leave a
message?
- Yes. Can you tell him Miss Avis called, umm,
it's about his son, Thomas. I'm his teacher, you
see... umm...
- Shall I ask him to call you back?
- If you would: tomorrow morning if possible.
- Right. Oh, let me make a note of your number!
- Oh, yes. It's 393-4486.
- 393-4486. OK. Goodbye.
- Goodbye.
- Hello?
- Hello. Is John at home?
- No, I'm afraid not.
- Oh dear! Well, do you think I could leave him a message?
- Sure. Hang on a moment while I get a pen... Right, go ahead.
- It's Charles. I'm calling about the meeting with the new clients tomorrow.
- Yes?
-The time's been changed, so it's at four thirty instead of three thirty.
- OK. Do you want John to call you back?
- No, no. There's no need.
- Right. I'll see he gets the message.
- Thanks so much.
- That's alright. Bye.
- Hello?
- Oh, hello. Is that Mr. John Wood?
- No, he's not in at the moment, actually.
- Ah... well, would you tell him Classics bookstore called? The book he ordered has come in.
- Yes, I'll give him your message. Bye-bye.
- Thank you. Goodbye.
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FORMAL LETTERS AND CUSTOMER

SERVICE
PLAY FAIR.
45 Dikcon Street
Sacramento
Tel. 345-7689
Fax. 765-8790
Dear Mr Price,
We will be delighted to welcome you to the eighth Annual Toy Manufacturers' Fair, to be held at
the Sacramento Exhibition Centre from June 17 to 20 inclusive.
Please find enclosed a programme of events together with details of the hotel booking that has been
made as requested.
I trust these arrangements are convenient. Should you have any queries, please do not hesitate to
contact me at the above telephone or fax number.
I look forward to meeting you at the participants' dinner on the evening of 17 June.
Yours sincerely.
Marilyn Crewe
Fair organizer
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FUN AND GAMES.
15 Monroe Street
Riverside, CA 92506
Anne Masters
212 Parker Street
Berkeley, CA 94704
Dear Ms Masters,
We are a new company, producing and distributing leisure related products and, particulary, adults'
table and board games.
Having visited your stand at the Sacramento Toy Fair, we would be interested in receiving
information about your adult games.
Could you, therefore, send us your catalogue and wholesalers' price list?
Thanking you in advance, we look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely.
John Price
Director
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COLDS & FLU
The common cold is about the most widespread illness in the world, and it's certainly the most
infuriating! It's not at all serious, but that blocked up feeling is so uncomfortable, and it accounts for
a great deal of absenteeism at work and school. A cold is not actually caused by low temperatures,
although they do make us more susceptible to the virus (or viruses), as there are so many that an
effective vaccine is all but impossible to find. Herbalists will tell us it's the body's way of getting rid
of toxic substances, but it's hard for anyone to welcome a cold.
Treating colds and flu
Unfortunately there is no effective treatment, the best we can hope to do is either stimulate the
symptoms, thus reducing their duration, or else suppress them with painkillers, nose spray, cough
medicine and so on.
General advice
It is advisable to drink plenty of liquid: water, citrus-fruit juices (rather than taking synthetic vitamin
"C") and infusions. You may like to try wild rose or elderberry tea. Steep one teaspoonful in boiled
water for ten minutes, strain and drink right away. Herbal practitioners recommend that one add a
crushed garlic clove to the classic honey and lemon remedy.
You would do well to try gargling with an infusion of camomile, blackberry leaves or rosemary and
honey if your throat is sore.
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They say you should eat little and rest a lot. The best thing is to follow your instinct. In any case,
you would do well to apply a few drops of eucalyptus oil to your chest before trying to sleep in
order to clear your head.
Some people suggest that one wrap up warm and sweat it out and then, take a lukewarm shower.
Others prefer a hot bath; add two drops of thyme oil, two drops of eucalyptus and three of lemon.
Prevention is better than cure!
Eat plenty of raw fruit and vegetables for those essential vitamins.
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Isn't it time you gave up smoking?
It won't do you any harm to take more exercise outdoors. What about jogging or mountain
walking?
It is important that one avoid polluted areas as far as possible, and keep heating to a minimum.
They say we would do well to finish our morning shower with ten seconds of cold water.
If you are over 65, or suffer from a respiratory illness, you really ought to have the flu vaccine.
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DEPRESSION
It is known as the ailment of Western civilization, especially common in the USA, and is likely to
become the number one mental illness of the 21st century; depression is often associated with
progress and the emphasis our society places on speed and competition. At this moment, it affects
some 150 million unfortunates, and it is on the increase.
Women are twice as likely as men to succumb, but it is also more probable that they will recognize
the problem and look for help, whereas men may react aggressively and are five times more likely
to commit suicide. In both sexes, middle age is certainly the riskiest time.
Psychologists tell us there are three types of depression reactive, which is a response to traumatic
circumstances such as the death of a loved one; adaptive, where the reaction is more extreme and
prolonged; and endogenous depression, in which the cause appears not to be outside the patient,
but within. Most people succeed in overcoming reactive depression, but the severely depressed are
unable to recover on their own.
What exactly is the nature of depression? It is characterized by lack of self-esteem coupled with an
acute sense of loss and probably arises from unexpressed anger turned against the self, which
consumes a vast amount of energy. There is also an element of self-punishment.
The causes are not always clear, but depression, almost certainly, links with the past and aspects of
the self that one is unable to accept. Childhood trauma, major changes and prolonged stress are
bound to have an influence. It may well result from allowing others to take control of our lives and
taking a submissive or self-sacrificing attitude. Alternatively, some blame hormonal alterations or
chemical imbalance, even genetics. Any debilitating illness may lead to depression.
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Symptoms vary a great deal, but the patient will probably complain of sadness, fatigue, apathy and
lack of concentration. Relating to others becomes increasingly difficult, and sufferers take no
pleasure in activities they used to enjoy. Irritability, self-pity and despair are common, as are anxiety
and panic attacks. Physical symptoms may include headaches, palpitations, constipation and
insomnia.
So what can be done to help? Fortunately, there are many things you can do in the face of mild or
moderate depression. Firstly, it is important that you manage to focus on positive rather than
negative aspects of life. You are hardly likely to cure your depression unless you take responsibility
for your own well-being and learn to accept yourself as you are. Then, you would do well to analyze
your situation and try to discover what you need to change. In doing so, you will probably learn
valuable lessons and may succeed in becoming more mature. It is advisable too to pay attention to
your diet and to balance exercise and relaxation.
However, if the symptoms persist, it is absolutely essential that one seek professional help. Perhaps
the most effective type of treatment is a combination of antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy,
which is now available in a variety of forms.
I used to be a fairly cheerful sort of bloke, without too many problems. Then, all of a sudden, I was
made redundant and my world collapsed around me. I'd been in the same job ever since I left school,
and I probably would have stayed there till I retired: but there I was at the age of 45, unemployed!
I just couldn't manage to get used to the idea. I felt so useless! At first I went after jobs, but, little
by little, I lost interest and gave up trying. I wasn't capable of anything other than just keeping myself
alive and sometimes even that seemed like too much effort. I'd very likely have spent the rest of my
life like that, if a mate of mine hadn't persuaded me to have therapy; I'd certainly never have been
able to take the step on my own. I had to go to a support group as well and, somehow, I succeeded
in digging myself out of the hole I was in. Afterwards, you feel a more complete person. Mind you,
you have to work at it. It took me a couple of years.
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JOB HUNTING - INTERVIEWS
There are various ways to find a job in the United States. If you have just left school, or stopped
working for whatever reason, you should go to the job center, where you will be given an interview
and asked to fill in a form. Vocational courses will be available to you, and in due course you will
receive unemployment benefit. However, if you are offered a suitable position through the job
center, you are expected to accept it. You could also try a job agency. These find temporary
employees for their clients; often secretaries, receptionists or administrative workers. Just like at
the job center they interview applicants and take down their details.
One can also contact companies directly, by phone, by letter or by visiting personally, and it's always
a good idea to speak to as many people as possible. Another approach is to answer the small ads in
the newspaper. This too will normally lead to an interview.
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Hotel receptionist required for prestigious hotel in downtown Los Angeles.
Applicants must have pleasant manner and appearance.
No experience necessary.
Please FAX CV and photo to Marjorie Adams.
0171 3426844
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DOLPHIN THERAPY
Justin, aged three, suffers from cerebral palsy and has never spoken. Anna circles the boy at speed
but he ignores her attentions, until she stops and ever so gently approaches and brushes his cheek.
At this, Justin reaches out and embraces her, his expressionless face breaking into a smile. At their
second meeting, he utters his first ever word: "Anna". Many such physically handicapped or
emotionally wounded people have benefited from dolphin therapy. And those who have heard their
strange song or swum alongside dolphins often describe this as a spiritual experience. For Horace
Dobbs, founder of the Dolphin Therapy Center, it was like "flying with angels". Others speak of
optimism, joy and unconditional love; even of transformation.
But what is so great about dolphins? For one thing, their brain capacity is similar to our own, which
means that they can reflect and solve problems. For another, they are so sensitive as to appear to
be telepathic; they seem to relate to each human individual according to his or her special needs.
They are playful and possess a sense of humor. In dolphin communities, some family bonds last for
life and the young, sick and elderly are cared for with devotion.
Even so, all of this is not enough to explain their impact on a child like Justin. New-agers would have
us believe that they live in a permanent state of meditation and heal on a subtle energetic level. Be
that as it may, we would clearly do well to respect these extraordinary creatures and to learn from
them.
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ANIMAL RIGHTS
"The question is not whether animals have rights, but what gives humans the right to treat our
fellow creatures as we do". This is what Joyce D'Silva, director of "Compassion in World Farming",
would like to know. The organization, based in Petersfield, Hampshire strives to improve the
appalling living conditions of farm animals. Amongst their achievements is the official recognition
of these creatures as "beings that suffer" rather than simply economic commodities. Battery hens
spend their short lives in a minute space; pigs may die at six months, never having seen the light of
day during their miserable existence.
Nevertheless, this is not the only way in which Man exploits animals. Their use in medical research
is also under discussion. Our biological inheritance is, in some cases, so similar that organs may be
transplanted between species. No doubt this is a brilliant idea. However, the animals involved
benefit nothing from it.
Animals are sacrificed for our vanity and amusement too. A mink coat may look stunning on an
attractive woman, but many would say it looks even better on a mink. Zoos can provide an
invaluable contribution to conservation; however, the inmates do not always receive the correct
treatment. Animals are forced to perform in circuses and other spectacles. Human beings hunt for
pleasure while other species only do so out of necessity. Even our beloved pets are neglected and
abandoned when they become a burden.
Desmond Morris, the popular animal behaviorist, in his best-seller "The Naked Ape" analysed Man's
success as a species. He concludes that in our relationship with "other" animals we are always the
ones to get a better deal.
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ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE
Just how intelligent are our nearest relatives, the great apes? Researchers have experimented with
mirrors in order to find the answer to this question. For, only those who have an idea of the self can
recognize the reflection of that self. Children manage to do so between the ages of one and two.
Chimpanzees, genetically so close to us, showed recognition at about the age of seven, while most
other animals react as if to another of their species. Attempts at teaching gorillas and chimpanzees
to communicate with us have shown fascinating results. Several, notably Koko the gorilla and
Washoe a chimp, have mastered sign language and, nowadays, computers are used as a means of
communicating with apes.
But the uncomfortable question of whether we should measure intelligence by our standards
remains. Is not the behavior of many animals more "intelligent" than our own?
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ANIMAL WRONGS
Director: Jason Downy
I was excited about this latest film from Downy as it's been a while since he's released anything; and
with such a star-studded cast and polemic subject matter, it promised to at least raise a few
eyebrows and ruffle a few feathers. Such high expectations are always dangerous and I wondered
if I was setting myself up for a fall when I saw the trailers which seemed to show a chaotic mash up
of random stories related to the theme of animal rights, but Downy is renown for his risk taking and
so I waited patiently for the release date.
That was last night, and this morning I can honestly say that I'm still suffering from the intensely
harrowing after-effects of the film. It has an 18 certificate and quite rightly so; it should also have,
in my opinion, some kind of warning about the gruesomely graphic nature of a couple of the stories.
I found myself involuntarily thinking about the inhuman conditions some of the cases showed, as
well as the terribly sad outcome for some of the animals.
Downy has chosen the hand held camera that he loved so much in the past, but has stayed away
from in his last two films, and it brings such a feeling of intimacy to his work, especially as each story
is told in such a poignant manner, that you forget you are watching actors and fake blood. The film
is made up of five, separate, stories which are linked to the theme of animal abuse and the industries
that surround it, as well as the cultural and ethical minefield that people tread every day when they
work in this world.
I felt that the film would have benefited from having some kind of central character, linking all the
cases together instead of them all being presented individually, albeit in an entwined style. It
became a little hectic at some points, with the action taking place in the UK, Turkey, Spain, Norway
and the USA with jumps from animal testing to bullfighting and then dog baiting. It will be shocking
for many people to be confronted by the harsh reality that some animals on this planet are subjected
to physical torture in the name of beauty or entertainment, or simply as in one of the stories, just
because it was too old to be of use when its owner went hunting. So, many of us are in the dark
about this issue.
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It's an ambitious and daring film with an array of talent that spans generations of British actors. I'm
not sure if the casting of the young star Leslie Bennett as the RSPCA inspector was appropriate, she
seemed too fresh and keen for what must be such a gruelling job, but she was convincing in her
passion for saving animals and giving them a decent life that anyone working in that field must have.
Harry Oldman was wonderful as the staunch activist, fighting to stop what he describes at one point
in the film as 'the exploitation of innocents in the name of vanity' and it is evident that the script
writers Jake Hellier and Kay Winner did their homework regarding the world of animal abuse and
rights, as the stories portray credible and heart-wrenching scenes that were based on actual cases.
The frustration of dealing with authorities and tradition is central to a couple of the stories which
focus on large-scale use of animals, as well as the contradictions and range of tolerance levels within
the world of animal activists. We see extremists alongside moderates, all of whom are given equal
weighting and credibility as the main aim of the film appears to be raising awareness rather than
purely preaching.
I would only recommend this film to people with strong stomachs and the ability to remove
themselves emotionally from the most shocking aspects of the theme. It is clear that Downy has
tried to represent as many sides of the issue as possible, not purely condemning the actions, but
also looking for the justification that is offered by many for their behaviour. This is a highly sensitive
issue where passions run high on both sides of the fence. The indignation felt by many who believe
that animals are possessions or inferior beings which are on earth to be used by humans,
interpreting verses from the bible as giving them the right to use animals as they see fit, is in sharp
juxtaposition with his core message that we as a species need to practice empathy and compassion
if we are to evolve.
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"THREE MEN IN A BOAT"
Jerome K. Jerome wrote his well-loved book "Three Men in a Boat, to say nothing of the dog," in
1889. Originally intended to be a historical document it was, he claimed, the true story of how Harris,
George and he, accompanied by Montmorency the dog, followed the Thames by boat from Kingston
to Oxford. However, the charm of the book lies in its affectionately humorous portrayal of human
nature, and this is what accounts for its immense and enduring popularity.
We had the river to ourselves, except that, far in the distance, we could see a fishing punt, moored
in mid-stream, on which three fishermen sat. We skimmed over the water, and passed the wooded
banks, and no one spoke.
I was steering...
...We seemed like knights of some old legend, sailing across some mystic lake into the unknown
realm of twilight, into the great land of the sunset.
We did not go into the realm of twilight; we went slap into that punt, where those three old men
were fishing.
We did not know what had happened at first, because the sail shut out the view, but from the nature
of the language that rose up upon the evening air, we gathered that we had come into the
neighborhood of human beings, and that they were vexed and discontented.
Harris let the sail down and then we saw what

