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Consider the following one dimensional system
dx/dt = x^2 -a Find fixed points
Fixed points:
dx
 x2  a
dt
It is an autonomous differential equation
For fixed points, we have
dx
 x2  a  0
dt
x2  a
x a
in case a  0
fixed po int s are real
in case a  0
x0
2 solved separately for Matlab manipulation
Directional field 11
Bifurcation diagram 13
clc
clear all
clf
close all
global a
a_var = [-0.5 0.6 0];
x0=0.001;
tspan = [0 10];
for counter=1:1:3
a = a_var(counter);
[t X] = ode45(@DE_model,tspan,x0);
Xdot = DE_model(t,X)
figure
% subplot(2,1,1)
plot(X,Xdot)
xlabel('Displacement, x [m]')
ylabel('Velocity, xdot [m/s]')
title([' Initial conditions : x(0) = ',num2str(x0),' a = ',num2str(a)])
end
Warning: Failure at t=2.219395e+00. Unable to meet integration tolerances

without reducing the step size below the smallest value allowed (7.105427e-15)
at time t.
Xdot =
Directional field
syms x c;
ezplot(x==c^2);
legend('case: c=0');
figure; ezplot(x==+sqrt(c));
hold on;
ezplot(x==-sqrt(c));
legend('Case: c>0');
figure; ezplot(x==+i*sqrt(c));
hold on;
ezplot(x==-i*sqrt(c));
legend('Case: c<0');
Bifurcation diagram
Function yue_bifur: plots 1D bifurcation figure Input: fun = some function @(x,para) x0 = initial value
of x a0 = the start value of parameter a a1 = the end value of parameter a N = the number of
intervals for parameter L = the number of iterations for each initial pair of (x0,parameter a)
p_siz = the marker size, default 1 Output: mat = bifucation matrix with size N by L which stores a
length L sequence for each pair of (x0,parameter a)
-------------------------------------------------
figure
fun = @(x,a) x*x - a;
x0 = .4; a0 = 0; a1 = 4; N = 100; L = 50;
mat = yue_bifur(fun,x0,a0,a1,N,L);
% ---------------------------------------------------
xlabel('a')
ylabel('x')
title( 'Bifurcation diagram')
Published with MATLAB® R2017a
3 . Analytical solution
dx
 x2  a
dt
dx
 dt
x a
2
dx
 dt
 x  a  x  a 
1 1 1
 
 x  a  x  a  
2 a x a  
2 a x a 
dx dx
  dt

2 a x a  
2 a x a 
 
1 1

  x  a  x  a  dx   2 adt
    
ln  x  a   ln  x  a   2 at  C
ln
x  a
 2 at  C
x  a
Consider the following system
d 2x
m 2
 ko x   x 3  0
dt
2
d x 1
   ko x   x 3 
dt 2 m 
d 2 x  ko 
2
 x  x3
dt m m
For fixed points
 ko 
x  x3  0
m m
k 
 x   o  x 2   0
 m m 
k 
x0 or o  x 2  0
m m
 ko  2
  x 0
m m
 2  ko
x 
m m
k
x2  o

x k

so
Fixed po int s

x  0,  k ,  k
  
2- Units of x are in meters and time in seconds
Then
d 2x
F  ma  m
dt 2
d 2x  kgm 2 
m 2 N  2 
dt  s 
d 2 x  m2 

dt 2  s 2 
 kgm 2 
 s2 
 m   2   kg
m 
 s2 
 
 kgm 2 
o  o     2 
k x  k  m  N 
 s 
 kgm 2 
 s2 
N     kgm 
ko     
m  m  s 2 
and
 kgm 2 
   x3    N    2 
 s 
 kgm 2 
  x3     m3    2 
 s 
 N   kgm   kg 
2
    3    3 2    2 
 m   m s   ms 
So Answer is
 m   kg 
 ko   
N   kgm 

 m   s 
2
N   kgm2   kg 
      3 2
 m   m s   ms 
3 2
3 - Transforming second order differential equation into a set of ordinary differential equations
d 2x
m  ko x   x 3  0
dt 2
d 2x 1
2
   ko x   x 3 
dt m
d x  ko
2

2
 x  x3
dt m m
Lets take
dx
V
dt
SO, we can write
d 2 x dV

dt 2 dt
dV
m  ko x   x 3  0
dt
dV 1
    ko x   x 3 
dt m
dV  ko 
  x  x3
dt m m
The set of resultant ODEs is as follow
dx
V
dt
dV  ko 
 x  x3
dt m m
different init conditions 3

Different init conditions 4
Different parametr 5
clc
clear all
clf
close all
global k m mu
k = 1.0
mu = 0.5
m =1
Omega = sqrt(k/m)
T= 2*pi/Omega;
x0=1;
xdot_0=0;
X0 = [1 0];
tspan = [0 10*T];
%
[t X] = ode45(@DuffOSC,tspan,X0);
x = X(:,1);
xdot = X(:,2);
t_T = t/T;
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(x,xdot)
title([' Initial conditions : x(0) = ',num2str(x0),' xdot(0) = ',num2str(xdot_0)])
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t_T,x)
xlabel('Time, t/T [-]')
ylabel('Displacement, x [m]')
figure
plot(t_T,xdot)
function dYdt = DuffOSC(t,X)

global k m mu
dxdt = X(2);
dVdt = k/m*X(1) - mu/m*X(1).^3
dYdt = [dxdt;dVdt];
end
mu =
0.500000000000000
m=
Omega =
1
different init conditions
xdot_0=1;
x0=1;
X0 = [x0 xdot_0];
tspan = [0 10*T];
x = X(:,1);
xdot = X(:,2);
t_T = t/T;
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(x,xdot)
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t_T,x)
Different init conditions
xdot_0=6;
x0=-1;
X0 = [x0 xdot_0];
tspan = [0 10*T];
x = X(:,1);
xdot = X(:,2);
t_T = t/T;
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(x,xdot)
xlabel('Displace, x [m]')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t_T,x)
Different parametr
k=0.2;
mu=0.7;
m=10;
Omega = sqrt(k/m);
T= 2*pi/Omega;
xdot_0=-7.6;
x0=0;
X0 = [x0 xdot_0];
tspan = [0 10*T];
x = X(:,1);
xdot = X(:,2);
t_T = t/T;
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(x,xdot)
xlabel('Displace, x [m]')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t_T,x)
Published with MATLAB® R2017a

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Consider the following one dimensional system

dx/dt = x^2 -a Find fixed points

For fixed points, we have

Warning: Failure at t=2.219395e+00. Unable to meet integration tolerances

Consider the following system

different init conditions 3

title([' Initial conditions : x(0) = ',num2str(x0),' xdot(0) = ',num2str(xdot_0)])

function dYdt = DuffOSC(t,X)

Published with MATLAB® R2017a

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