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Testing DOCument

Planet Nine is a hypothetical planet in the outer region of the Solar System. Its gravitational effects
could explain the unlikely clustering of orbits for a group of extreme trans-Neptunian objects, bodies
with average distances from the Sun that are more than 250 times that of Earth. These objects tend
to make their closest approaches to the Sun in one sector, and their orbits are similarly tilted. Their
improbable alignments suggest that an undiscovered planet may be shepherding the orbits of the
most distant known Solar Systemobjects. Planet Nine would have a predicted mass five to ten times
that of Earth, and an elongated orbit extending 400 to 800 times as far from the Sun as the Earth's. It
may have been ejected from its original orbit by Jupiter during the genesis of the Solar System,
wrested from another star, captured as a rogue planet, or pulled into an eccentric orbit by a passing
star.

Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been president of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria since 1999.
Two amnesties (via referendum) for former combatants in the Algerian Civil War had taken place
during his presidency (1999 and 2005). This "dirty war" between Islamic guerrillas and the
government had claimed up to 200,000 lives from 1991-2002.[8] Nearly half of the Algerian
population was born after the end of the conflict, amidst the din of repeated corruption scandals.
With the accession to power of Bouteflika in 1999, he began a diplomatic mission to rehabilitate
Algeria's image abroad, and especially after his reelection in 2004, to consolidate power.[9] Over his
tenure as president, the power center in Algerian politics shifted from the east to west, most
particularly to Tlemcen, whose sons became highly-placed media, political, and police figures. $10
billion of public funding flowed to the city for construction projects, including a university, hotels,
museums and airports. €155m was spent on a state residence, which remains incomplete. Many of
the public works contracts were accorded to Chinese companies by whom local contractors were
allegedly not always paid.[10]

Oil-rich during the Arab Spring, the government was able to quiet dissent during the 2010-2012
protests with increased spending.[11]
University of Tlemcen

The constitutional revision of 2016 limited the number of presidential terms that could be served to
two, but nevertheless allowed Bouteflika to seek a fifth term, because the law was not retroactive.[12]

Since 2005, and especially after his stroke in 2013, Bouteflika's ability to govern the country was
called into question: rumors of his death were frequent as he was often hospitalized, no longer
spoke and made very few written statements.[13] In this context, some Algerians considered his
announced candidacy for the presidential election, originally scheduled for 18 April 2019, to be
humiliating.[14]

Corruption[edit]
Members of Bouteflika's administration have been accused of engaging in corrupt practices at
several instances. In 2010, Sonatrach, the state-owned oil and gas company, suspended all of its
senior management after two of the company's vice-presidents were imprisoned for corruption.
Algeria's Energy Minister Chakib Khelil announced that the president of the company and several
executives have been placed under judicial supervision.[15] In 2013, Khelil was also accused of
receiving a bribe from a subsidiary of the Italian energy company Eni.[16] According to El Watan,
overbilling for public works and misleading descriptions of imported goods are two common corrupt
practices, facilitated by cronyism at the highest levels.[17]

On 26 June 2018, Bouteflika dismissed Abdelghani Hamel as head of the national police (DGSN),
despite the latter being part of his inner circle. This news came after one of Hamel's drivers had
become a suspect in Cocainegate, which led a general of the gendarmerie, four judges and two
public prosecutors to be tried for bribery.[18][19]

Monumentalism[edit]
Djamaa el Djazaïr, a large mosque under construction in Algiers, is nicknamed the Great Mosque of
Bouteflika. Its minaret is 55m higher than the Hassan II Mosque in Morocco. Though its construction
was touted as an Algerian job-creater, immigrant workers did most of the work for China State
Construction Engineering while living in prefab shantytowns around the construction site. The project
still came in 2.5 times over-budget. A doctor quoted in Le Monde complained that "with $4 billion,
200 hospitals could have been built." Converting the mosque into a hospital has been suggested.
For the Algerian press, it became a symbol of the mis-management of public funds and of the
"capricious megalomania" of the former President.[20][21][22]
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