had happened. We had knocked those three
old gentlemen off their chairs into a general
heap at the bottom of the boat, and they were
now slowly and painfully sorting themselves
out from each other, and picking fish off
themselves; and as they worked, they cursed
us not with a common cursory curse, but with
long, carefully-thought-out, comprehensive
curses, that embraced the whole of our career,
and went away into the distant future, and
included all our relations, and covered
anything connected with us - good, substantial
curses.
Harris told them they ought to be grateful for a little excitement, sitting there fishing all day, and he
also said that he was shocked and grieved to hear men their age give way to temper so.
But it did not do any good.
George said he would steer after that. He said a mind like mine ought not to be expected to give
itself away in steering boats. Better let a mere commonplace human being see after that boat,
before we jolly well all got drowned; and he took the lines, and brought us up to Marlow.
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THE BRONTË SISTERS
The lives of Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë are quite intriguing, like the books they wrote under
the pseudonyms of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, respectively. Such strikingly original works, as
Charlotte's "Jane Eyre" and Emily's "Wuthering Heights", have been highly influential in the
development of the Modern English novel.
The girls grew up with their brother, Branwell, on the lonely Yorkshire moors in the 1820s. Their
mother died in their infancy and their deeply religious aunt, Elizabeth Branwell, brought them up.
They were educated mainly at home, but briefly attended a school, of which Charlotte is highly
critical, as no sooner had they started, than two elder sisters, Maria and Elizabeth fell ill and later
died. Scarcely ever did Charlotte, Emily and Anne have contact with the outside world.
Yet, so intensely rich was their inner world that they created, together with Branwell, a highly
intricate fantasy land, about which they wrote endless stories and poems. As Charlotte put it, "we
were wholly dependent on ourselves and each other, on books and study".
Naturally, their experience of life was extremely limited. However, they endeavored to publish
their novels. Not only did they have trouble finding a willing publisher, but also "Wuthering
Heights" and Anne's "Agnes Grey" met a rather disappointing reception. "Jane Eyre", on the other
hand, was an immediate success and, while her brother destroyed himself with gin and opium and
her two sisters died of tuberculosis at around 30, Charlotte was the only one whose talent was
recognized within her lifetime.
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Charlotte Brontë: 1816-55
Novels: "Jane Eyre" (1847), "Shirley" (1849), "Villette (1853), "The Professor" (pub-posthumously:
1857)
Most outgoing of sisters, passionate nature.
"Jane Eyre": rebellious orphan, refuses to conform to tradition women's roles: independent.
Governess to Mr. Rochester, falls in love with employer. Jane discovers mad wife and escapes. At
last returns, wife dead in fire. Happy ending!
Psychological truth plus powerful language.
Jane: a complete person; mature love.
Emily Brontë: 1818-48
Novel: "Wuthering Heights" (1847)
Reserved nature.
Wuthering Heights: Original style. Contrast: raw emotions plus order and calmness. Violent
language. Simple plot: Catherine falls in love with Heathcliff, dark outsider, separated by class.
Revenge, tragedy. Love equals a force of nature. Critics shocked!
Anne Brontë: 1820-49
Novels: "Agnes Grey" (1847), "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall" (1848)
Religious. Worked as governess, used experience in "Agnes Grey". In "Tenant," wife deserts brutal
husband. Vivid accounts of women's experience. Psychological depth.
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BALLOON DEBATES
In a balloon debate each participant must take the role of a well-known figure from any historic
period. All these characters are supposedly travelling in a balloon when they find themselves in
danger of crashing due to excess weight. Therefore, they decide to throw one passenger overboard.
Each player has to make a speech in as convincing a way as possible, defending his or her right to
live and importance to humanity at large.
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I'LL GIVE YOU A CALL!
Man: And you'll never guess what he saw! There was Mrs. Whiskers in the wardrobe with her six
kittens.
Woman: Look at all those pussycats!
Child: Pussycats. Meow, meow.
Man: Which just goes to show that all's well that ends well.
Woman: They thought their pussy had got lost, didn't they? But she hadn't. She'd found a nice,
cosy place to have her kittens.
Man: Now, we're going down to the farm, where farmer Ned is feeding the animals.
Child: Look at the piggies!
Man: His two children, Jane and Mark, lend a hand.
Child: He's having more than his share, isn't he? He's a greedy pig!
Man: The chickens are very hungry. Now they're going to milk the cows.
Child: They're making a lot of noise! Moo, moo.
Woman: What a racket! Oh! Can you see the calves waiting for their mommies? Aren't they sweet?
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Mom: Come on, David, don't hang about! You'll miss the bus if you don't step on it!
David: It's all right, mom. That clock is fast. The bus is never on time anyway.
Mom: There's always a first time. Mandy, watch out, or...! Oh dear, let me kiss it better.
Dad: Where on earth are my keys?
Mom: How should I know? Have a look in the drawer.
Dad: It's OK. Got them. I'd better be off. Maybe back late this evening.
Mom: You'll be home for dinner though, won't you?
Dad: Should be. I'll give you a call otherwise.
Mandy: Bye, daddy.
Dad: Bye, sweetheart!
Mom: Goodbye, darling.
Dad: Bye, love.
David: Where's my lunch box, mom? I've got to go!
Mom: In your bag, in the front pocket. Goodbye love. Oh, by the way, it looks like rain. Take your
umbrella.
David: I can't be bothered.
Mom: Go on, better safe than sorry.
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Speaker 1: It's your round, Phil.

