WISMA GLOBAL GLOBE

NO. 341 B&C, LORONG SARAWAK

TAMAN MELAWATI URBAN 1
53100 KUALA LUMPUR

DESIGN OF TIES
• In May 1968, a progressive
collapse of an apartment building
occurred at Ronan Point in
London.
• Ronan Point was assembled
from pre-fabricated concrete
panels
• A gas explosion on the 18 th floor
caused an exterior panel to be
blown out. T his local failure then
initiated a progressive collapse
upwards to the roof, and then
down to the ground.
• The main reason of the failure is
lack of structural continuity.
 Failure of a single member
(i.e removal of the member b y
accident)

Can lead to coll apse of

adjoining member •No alternative load
path
•Good alternative
load path •Lack of structural
•Good structural integrity
integrity
Progressive collapse
No further collapse of major part of the
to the structure structure or in
certain cases
collapse of the entire
structure
• The same ties can be designed for
structural integrity and diaphragm
action simultaneously.

Ties

Structural Diaphragm
integrity Action
 Diaphragm Action
The floor system must be designed to act as
horizontal diaphragms to transmit the lateral
loads to the frames, bracings or shear walls.
FLOOR DIAPHRAGM ACTION
 Design of Ties

3.12.3 Design of ties

3.12.3.1 General
The necessary interaction between elements is
obtained by tying the structure together using the
following types of tie (see 2.2.2.2):
a) peripheral ties;
b) internal ties;
c) horizontal ties to col umns and walls;
d) vertical ties.
3.12.3.2 Proportioning of ties
In the design of the ties, the reinforcement may
be assumed to be acting at its characteristic
strength and forces other than those gi ven in
3.12.3.4 to 3.12.3.7 may be neglected.
Reinforcement provided f or other purposes may
be regarded as forming part of, or the whole of ,
these ties (i.e. we can design the reinforc ement for the usual
dead, imposed and wind loads requirements and then carry out
design check for the tie requirements).
3.12.3.3 Continuity and anchorage of ties
Bars should be lapped, welded or mechanicall y joined in
accordance with 3.12.8.9. A tie may be consi dered anchored
to another tie at right angles if the bars of the former tie
extend:
a) 12d or an equivalent anchorage beyond all the bars of the
other tie; or
b) an effective anchorage length (based on the f orce in the
bars) beyond the centre -line of the bars of the other tie.
At re-entrant corners or at substantial changes in
construction, care should be taken to ensure that the ties are
adequately anchored or otherwise made effective.
Design of Internal Ties
The basic horizontal tie force Ft is given
in clause 3.12.3 BS8110 as the lesser of:

Ft = (20 + 4n)kN / m
or
Ft = 60kN / m

Ft is defined based on the number of storeys as the

consequences of collapse are generally more serious
for high buildings.
Ft varies from 24kN/m for a single storey and
60kN/m for building of 10 storeys and more.
However, if the total characteristic dead load, gk
+ live load, qk is greater than 7.5kN/m2 and/or the
distance lr between the columns in the direction of
the tie is greater than 5m, then Ft is modified as
the greater of:

æ gk + qk öæ lr ö
F ' t = Ft ç ÷ç ÷kN / m
è 7.5 øè 5.0 ø
or
F ' t = 1.0 Ft

lr is the greater of the distances (in metres) between the

centres of the columns, frames or walls supporting any two
adjacent floor spans in the direction of the tie under
consideration.
Design of Internal Floor Tie
2-storey precast concrete frame, characteristics dead
load,gk=5kN/m2 characteristics live load, qk = 5.5kN/m2.
Design the required ties to provide continuity between precast
slabs.
Design of tie to provide continuity
between precast slabs

Tensile force to be resisted at the end of 8m slabs

Ft = (20 + 4n)kN / m = (20 + 4(2)) = 28kN / m
or Ft = 28kN/m
Ft = 60kN / m
 gk + qk öæ lr ö
F ' t = Ft æç ÷ç ÷kN / m
è 7.5 øè 5.0 ø
æ 5.5kN / m 2 + 5kN / m 2 öæ 8m ö
= 28çç ÷÷ç ÷
è 7.5 øè 5 ø
= 62.7 kN / m
F 't 62.7 ´103 N
As = = = 136.3mm 2
/m
f y 460 N / mm 2

per 1.2m wide floor slab unit

As = 136.3mm 2 / m ´1.2m = 163.6mm 2

Provide 2T12@ 600 mm centres for each slab

(As,prov= 188.5mm2/m or As,prov=226mm2)
For 6m span slab,
Ft = 28kN/m
æ 5.5kN / m 2 + 5kN / m 2 öæ 6m ö
F ' t = 28çç ÷÷ç ÷ = 47kN / m
è 7.5 øè 5 ø
As = 102.2mm 2 / m ´1.2 = 122.6mm 2

6m

8m

Use 2T12@ 600mm centres similar to 8m slab so that

positions of bar are coincide.
 Calc.
example

Analysis
& Design
Analysis
& Design
Many Thanks
‘Simple the best’