Speaker 2: Yes, I know, but I'm a bit hard upjust now. Had a lot of expenses lately...
Speaker 1: Oh, alright. I'll get this one. Same again everyone?
All: Yes
Speaker 2: So, what do you all think of the proposals?
Speaker 1: Well, I can't say I've ever seen eye to eye with Fielding; too full of himself if you ask me.
Speaker 2: Don't trust him myself. I think he's got something up his sleeve.
Speaker 1: Yes, I think you've hit the nail on the head there. Whole thing smells fishy to me.
Speaker 2: I agree but hang on a moment. Isn't that Keith over there? Keith!
Speaker 1: Keith, What a surprise!
Speaker 2: Keith! Long time no see. What've you been up to?
Speaker 3: Hello! How's things?
Speaker 3: Well, for a start...
Speaker 1: I'll be right back. Just going to ring my wife in case she's keeping dinner back.
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E-mail from David Leslie to Ken Rowland.

Hi Ken!
Thought I'd kill two birds with one stone by dropping you a line to invite you to a get-together at
my place on Saturday and asking you about the math homework. Can you make anything of it? Get
back to me on this matter (they say two heads are better than one, don't they?) By the way, keep
this to yourself, but I've got a date with Kerry next Friday. Yippee! Bet I won't get a wink of sleep
on Thursday night. Will let you know how it goes. Take care and don't do anything I wouldn't do.
Bye,
David
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A GUIDE TO THE SEYCHELLES
An earthly paradise for tourists in search of sun, sea and sand, as well as for the nature enthusiast,
is in view of the wealth of indigenous flora and fauna.
Background Information
The Seychelles form an archipelago, comprising

115 islands over an area of 240,000 miles,
situated some 100 miles east of Zanzibar, four
degrees south of the Equator. The climate is
tropical, temperatures varying between 75º to
86º Fahrenheit throughout the year. Generally
humid, January is the wettest month, July and
August are the driest. The main islands of
Mahé, Praslin and La Digue are at a distance of
approximately 30 miles from one another and
the overall population is about 80,000,
although one third of the islands are
uninhabited.
- Hello there! Did you have a good day?

- Wonderful! I went to the National Park.
- On Mahé?
- Mm, I hired a car for 1 dollar and 30 cents.
- That was good.
- Yes, I thought so. I filled her up and drove around a bit. Lovely weather too, it must've been at
least 90º F.
- What was the park like?
- Incredible! Have you seen those amazing coco-de-mer trees? Just the leaves are 45 feet long!
- Wow!
- And I was lucky enough to see a black parrot.
- They're really rare, aren't they?
- Yes, well, there are about 200 now, although they were down to 60 not so long ago. Oh! And I
also got to see those sweet little frogs. One of them can't have been bigger than 0.30 inches
long.
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AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE
- "Good morning. How are you today?"

- "Very well, thank you. And you?"
- "Fine, thanks"
Exchanges like the above can be heard every day in each of the five continents, for English is the
most widely spoken language in the world, due initially to colonization in the nineteenth century
and, subsequently, to the tremendous influence of the USA during the twentieth. The official
language of 44 countries, it is estimated that English is spoken by some 400 million people as their
first or second language. It is the mother tongue in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the United
States and much of Canada as well as the West Indies. Perhaps as much as 50 % of commercial
transactions are in English, as well as over 60 % of scientific papers. Thus, it is hardly surprising that
this is the most studied language in the world.
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ALTERNATIVE SCHOOLS
Jamie: How's it going Ken? Have you done the biology homework?
Ken: Oh! Hi Jamie. Yeah, do you want to copy?
Jamie: Oh yes! I couldn't make head nor tail of it. Give it here.
Ken: Hang on, it'll cost you.
Helen: What are you two up to?
Jamie: Nothing. What's it to you anyway, Helen?
Helen: I don't think Mr. Spears will be too pleased if he finds out you've been copying from each
other.
Ken: Look here! I don't need to copy from anybody. Besides, keep your nose out of other people's
business. Everyone knows that you are the teacher's pet!
Helen: That's a lie!
Ken: Go on, clear off! I'm bigger than you are.
Jamie: Alright, I'll give you a chocolate bar. Hurry up, or there won't be time!
Mr. Spears: Morning boys. That should've been done last night, Jamie.
Jamie: I was just finishing off. There!
Mr. Spears: Good. So perhaps you'd like to read your answers to the class after break.
Jamie: But, Mr. Spears, I ...
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We only need to eavesdrop on a typical classroom conversation to conclude that schools do not
transmit a passion for learning. In fact, many educationalists argue that they simply program
individuals to obey, to perpetuate a social order that has proved to be destructive. How can it be
otherwise, when the majority of teachers have no interest in experimenting and are content to
repeat themselves year after year?
So what is education? Is it to fill a child with information, or to provide that child with the tools he
needs to draw out what is unique within himself? A few people have identified an urgent need for
a different type of school, one that believes in children and respects their wisdom and creativity.
Maria Montessori developed her methodology in Italy around the beginning of the 20th century.
She maintained that schools should adapt to children, who feed on affection and need space to
grow, but should not be guided before the age of six. The teacher's role is merely to remove
obstacles, never to reward or punish. Montessori's pupils choose their activities and are not to be
interrupted. Driven by their own enthusiasm, they learn to discipline themselves. It is, however, the
teacher's responsibility to keep the classroom orderly and attractive; to be gracious, amusing and
affectionate in her attitude towards the children. Today there are thousands of such schools all over
the world.
Rudolf Steiner opened the first Waldorf school in Stuttgart in 1919. Based on a profound
understanding of child development, this system is highly effective. It includes both homework and
examinations; the students themselves write and decorate their course books. They enjoy an
intimate relationship with their teacher for eight years. Waldorf teachers consider that emotions,
imagination and motor skills must be developed before intellect if we are not to cause permanent
damage to the young mind. Therefore small children play with pieces of wool and material, wooden
shapes and dolls. They paint, play music or bake bread all in a joyful and caring atmosphere.
A.S. Neill founded Summerhill in Suffolk, England in 1921, and remained as principal for fifty years.
Neill considered that emotional well-being is far more important than academic results and prided
himself on the happiness of his students, in a school with no discipline, no authority and optional
classes. Even teaching methods, he believed, were unimportant, as a motivated child will learn
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anyway, and the child who feels indifference for a subject will not. In Summerhill, all students and
teachers enjoy equal rights: and children, knowing they are loved and approved of, learn to believe
in themselves.
Krishnamurti understood that if society were to be transformed, our hope lay in the young; and so
in 1925 he opened the Rishi Valley School in India, followed by seven more, including Brockwood
Park in England. This is a college for 14 to 20 year-olds which aims to achieve academic excellence
without competition, but above all to awaken the mind, to teach young people to accept no
authority, to be ever alert. He felt also that distinctions should not be made between the religious
spirit and the scientific attitude. Inspired by his work, others have opened rural schools in recent
years to teach the poorer children in the Rishi Valley using language familiar to them and a method
called "The Joy of Learning".
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HAPPY FAMILIES
There can be little doubt that love and marriage are top priorities for most people, and that their
children's welfare is the first consideration of normal parents. Research even suggests that members
of genuinely happy families may live up to 30 % longer than their more solitary fellows. What's more,
women now enjoy almost equal opportunities and children's rights are also taken into consideration
nowadays. Clearly, the family group should provide the ideal environment for human beings to grow
and develop. Nevertheless, if one observes today's society, one perceives an increase in loneliness
and depression in youth and a tendency for couples to become estranged. Modern life leaves little
time for the communication on which human relationships are built.
PARENTAL GUIDANCE SCHEME
Parenting is something many of us go into with our eyes closed, expecting things to fall into place
naturally. However, we soon discover just how hard it is always to know what is best. On occasions
we have all heard parents scold their children too harshly, because they themselves are under
pressure, and everyone has observed teenagers growing away from their parents and perhaps
becoming out of control. This course has been created to provide aspiring parents with background
knowledge of what is involved in the upbringing of children and to teach them basic parenting skills.
These are some of the areas we shall be examining.
Emotional maturity of the couple.
It is unwise to be in too much of a hurry to start a family. First, it is a good idea to think about our
own childhood, for without doing so on purpose we are likely either to repeat the patterns most
familiar to us, or to do just the opposite of our own parents. Therefore, it is important to be aware
of and to resolve past conflicts.
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Respect for our children.
Every person is a unique being worthy of respect, and this applies to children as much as to adults.
We all catch ourselves taking a superior attitude and talking down to young people at times.
However, we must remember that while it is our duty to guide our children if they are in difficulties,
it would be wrong of us to choose the direction they are to take.
Free time activities.
Families need to spend time together and do things for fun; go on trips, for country walks and so
on. And children are never happier than when they are outdoors. It is also vital that toys be chosen
with care and we should always check what children are watching on television or, better still, watch
it with them. If we feel ourselves losing touch with the family due to work, we would do well to
rethink our priorities.
Responsibility and Punishment.
Even young children can be allotted simple tasks and be involved in family decisions. Overprotection
is always a mistake as a parent's role is to develop his or her child's independence. And don't imagine
that discipline is out of date. On the other hand, avoid careless words while you are in a bad mood
and never use ridicule. Firmness is the key.
Unconditional Love.
This simply means loving your child for what he is, not for what he or she does, accepting him with
all his shortcomings and not expecting anything in return for what you give him. Parents who
manage to do this are nurturing their children's self-esteem, which is any person's most valuable
possession.
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THE FOOD OF THE GODS
We have the Spanish to thank for the introduction of chocolate into the Eastern world. For cocoa
beans are presumed to have been brought over from Mexico by a Spaniard in 1520. These seeds
were known as "cacahuatl" by the Aztecs and the resulting drink "tchocolatl". They are supposed to
have used the precious beans as a form of currency.
Cocoa beans are cultivated in tropical rain forests, where the climate is suitably hot and humid, and
where they receive sufficient shade and protection from wind, that is, principally in West and
Central Africa, South and Central America and also South-East Asia.
Rich in phosphorous and magnesium, chocolate is supposed to provide energy for intellectual and
physical activity. A 20 g bar contains about 106 calories.
A cocoa pod is about 8 in. long and contains some 40 seeds. It needs five months to mature. Once
the fruit is an orange or yellowish color, and if it rattles when shaken, then the beans are ready to
be harvested. As soon as it has been picked, the pod is cracked open with a hatchet, care being
taken not to damage the beans.
These are then transported in 132 pounds sacks to local factories, where they will be left to ferment
in huge tubs, then washed and dried. This is done either mechanically, or under the sun for two or
three weeks. Once the beans are brittle, they are ready to be stored in a cool, ventilated place until
they are sent to the chocolate producers. Once they have been classified, the beans are converted
to a paste, which is heated in vats until it becomes liquid. To this cocoa butter, ground sugar and
spices is added. The liquid chocolate is poured into molds and allowed to cool.
The chocolate industry is estimated to be worth some $US 5 billion in world trade. However, the
market is subject to fluctuation and yields from plantations vary enormously from season to season
depending on favorable or adverse weather conditions. Such volatility affects the national budget
of many producer countries, for which earnings from cocoa production are a major source of
income. Thus, following the UN Cocoa Conference in 1973, the International Cocoa Organization
was founded in order to supervise and co-ordinate operations in the cocoa and chocolate sector
and to ensure that exporting countries derive reasonable income, so their development may be
encouraged.
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INSTRUCTIONS
THIS IS HOW IT'S DONE...
And the breathing exercise I'm going to describe to you now, is to be done daily, ideally before
meditation. It is to be repeated ten times; and amongst the benefits it brings are an increase in
vitality, mental clarity and emotional stability. It is believed to have been practised by Indian yogis
for many centuries, but often gets used simply as a relaxation exercise.
So, first of all, you get into the lotus position if you can, or if that's difficult just sit cross-legged on
the floor with your back straight, as you don't want your muscles to get strained, and your body
must be left to relax.
HOW TO MAKE A PHOTO FRAME
You will need:
Sheet of corrugated paper (stiff)
Coloured paper
Cutter
Ruler
Glue
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Favorite photographs frequently get lost or damaged and getting them framed can be expensive.
Here is an easy-to-make frame, elegant enough for any drawing room.
FOOD PROCESSOR
Operation.
Connect the appliance to the plug, after ensuring that the electrical voltage is compatible with the
appliance voltage. Select the speed required by turning the control switch to the left or to the
right. Use the button to initiate the processing cycle. The speed may be changed at any moment
without the appliance having to be switched off. It is recommended that the appliance be used in
a stop-start fashion, e.g., in bursts. This allows a better quality of processing to be obtained, and
places less of a load on the motor. It is not advisable to keep the appliance running for longer than
is necessary.
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Warning!
Always unplug the appliance before cleaning.
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THE FIRST AMERICANS
Hollywood has a lot to answer for: Native Americans, portrayed as savages in Western movies, were
until recently known as "red Indians" when they are neither red, the effect was due to ritual painting,
nor Indians, Columbus mistakenly believed he had landed in Asia. Curiously enough, the movie
industry is to blame for another error, although in this case it has succeeded in cleaning up the image
of these first Americans.
A letter, supposedly written by the "Indian" chief Seattle to the President of the United States was,
in fact, the work of an American screenwriter. This document referred to the essential links between
all elements of nature and warned of the consequences if this interdependence were not respected.
Despite the misunderstanding, it is undoubtedly true that in terms of spiritual and ecological
awareness, the natives were streets ahead of the white man, and even today we could probably
learn a thing or two from them.
These people: there were many entirely different tribes - lived in the presence of the sacred. They
believed in the tribal soul, for which each member of the community was responsible. Every aspect
of the natural world was endowed with a material and a spiritual nature. Consequently, they cared
for their environment, treating it respectfully; children were brought up communally and the elderly
were revered. Death was seen as a transition: the spirits of the dead, after a spell in the underworld,
returned as clouds and so were always present. Hunting was restricted, as the natives knew that
they depended on the permanence of their prey; and they appreciated and even apologized to the
animals they killed!
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Chief Seattle never wrote the letter attributed to him, but these words are his: "Every last inch of
this country is sacred to my people; even the dust beneath our feet responds warmly to us because
the soil is enriched with the history of our dead; but when the last redskin has disappeared from the
land, then these coasts will be filled with an invisible presence; and when your children think they
are alone in the fields, or in the silence of the woods, they will not be alone."
ELEMENTS OF NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE
TEEPEES
Many, though by no means all, native Americans

were nomadic and lived in buffalo skin tents,
each one housing a family. These were some 16
feet diameter with a wooden structure of poles,
tied from top to bottom with rope. A door was
made at the front and another opening at the
back for ventilation. Teepees were constructed
and sewn together by the women.
PEACE PIPES
The pipe of peace was smoked at religious ceremonies, as well as at social gatherings. In the former,
the smoke was believed to rise to the dwelling place of the gods and open the channels of
communication with the spirit world: and even in the latter, the pipe was highly significant as a
symbol of sharing.
TOTEM POLES
These are sculpted wooden poles, several yards high, representing venerated objects or historical
events. Each individual is guided by a totem, that is, a plant or animal spirit, and the pole symbolizes
the essential link between man and the world of spirits.
LIFESTYLE
Native Americans organized their lives according to the cycles of nature, basing their calendar on
the stars and following the migratory routes of their prey. Ritual and ceremony were part of daily
life; for example, elaborate masks were used in the narration of tales, the wearer assuming the
power of the spirit represented. After the chief, the most important member of the tribe was the
Medicine Man, in contact with the gods. While men hunted using diverse techniques, women cared
for the children and made garments or moccasins from animal skins sewn together with tendons.
Each member contributed to the well-being of the community.
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DIVERSITY IS THE SPICE OF LIFE
Towards the close of the 20th century there were estimated to be some 300 million native people
living in the world - that's about 5% of the entire population - divided into 5,000 culturally distinct
groups. However, they are getting fewer and fewer. Approximately 50 million of them have to
witness the destruction of their territory in the name of progress. Powerless to resist, they are sent
to settlements and, gradually, their past is forgotten and a wealth of knowledge is lost. Nevertheless,
in the Americas some 40 million people, and in Asia 150 million are still living as close to Nature as
did their ancestors.
NATIVE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD
AMERICA.
The history and present day situation of Central and South American natives is at least as interesting
as Native North American culture. For example, the Kogi people, who refer to themselves as the
"Elder Brothers of Humanity", possess an understanding of irrigation, terracing and agriculture in
their native Colombia that is still relevant today. The Yanomami, now numbering about 8,500, are
more knowledgeable about plant properties than any scientist, living as they do in the natural
laboratory of the Amazon forest. In Canada, meanwhile, the Inuit people are the most skilled
fishermen and demonstrate the wisdom that in developed countries we lack, for their methods are
sustainable.
AFRICA.
The Tuaregs of NE Africa are a fiercely

independent and noble race, with a suspicion of
outsiders. Known as the "Blue People of the
desert" due to their indigo-dyed robes, they
have learned to obtain the greatest possible
benefit from an arid land. Summers are as hot
as 122ª F, winters are below zero and rain is
sparse. It is a pity to note that the structured
society of this once proud people is today
crumbling. There is a danger of many African
tribes, such as pygmies in the center, being
wiped out as a result of AIDS and other diseases.
Nevertheless, a supreme effort is made to
survive, for example, by the Imraguen (the life gatherers) of West Africa, who cooperate with
dolphins in order to catch migratory fish where the sea meets the desert.
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AUSTRALASIA.
Like Australian aborigines, the Maoris of New Zealand (Te Whanau-a-Maruhaeremuri in their
language) are intricately bound to their land. Both ethnic groups have a rich spiritual tradition and
a love of storytelling, but unfortunately their history has not been recorded in written form. The
Maoris, who originally migrated from Polynesia, developed Rongoa medicine. In Australia, the
didgeridoo, the weirdest of instruments, was created.
ASIA.
The Sherpas of Nepal are an ethnic group living at the foot of the Himalayas, toughened by a harsh
climate and adapted to high altitudes. They are able to cultivate potatoes, barley and buckwheat
and herd yak, those most useful of animals, providing food, fuel and clothing. The Great Indian
Desert, known as Thar, is the home of the Bisnois. Their customs are based on religious principles
rather than ancient tradition, for they were taught by Guru Jameshwarji 500 years ago to conserve
Nature and live in harmony with their environment. Their love of plants and animals and horror of
destruction led them to protect the indigenous Khejri trees with their lives 250 years ago. Not
surprisingly, wild creatures show no fear of these people.
ASIA.
The Penans of Borneo, while they do eat meat, never kill animals they have reared. They have an
extensive knowledge of their forest's flora and fauna. The Sagu tree "the tree of life" is by far the
most important plant as it provides them with flour, their staple. As sharing is an obligation, the
Penans have never seen the need to find a word for "thank you".
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WHAT'S ON TV?
Hollywood Greats
11:10pm FOX
Katherine Hepburn, one of the last surviving legends
from Hollywood's heydays, gets a suitably more
delicate handling than the other (dead) stars in the
series. Now in her frail nineties, she has retired to the
privacy of her New England home, shots of which,
suffused in autumnal colors, are the nearest the makers
get to the star. But co-workers and relatives give as
much of an insight as do the splendid clips. The gist is
that "Kate" was a true daughter of her suffragette
mother. She redefined the way women were portrayed.
She won four Oscars and the respect of her peers as well as the love of Spencer Tracy. It's all
surface, of course, but what a stunner of a surface it is. Thank you ABC, it was a lovely series. FL.
Finest Hour
9:30pm FOX
By the summer of 1940, Britain stood alone against
Nazi Germany and a generation of young adults faced
the darkest hour. Starting in May 1940, this
outstanding series recalls the critical months when
the nation rallied and lived to fight another day. It is a
gripping, immediate story, far removed from the
textbooks and conventional military history, as dozens
of people recall remarkable wartime experiences.
Contributions in this opening installment, which takes
the story up to the Dunkirk evacuation, include a view
of Churchill at work and Thora Hird recalling the arrival of the first official telegrams bringing bad
news. But at its center, there are three old soldiers who movingly, and, once, amusingly, recall the
retreat to the beaches. GE See John Peel's column on page 15.
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Giants
8:30pm ABC
Having been bitten by an anaconda in last week's
program, Nigel Marven now plunges beneath the
waves to confront a particularly toothy creature: a
great white shark. And yet, no matter how dangerous
the task, he is eerily cheery throughout. Is he mad?
Plopping into the sea, he laughingly tells us that his
"yum yum yellow" flippers are a shark's favorite color.
Then, sitting on the edge of an ice hole, he smilingly reveals that his biggest nightmare is to be
trapped beneath the ice. Still, the results are worth it: we see him swimming with whale sharks
and sleeper sharks, as well as the great white. "As long as I tried my hardest not to look like a fur
seal, the sharks' preferred food, I knew I would be relatively safe," he chuckles. The photography is
excellent and you have to admire Marven's bravery, but don't try this at home. JR.
Private Detective for Hire: Real Life

10:00pm ABC
You couldn't make up a character like James Mikelson.
Given a ridiculously long list of daft names by his
father, who'd celebrated his son's birth a bit too
enthusiastically, Mikelson now runs a detective
agency in Chicago. Actually, it's the only detective
agency in Chicago. So when Mikelson's not struggling
to stop smoking, he's serving subpoenas and tracking
down adulterous husbands and the like around the
"mean streets" of downtown Chicago. Mikelson narrates this strange little documentary himself
and it is his dry, deadpan delivery that lifts it above the mundane because, frankly, Chicago doesn't
seem to be a hotbed of crime and deceit. Even so, after one job, Mikelson returns with his arm in a
sling, and decides that this is not the day to give up smoking. JR.
Gardener of the Year

8:30pm HBO
You have to take your gardening hat off to the
participants in this contest, because it's a tough one.
Not only are they quizzed on their horticultural
knowledge, but their practical expertise is also tested,
as is their style of gardening. Possibly the best part of
the competition is having the opportunity to nose
around their gardens, although the judges must find it
difficult to give them marks out of ten, when they're all
so different. Then it's green fingers on the buzzers for a question-and answer session on their
specialist subject. This week it's the turn of four gardeners from Alaska to demonstrate their skills
as they join presenter Jerry Baker at the United States Botanic Garden of Wales. JR Jerry Baker's
column is on page 49.
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TRAVELLING IN SPACE
Can you conceive of 100,000,000,000 galaxies containing 100,000,000,000 stars each? Of course
you can't. Even for light to travel the length of the Milky Way it takes 500,000 years. Let's face it;
the vastness of the universe is beyond human conception.
However, that doesn't stop the insatiable human mind from hypothesizing and exploring: And it
looks as if not only trained astronauts will be travelling in space in the foreseeable future. That's
right: tour companies and hotel chains are already finalizing plans for package tours in space.
Naturally, we won't be spending our summer vacation on Mars just yet, but companies such as
Hilton are planning to construct a tourist complex, complete with beach, restaurants, hospital and
school as well as 5,000 rooms, on the lunar surface. Needless to say, all the guests will be able to
enjoy spectacular views of Mother Earth. Within a few years, 155 feet-long gas tanks, previously
dumped in the world's oceans, will have been converted to "space islands", accommodating tourists
with all the comforts of home: and the airline company, British Airways, intends to offer a space
shuttle in order to carry tourists to their destination.
But how comfortable, and above all safe, will traveling in space actually be? NASA warns that, as
things stand today, a serious accident may occur to 1% of rockets. During the first hours in space,
one can expect aches and pains, dizziness and nasal congestion, although after a few days the body
will have adapted to weightlessness. Zero gravity has its advantages of course, as movement is
effortless and the novelty of the sensation will never be forgotten. As for practicalities, food is
dehydrated and served on disposable trays, alcohol is out, and showers are ... difficult! Spacecraft
will be equipped with cupboards for sleeping in.
So fasten your safety belts, as countdown is about to begin!
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FLY ME TO THE MOON
Would it be wrong for me to start an article about space travel with such a cliché as to refer to David
Bowie's Space Oddity? I hope not because I'm going to anyway. For many at the time, space was the
next frontier to be explored by heroes who were so far from mere mortals that they seemed to be
more like characters from the Clarke and Kubrick collaboration than the highly trained individuals
they were. My stroll down memory lane mainly stems from the fact that for many of us who grew
up in that era, the reality is here; we can now be Major Tom, if we want to, and of course providing
we have a cool $200,000 to spend of course.
We're now being offered the chance to take a trip into the unknown on a commercial flight, to orbit
the earth and experience zero gravity for a short while. Personally, I still have trouble getting onto
a flight from Rome to New York so I'm not sure I'd be the best passenger, but what about all the
people who are on the waiting list? What are they getting themselves into?
What about all the training that astronauts have? Does having enough money to spend on such a
luxury automatically guarantee that you're physically up to the intense changes your body will
undergo? Apparently not (quite). There are health checks and a three-day training course to attend
before you can go, which seems an impossibly short time to prepare for such an excursion, and the
aim of the tour operators will obviously be to make the experience as bearable as possible. There's
also the psychological aspect that we have heard about from astronauts who return to earth with a
feeling of emptiness or futility. There's no comparison between a jaunt into orbit and a manned
space mission but what if one of the passengers has a panic attack? Tranquilizers I suppose.
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Commercial flights are not the only option for space travel we have, there's the one-way ticket
option of flying to Mars, or any other planet that scientists are interested in, as a volunteer and so
getting a free ride so to speak. This would be subject to more stringent health and psychological
tests but is an option for people who feel they have nothing to stay on earth for, or who have a
burning desire to be part of history and can deal with the idea of living out the rest of their days in
an artificial atmosphere.
The fact is that nowadays, for many governments, space exploration is an unthinkable expense and
since the heady days of the space race, spectators have had to settle for unmanned probes sending
back fuzzy pictures, or not even reaching their destination. Don't misunderstand me, these
technological feats are not to be sniffed at, they require vast teams of people sometimes working
across time zones and linguistic borders and cost unthinkable sums of money. Commercial space
flights offer a chance for private companies to send their people on the pay load flights to carry out
experiments. This could have a valuable impact on the number of breakthroughs that we will see in
the not so distant future.
This exciting new holiday option is viewed by some however, as an extravagance as well as raising
doubts about the impact humans have on space. There is already a vast amount of space junk
floating around out there. Pieces of failed experiments, objects that have been jettisoned and
general human waste that has no business being in orbit around the earth all contribute to the
argument that humans are well on their way to doing to space what we are doing to the earth;
ruining it.
Would you take a trip to the moon? Do you think that one day a holiday on Mars will be on offer to
those who have the time and money to enjoy it? Or would you rather explore the wonders of the
earth before going further afield? I think I would.
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NATURAL DISASTERS
Indonesia, 1833-36,417 killed when Krakatoa erupts; China, 1976-earthquake in Tangshan with a
death toll of 255,000...
On contemplating figures like these, one is forced to admit that, far from dominating nature, we are
at her mercy. If we were able to penetrate the Earth's crust, we would appreciate that it is not static,
but those interlocking pieces are moving constantly and, if they collide, a tremor occurs. By delving
further, between 7 and 62 miles deep, we would come to a layer of magma or molten rock which
escapes where there is a rift in the planet's surface in the form of volcanic lava. Seismic and volcanic
activity have played a crucial part in the Earth's formation, and still today there occur half a million
tremors every year, and there are 1,500 live volcanoes in the world.
Natural disasters are so devastating because we are unable to predict them accurately. Perhaps, the
most famous volcanic eruption of them all occurred in Pompeii when Mount Vesuvius erupted on
24th August 79, burying 2,000 people under 26 feet of volcanic ash. In studying the remains, we
have gained invaluable archaeological information, which would of course have been lost to us, had
it not been for this disaster, which took an entire city by surprise. One indication of the imminence
of an earthquake is restlessness in animals, apparently able to detect the slightest tremor. After
experiencing earthquakes, many pet owners recall that their dog or cat made a desperate attempt
to escape.
The energy released by an erupting volcano is equivalent to thousands of atomic bombs, and even
the climate may be altered, as was seemingly the case in 1783, when an eruption in Japan affected
temperatures in the U.S.A. As regards to earthquakes, the movement usually lasts no longer than
one minute, but if they occur in cities, the destruction can be devastating, and in coastal areas there
is a risk of tidal waves up to 278 feet high. Should you live in a high-risk area, it is vital that you find
out what to do in the event of an earthquake.
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SLEEP AND DREAMS
SLEEP
Function. Prepares body and mind for activity.
Fundamental for correct functioning of digestive

and immune systems, storing and organization of
information, consolidation of memories.
Sleep, which is essential to overall health,

prepares us for the day's activity.
DREAMS
Everyone dreams. All warm-blooded animals; that is: mice and men, geese and gorillas. However,
while humans dream 20% of the time they are sleeping, birds only do so for 0.5%.
The first person to study dreaming seriously was Freud, whose theory was that dreams are
messages from the unconscious to the conscious mind. This idea has been confirmed by modern
researchers, such as the American, Gayle Delaney, who has developed a method which may be
used by anyone who wishes to interpret their dreams. Delaney believes that some symbols are
indeed universal, while others are personal and are best understood by the dreamer.
How significant are dreams? Experts suggest that many of them simply eliminate tension, which is
why one often feels relieved after a nightmare. However, there is another type of dream in which
the subconscious attempts to make us aware of aspects of our lives and ourselves. Unfortunately,
much of the information is censored by the conscious mind and the dreams forgotten. But can one
learn to remember one's dreams? Some recommend keeping dream diaries or focusing on a
particular problem one wishes to resolve before sleeping. You may like to try tying a red or white
ribbon around your wrist, loosely and with the intention of untying it as you dream. This will both
activate your memory, and increase consciousness in sleep.
Let's listen to a few people's experience of dreaming:
Well, I've never believed in strange phenomena; ghosts and UFOs. and all that, but when I was a
young girl I had what's called a prophetic dream. I was wearing a wedding dress, walking through a
tunnel, which I've since discovered symbolizes one's own life, and when I came out somebody said
"It's the second of August." Years later I remembered the dream the day I got married, which was
2nd of August! And the funny thing is I hadn't wanted that date; we'd had to change it for some
reason.
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When there have been crises in my life, I've sometimes had recurring dreams.
Like when I had a serious illness and I kept dreaming I was rushing to the airport to catch a plane,
which had already left, when I got there. Now I've read that catching a plane means dying, so I was
reassuring myself that I wasn't going to die yet.
Do other people dream that they are flying? Once, I flew right up into the stars. It was odd
because I was in my pajamas; and I clearly remember seeing the surroundings of where I live and
the outskirts of the city as I soared! It's supposed to represent a desire for freedom. But, to be
honest, it didn't really feel like a dream at all.
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YOU'RE AS OLD AS YOU FEEL
ENJOYING RETIREMENT
Medical researchers, anticipating that the population of developed countries is getting older, due
on the one hand to a drop in the birth rate, and on the other hand to improved life-prolonging
treatments, are studying methods of maintaining health in the elderly.
Those approaching retirement age are encouraged to cultivate outside interests in order to adapt
gradually to the change they are facing.
Those noticing the physical consequences of ageing must learn to distinguish inevitable from
avoidable deterioration. For example, the weight of vital organs such as the brain, liver and kidneys
is bound to be reduced, decreasing their efficiency; however, many minor complaints can be
corrected by moderate exercise and a balanced diet. Vitamin deficiency, as well as obesity, are
common amongst the elderly. Sport should only be practiced under medical supervision.
Finally, it is vital that senior citizens keep the mind active and avoid isolation. While heredity is the
determining factor, the will to live, because life still offers numerous pleasures, may help to
overcome physical limitations.
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ADVERTISING - STRATEGIES
Every time I see another ad claiming that such and such a detergent washes whiter, I get a sensation
of déjà vu. It seems hard to believe that this is the result of in-depth surveys and creative
brainstorming. However, you will be astonished to learn that this is what sells. Each ad is aimed at
a particular audience, and those who dream them up are au fait with what makes us tick. They know,
for example, that a wife and mother's prime concern is her family, so blissfully contented children
and husbands are included amongst other carefully chosen elements. Of course, it is very silly of
anyone to buy a product on the basis of the manufacturer's recommendations, but there are subtle
subconscious influences at work.
Similarly, teenagers are seduced by means

of subliminal messages. It is easy to
understand their need to find an identity,
and their natural tendency to rebel.
Advertisers take advantage of adolescent
insecurity, offering prestige and self-
confidence if a certain brand is purchased.
Likewise, commercials for cars, cigarettes

and alcoholic drinks are bursting with
psychological undercurrents and double
engenders. We are urged to buy, not the
product, but what the product represents:
love, power, security.
It may be foolish of us to fall into the trap, but you will be relieved to hear that we are not alone:
very often the advertisers themselves are taken in by their claims.
Nowadays, an advertising campaign is no simple matter. While in the old days the public was merely
shown a product and told how wonderful it was, now, it is the image that is important and the
emotional connotations.
Everything counts, from price to components, and particularly packaging.
The color of a packet, tube or jar is not arbitrary by any means. You may be surprised to hear that
each color produces a subconscious response.
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LEARNING TO WRITE
Writing may be defined as the use of visible marks, which relate to a spoken language, in order to
transmit meaning over time. It has been man's most transcendental invention; without it modern
civilization would never have come about. Some 10,000 languages have existed in the world,
although the majority of these were never written down. But about 5,000 years ago, commercial
traders felt the need to keep "business records". In Mesopotamia, the cradle of written language,
impressions were made on damp clay. Since then, everything from stone, leaves and animal skins
to papyrus, parchment and, eventually, paper have been used. And in the twenty-first century we
continue to use and develop written communication via the computer screen.
We know that from 3200 BC to 100 BC, the cuneiform style of writing was being employed in the
Middle East. Figures of animals or abstract images were drawn on pieces of damp clay with cane
straws and these "counters" were used by commercial traders to represent their wares.
The symbols used were wedge-like in shape, and came to represent both the object and the sound
of the word. Later, these counters were placed in clay containers, which bore their same image,
thus, symbolizing the contents.
This led to writing on slates; and the original lists evolved into abstract narrative. Cuneiform script
was used to write down 15 languages of the era.
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Every time I see another ad claiming that such and such a detergent washes whiter, I get a
sensation of déjà vu. It seems hard to believe that this is the result of in-depth surveys and
creative brainstorming. However, you will be astonished to learn that this is what sells. Each ad is
aimed at a particular audience, and those who dream them up are au fait with what makes us pick.
They know, for example, that a wife and mother's prime concern is her family, so blissfully
contented children and husbands are included amongst other carefully chosen elements. Of
course, it is very silly of anyone to buy a product on the basis of the manufacturer's
recommendations but there are subtle subconscious influences at work.
Chinese characters first appeared around 1200 BC during the Shang dynasty, carved into bone or
tortoise shell. This, the world's most spoken language, is the only one not to have developed an
alphabet; the pictograms represent words or concepts, not letters and are still used in Chinese
computer language today.
It was the Phoenicians who first developed a simple alphabet between 2000 BC and 1500 BC.
However, it contained no vowels and remained incomplete until it was adopted and amplified by
the Ancient Greeks around 1050 BC.
But it wasn't until the Modern Age, with the invention of the printing press, that literacy became
generalized, where it had been the privilege of the elite.
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STORIES FROM OVER THE WORLD
The Fairy Tales
Jacob and Wilhelm, the brothers Grimm, published their first volume of tales in Germany in the year
1812. Originally intended as a study of orally transmitted folklore, the collection drew on roots from
nations as far apart as Russia and Japan, Ireland and the Middle East. The stories were later toned
down, so as to be suitable for children. For example, in the original versions the frog only turned
into a prince on being hurled against a wall; and Little Red Riding Hood was eaten by the wolf.
Christian values were incorporated, and poetic language added.
Fairy tales may or may not contain fairies, but they do include supernatural elements and, generally
speaking, they describe the journey towards wisdom in symbolic terms, while warning of the
presence of evil. Millennia of experience and accumulated knowledge are compressed within these
stories, in which heroes and heroines overcome a series of obstacles in their desire to defeat the
impossible and attain their goal. We are also reminded to think twice about what we desire, for if
we're not careful, our wishes may come true!
This classic tale was written in 1835 by the Danish master of the fairy tale, Hans Christian Andersen.
Although he made use of existing folk themes, his style is inimitable.
Once upon a time, there was a prince who wanted to marry a real princess. He had traveled all over
the world in his search for one, but none of the princesses he had met had seemed quite right. Then,
one evening when he was back at the palace, there was a terrible storm and a princess knocked at
the door, asking for shelter as it was raining so very hard. They let her in and the queen secretly put
one little pea on her mattress, then piled twenty duvets on top. When the princess told them next
morning how badly she had slept, they knew that she must truly be a princess to have felt that tiny
pea. So the prince married her, and they lived happily ever after.
Heaven and Hell
Many tales contain a spiritual message, such as this Jewish one which implies that it is within our
power to make a Heaven of Hell.
One day a rabbi was discussing the nature of Heaven and Hell with God. So that he might understand
the difference, the Lord led him to a room which he said was Hell. A group of starving people were
seated around a table on which there was a large pot of delicious stew. Each one held a spoon whose
handle was so long that it was impossible to carry the food to his mouth. The rabbi understood their
suffering at once. The Lord then took him to another room which he said was Heaven. However, to
the rabbi it looked exactly the same, except for the fact that people appeared to be cheerful and
well-fed. So the Lord explained to him that these people had learned to feed each other.
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The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Other tales such as this Egyptian one are humorous in tone but contain a serious warning: In this
case against the misuse of knowledge by the novice.
Long, long ago there lived a young Greek named Eucrates, who was studying in Egypt. One day he
made the acquaintance of a wizard, Pancrates, who taught him some magic tricks. They lodged
together at an inn where Pancrates dressed up a broom, pronounced a spell under his breath and
sent the broom to fetch water. No sooner had the broom fulfilled the order, than the wizard
muttered another magic formula converting it, once again, into an inanimate object. Some days
later, Eucrates overheard the spell which gave life to the broom and, on finding himself alone,
decided to try it out. He imitated his friend in every detail and the broom obeyed him when sent for
water. However, Eucrates did not know the second formula and he ordered the broom to keep still,
only to find it brought more and more water until he was in danger of drowning. Luckily, the
magician returned at this moment to put things right; and Eucrates never ever dabbled in magic
again.
The Children who turned into Stars
Finally, this is an unusual story from Australia. For once, it is parents who are admonished for
behaving badly towards their children.
One night, all the parents from the village were

enjoying some celebration or other, while their
children were shut up at home. But one little girl
managed to escape through a window and ran
to the place where her mother was drinking and
dancing. On seeing her daughter, the woman
was angry and struck her before dragging her
back to their hut. Never before had her mother
treated her so, and the little girl tearfully told
her brothers what had happened. At that very
moment, the door opened and the children ran
out into the moonlight arm in arm. Singing
softly, they beckoned to all the village children
to join them and, at last, they could be seen
dancing together into the air as they rose higher
and higher. When the parents returned from
their partying, they cried for the loss of their
sons and daughters and, looking up, they
noticed a new group of stars twinkling in the sky.
From that day on, parents know they must treat
their children with tolerance and understanding.
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GREAT MINDS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
Painter, sculptor, writer, philosopher, inventor, architect, engineer, biologist, physicist...
Leonardo is the archetype of the all round genius. Born in the mid-fifteenth century, he was the
possessor of a perfectly balanced mind, which combined a child's freshness and boundless curiosity
with adult reason and experience. Refusing to accept absolute truths, he never ceased to
experiment on the world, as well as on his own mind and body. He claimed that art should be studied
scientifically and science be examined as an art and stated that "people look without seeing and
touch without feeling." His discoveries were based on unbiased observation, coupled with intuition.
As he wrote, "all our knowledge originates in our perceptions" and, so, in order to make optimum
use of the brain, it is necessary to cultivate the senses; to look always with new eyes; "what you see
now did not exist a moment ago and what existed then is not there now." Da Vinci was a man ahead
of his time; before Galileo he told us that "the sun does not move" and his calculating machine could
even be regarded as the forerunner of the computer. Michael White has described him as "the First
Scientist," but no title can do him justice, for Leonardo da Vinci defies definition, having been
perhaps one of the freest human beings ever to have lived.
EINSTEIN'S BIG MISTAKE
Albert Einstein, born in 1879, was, without a doubt, this last century's greatest scientist. His three
scientific papers written at the age of 26 revolutionised views on matter, time, space and motion.
In 1916, he published his famous theory of relativity, and the Nobel prize for Physics was awarded
to him in 1922.
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Having demonstrated the existence of atoms, he went on to prove that by converting a small
amount of mass, a vast quantity of energy might be released, as expressed in the formula: E = mc².
However, for all his intellectual capacity, Einstein had not anticipated that his discoveries would lead
to the atom bomb.
He was a pacifist, who had risked signing an anti-war petition during the First World War and helped
fellow Jews to leave his native Germany. In 1933, he himself fled to the USA to escape the Nazis.
But, what he later considered his biggest mistake was to write to President Roosevelt in 1939, urging
the Americans to develop an atom bomb before Germany did so. When the dreaded weapon was
used, he hoped that the human race would be frightened into sorting out its affairs.
Seeing that this was not the case, he campaigned to ban the bomb and pleaded for an end to racism.
Weeks before his death in 1955, he insisted on his name being used to head an antinuclear
manifesto.
Not just a brilliant scientist, Albert Einstein possessed a deep moral sense and always maintained
that God revealed Himself in the harmony of the universe. His work has had an incalculable impact
on modern science and yet, as he himself put it. "The release of atomic power has changed
everything except for our way of thinking. The solution to this problem lies in the heart of Mankind".
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HERE IS THE NEWS
Efforts to rescue the nine people feared drowned, after a high speed ferry sank in the San Francisco
Bay, have borne no fruit. Authorities claim that the ferry was not licensed to sail in rough waters.
Two consultants at the center of investigations into claims that mothers were falsely accused of
child abuse were yesterday suspended. The paediatricians at the General Hospital, who have not
been named, were suspended following their refusal to disclose information.
Former Raider football player, Trevor Lawrence, has been cleared at Superior Court of an alleged
failure to comply with tax regulations.
Over 1,400 workers have been made redundant in massive cuts in the water industry. A spokesman
expressed the board's desire to give adequate compensation to those affected.
Home-made cakes and cookies have been banned from school bazaars by the Richmond education
authority in an attempt to avoid food poisoning. Parents were informed that they should only
provide store-bought food with a clearly displayed pull date.
Life has been found 12,000ft below Antarctic ice within the frozen roof of a huge sub glacial lake.
Scientists' discovery of the bacteria, living in the most isolated and extreme environment on Earth,
raises hopes of life being found on Jupiter's icy moon Europa.
The moon has a subterranean ocean of water or slush beneath a surface crust of ice, warmed by
gravitational tidal forces.
©
READING LEVEL C1
Many scientists now believe Europa would be a good place to look for simple forms of extra-
terrestrial life. Sub glacial freshwater lakes discovered beneath the Antarctic ice cap mirror Europa's
ocean.
Scientists found the bacteria in an ice core drilled from a point 400ft above Lake Vostok, a vast body
of water more than two miles under the East Antarctic ice cap, roughly the size of Lake Ontario.
Researchers could not tell if the organisms were alive or trapped in an icy grave.
The findings are published today in the journal "Science". Biologist, John Priscu, from Montana State
University said: "This is the Holy Grail of lake biology. Our findings indicate that the microbial world
has few limits on our planet."
Scientists have found evidence of an ocean on Mars that dried up hundreds of millions of years ago.
It was obtained by the Global Surveyor probe, which provided information enabling a relief map of
the planet's entire surface to be constructed. The data revealed an ancient shoreline.
©
READING LEVEL C1
SOCIAL TRENDS
The New Society
We may not have colonized Mars as yet, nor eradicated all disease, nor replaced food with
concentrated tablets ... but truth nearly always turns out to be stranger than fiction -in this case
science fiction- and the New Age we are entering may surpass all expectations. Let us take a look at
some present-day social trends.
Round-the-clock Living
As Leon Kreitzman puts it in "The 24-hour Society"; "One of our most precious resources nowadays
is time, so the new frontier is the night". However tired you may be at the end of the day (we are
working longer hours to cover extra expenses which arise due to lack of time...), you just can't afford
not to use the nightime for shopping, housework and even entertainment. Many companies use a
24-hour shift system, so that they may utilize every minute of the day.
©
READING LEVEL C1
Cyber-relationships
Letting the electronic brain take the strain facilitates not only business, banking and so on, but also
finding a partner. According to sociologist Laurie Taylor: "Face-to-face relationships are steadily
declining, as the mass movement towards faceless electronic liaisons continues to increase."
Advantages of on-line communication include loss of inhibitions, which psychologist Adam Joinson
claims may result in "more intimate, honest and self-disclosing" contact. Romance may well be
based on wit and common interests rather than physical attraction. Detractors point out that 70%
of communication is non-verbal and, consequently, it is much easier to cause a false impression in
cyberspace.
The Figures
According to the American Statistics Office, consumerism is thriving in the United States. While in
1968 26% of income was spent on food, this has dropped to 16%, while a far greater proportion is
now spent on leisure, particularly electronics. The self-employed are the nation's biggest spenders;
and professionals spend twice as much as manual workers. 90% of higher income households
possess a car, and 95% of all homes have a telephone. Meanwhile, it is encouraging to note greater
health awareness and interest in diet, even if we are consuming more takeaways and convenience
foods and obesity is increasing, as life becomes more and more sedentary.
©
READING LEVEL C1
IN THE BEGINNING...
God said: "Let there be light, and there was light". Since time immemorial man has never ceased
searching for the answers to the riddle of his existence through myth, religion and investigation.
It is not only in the Christian Bible that light is seen as being a prerequisite to the appearance of
life. An ancient Swahili myth recounts how God created the first dawn, and from this light made
the souls of every human being to exist before going on to create the Earth.
Certain Native American tribes also tell of an era of absolute calm and stillness before the gods
started to do their work of creation. In the same way they made light, then continued to create
land from the oceans, animals and, finally, man, "the glory of the Earth". However, fearing that
these reasoning creatures may rival them, the gods breathed on their eyes that they may always
see as if through misted glass.
Egyptian children are told of how God made three human babies. He put the first one in the oven,
but forgot to take it out in time, so it got burnt. He sent this black child to Ethiopia. Intending not
to burn the second baby, he took it out too soon, so this undercooked one was placed in a
northern country. Of course, the third time he got it exactly right; the baby was golden brown and
this child was allowed to stay by the Nile, which is where God had done his baking. Meanwhile, in
another part of Africa, we hear of the god Mulungu, who lived in perfect harmony with the
animals, until a tiny man and woman emerged from the sea. When they grew, these people
learned to make fire and began to kill and eat the animals. These, together with Mulungu, fled
from the destructive creatures.
Many more tales tried to explain the origins of fire and animal behavior. For example, the "Nez
Percé" tribe in America believed that certain trees possess the secret of fire, which is why wood
burns easily; and another story of Mulungu tells how all the birds used to be white and wanted to
be as colorful as the flowers. The god told them to wait in a line to be painted: but one restless
and impatient bird, Manda, tried to attract his attention crying "Paint me, paint me!" In order to
get rid of him, Mulungu painted Manda brown and grey. Today this dull brown and grey bird still
hops incessantly crying "paint me, paint me!"
©
READING LEVEL C1
The Scientific View
It all started billions of years ago with the Big Bang. Then...
-5,000,000,000 years ago part of the Milky Way, consisting of cosmic dust, hydrogen and helium
began to fuse and condense, attracting solid particles to its center.
-4,500,000,000 years ago the Earth had solidified and suffered a massive collision with a heavenly
body. The Moon was possibly formed from a fragment of Mother Earth.
-4,000,000,000 years ago the Earth trembled with volcanic activity and meteorite storms. Later,
due to a chain of very special circumstances, life appeared. Did these first bacteria travel with
interstellar dust from outer space or originate in the ocean beds? We do not know the answer, but
we intend to find out!
-3,500,000,000 years ago the Earth possessed its atmosphere. Life extended.
-3,000,000,000 years ago singled-celled organisms appeared.
-2,500,000,000 years ago the planet's outer layer or "lithosphere" was formed.
-2,000,000,000 years ago the atmosphere was rich in oxygen and, for the first time, cells contained
a nucleus.
-1,500,000,000 years ago sexual differentiation appeared.
-1,000,000,000 years ago the first multi-celled organisms lived and much later algae and medusas
appeared.
-500,000,000 years ago, after the development of marine life, plants, insects and animals evolved.
-250,000,000 years ago the planet was divided into two vast continents. Over the next millenia the
dinosaurs roamed on the Earth.
-65,000,000 years ago, due to volcanic activity, climatic changes and collision with an asteroid, the
dinosaurs were extinguished and mammals became the dominant species.
-A mere 2,000,000 years ago Man's early ancestors made their first appearance.
©
READING LEVEL C1
THE END OF THE WORLD
Scientific predictions
Science is not given to divining the future. However, we can be fairly safe in assuming that within
6,000,000,000 years our planet will have returned to its origins and will be nothing more than space
dust.
On the other hand, although we may dislike their reminding us, researchers insist that life on Earth
is under numerous threats. Long before temperatures became unbearably high, in 4,000,000,000
years' time, the planet's protective magnetic field might have disappeared and radiation from space
could extinguish all but a few insects and crustaceans. Once every thousand years, an asteroid
collides with Earth, so it is a wonder that she has escaped more severe damage so far. We are
probably on the verge of entering another Ice Age which could eradicate the majority of the world's
species.
Besides such natural catastrophes, man jeopardizes his own survival through his industrial, not to
mention his military, activity.
All things considered, humanity will inevitably have been wiped from the face of the Earth long
before its ultimate deterioration begins: and aeons before the Universe finally disappears into a
black hole, in what has come to be known as the "Big Crunch".
©
READING LEVEL C1
Prophets of Doom.
Apocalypse. The term, originally meaning "revelation", has been incorporated into the language.
It is now taken to refer to the final holocaust; the end of this world.
Through the ages prophecies of devastation have been made and when one hears the latest crop,
it is a relief to remember that none of them have come true. From the Mayas to the Ancient
Egyptians (who apparently predicted the Messiah's coming in 2034) to Nostradamus, who gave us
a nasty shock in 1999, it seems that everyone has tried their hand at fortune telling.
The ingenuous insist on the predictions' coinciding in some details, for example, a three-day period
of darkness preceding the end. It is a good thing that rational minds know this to be nothing more
than that; a coincidence.
Let us consider some of these predictions.
1523 - A group of British astrologers set a

date for the beginning of the end: on the 1st
of February, 1524. On this day, London was
to be destroyed by flooding. When nothing
happened, they didn't mind admitting their
having made a mistake; and postponed the
world's destruction for, precisely, one
century!
1736 - Once again, London was to be

destroyed, this time on the 13th of October,
according to a mathematician named
William Whiston.
1806 - Once Mary Bateman of Leeds announced that her hen laid eggs with apocalyptic messages
on, and charged entrance to anyone wishing to witness this wonder. It's a mercy, for the hen, that
she was caught shoving the printed eggs up its egg duct.
1900 - It was not only the English who proposed our preparing to meet our Maker. Perhaps the first
mass suicide of a sect occurred in Russia, when 100 followers of their leader decided not to wait for
the world to end on the 13th of November.
1925 - Margaret Rowan, from Los Angeles, claimed that the Archangel Gabriel had told her to
prepare to meet her doom, again on the thirteenth of a month, this time February.
1962 - Due to the conjunction of the principal planets in Capricorn, Indian astrologers predicted the
end of the world for the 5th of February. As usual, they waited all night in vain.
In view of all these "near misses" it's a miracle that we're still here today.
Seriously though, one rather resents these crackpots' upsetting our peace of mind with their
doomsday predictions. Such things, if not really alarming, are a bit of a nuisance.
©
READING LEVEL C1
TRAVEL BROADENS THE MIND
Whoever it may have been that first coined the above phrase, they certainly knew what they were
talking about, for rarely has a truer word been spoken.
Even when traveling as a tourist, you may well encounter all sorts of difficulties, such as getting
stranded in the middle of nowhere when the local transport lets you down, or getting your
belongings stolen and perhaps getting hurt in the process. But true travelers recommend that you
live like a native, spending sufficient time in a place to feel at home there. Don't let's imagine you
will ever cease to be an outsider, as well as an oddity, from the point of view of the inhabitants.
Let them stare! Were they to visit your country, they would seem equally out of place.
When traveling, of course, it's essential that you be sensible. You may feel as if you were ready for
any eventuality and be eager to experience another culture, but remember that opportunists
everywhere are known to deceive unsuspecting tourists. Only by keeping your wits about you and
never abandoning common sense, will you avoid unnecessary complications.
As a seasoned traveler, I have had countless experiences abroad and, if I may, I'd like to share one
of them with you. Some fifteen years ago, I was making for Bangkok overland and I made up my
mind to change direction and head for Tibet.
Naturally I had heard people remark about altitude sickness, but had never imagined a healthy
young person like myself suffering from such an ailment. How wrong I was! No sooner had I stepped
off the plane than I felt my head begin to throb; and I soon had to give up any idea of sightseeing
until the pain had eased. As a result, I spent my first three days at the hotel, wishing I'd chosen
another destination. However, the next week more than made up for the discomfort. What
impressed me most about Tibet, was the sense of peace in the air. If one had been born in such a
place, it would be hard to tear oneself away.
©
READING LEVEL C1
VISITING TIME
- How are we today then, Mrs. James?

- A bit under the weather, but I mustn't grumble, I suppose.
- I heard you had a bit of a fall.
- Yes. I was on my way to the lavatory.
- But you know the nurses are there to help you. Remember you're convalescing, Mrs. James.
- I know, but it's my determination that's kept me going this long.
- Anyway, how's the arthritis?
- Well, they've given me a painkiller, which
has been quite effective. But I've got a
touch of constipation I wonder if you
would be a dear and bring me something
for it.
- I'll tell the nurse.
- Oh! That's no good! I told them, but they
will keep bringing me raw fruit. They insist
that it's more wholesome than synthetic
laxatives.
- I think there may be something in that.
VOCATIONAL COURSES
Young people who have recently finished full-time education may like to consider applying for a
place on one of the following courses.
Apprentice carpenters will be trained by

professional craftsmen in the City Hall. All school
leavers are welcome, as no formal qualifications
are required. Graduates wishing to find
employment in the hotel industry will be taught
administrative and management skills at the
Hotel Training Center. Applicants should feel a
genuine interest in the work. Finally, the
organization, One World, is seeking youngsters
to train as infant caretakers. Their work is mainly
with disadvantaged families of mixed
nationalities. Although high school diploma are
unnecessary, applicants must be over 18 and
able to produce references. Any queries you may
have can be directed to...
©
READING LEVEL C1
GOOD BOOKS
- Read any decent novels lately?

- Certainly have! One called "Close-up". Found it really gripping.
- What's it about?
- Well, the hero is this bachelor. It's a real tearjerker actually, who's worked his life away as a
company director and he suddenly realizes how little he's achieved.
- Sounds familiar.
- Yeah! I know it's not highly original, but the plot is deceptively simple.
- Who's it by, anyway?
- Oh, you know; that writer who won an award recently, writes under a pseudonym, Tom
Greenaway!
- I don't know if it's my sort of thing. I'm not really into "moving human stories".
- But there's more to it than that; Greenaway's such a good storyteller. There's plenty of light relief,
like when this man meets an eccentric heiress and they...
- I can see it had you chuckling! No, what I do enjoy is a good detective novel. Now I heard there
was a new one by...
NATURE RESERVE
The area is primarily a sanctuary for local fauna,

comprising miles of exuberant vegetation
including various indigenous plants. Several
species of primates as well as many exotic
birds, such as Amazonian parrots, inhabit the
forest. Part of the reserve is open to the
general public, the rest being dedicated to
conservation and scientific research. A
naturalist's paradise offering scenes of
breathtaking beauty, this lush and humid forest
is soon to be declared a National Park.
©
READING LEVEL C1
JOURNEY TO SUCCESS
A. Can't buy me love is the third in a series of books about relationships by the established
psychologist and couples counsellor, Jay Hargreaves. In this guide to finding love and happiness,
Hargreaves looks at the old saying: "when poverty comes in the door, love flies out of the window."
At times of crisis, partners often take their stress or feelings of failure out on each other, this book
aims to guide couples through tough economic times and make the bond between them stronger
rather than weaker. There is a lot of theory in comparison with the previous two books and I
personally feel there should have been more practical suggestions and exercises but it's full of sound
advice and some inspiring case studies to help people see the light at the end of the tunnel.
B. In his debut to this genre, Dr Paul Matthews tackles the tricky area of Addiction in all shapes and
sizes. His background in addiction therapy for drug addicts has given him the practical experience
and knowledge of the most typical types of substance abuse and addiction but sadly he does not
manage to transmit it very effectively to his readers. I can imagine him being an engaging speaker
but on paper his style is rather boring and long-winded. On top of that, he tries to cover too much
in just one book, he could have written various books dealing with different areas or type of
addiction.
I feel this book would be more useful as a text book rather than a self-help book as he makes many
assumptions about neurological matters that laypeople probably don't have any idea about.
©
READING LEVEL C1
C. Eat yourself free of depression is one of many in what seems to be a new fad of food books that
promise to change your life. GP Mary Pains MD, describes to the readers how many of our most
common ingredients can be destroying our happiness. She expounds a plant-based diet, eliminating
grains and of course any pre-made foods. As previously mentioned, there really is a glut of these
books on the market and a lot of them seem to be from people with no medical or nutritional
training at all, so at least this author can speak with some knowledge on the subject.
That said, there's a distinct lack of recipes and ideas about how to make such a radical change to
our eating habits that I found it very frustrating. And at a staggering £45 for the hardback edition,
it's vastly over-priced.
D. Have you ever felt stuck in a rut, but lack the motivation to do anything about it? Do you put off
important tasks because you just can't be bothered? Do you feel that you were meant to be doing
something bigger and better with your life? These are some of the questions that this entertaining
look at procrastination takes on. In New Me, author Les Gregson looks at the things that we put in
our own way and how they stop us from achieving our best. Using humour throughout, Gregson
asks us to confront our own preconceptions about our lives and where we see them going. Its light
hearted tone hides some very serious issues and made me pause for thought on many occasions.
Highly recommendable reading.
E. Where would the self-help section be without a book about raising children? One of the most
enduring themes in this genre, parents who feel overwhelmed by the task of raising happy, healthy
children is tackled in a somewhat staid way in Good Morning, Good Night. It's not that Keith
Harkness is inexperienced in this style of writing, he's already penned three best-selling books on
toddlers, sleep training and healthy eating with young children, it's just a dull read. I felt quite let
down as the premise is very promising. Harkness looks at daily routines that can help a family deal
with all the ups and downs of modern life; from worries about internet addiction to making 'the
wrong type of friends' the contents page looks like a list of typical parental concerns, it's just that
reading it at times can feel like you're just doing homework. A great pity that his editor didn't
encourage him to infuse a slightly more jocular tone, rather than the serious one that predominates.
F. The last book in this month's review is something of a mish-mash of topics from yet another
celebrity who wants to share their wisdom with us. Glenda Palmer has taken it upon herself to write
a book about her Journey to Success in spite of various addictions and family problems. It's in the
self-help section because she tries to intertwine her own experiences with exercises for her readers.
The exercises are fun and easy to do, usually based around the idea of having mantras to repeat to
ourselves on a daily basis as well as some tips about the effect food can have on our general well-
being. I wouldn't recommend it to anyone who's looking for real answers to a life crisis but I'm sure
her fans will lap it up as there are plenty of personal stories to spice up the boring bits.
©

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World peace begins with inner peace.

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