LITERATURE THROUGH AGES

English literature is one of the richest literatures in the world. It has vitality, rich variety
and continuity. As literature is the reflection of society, the various changes which have come
about in the English society from the earliest to the modern times have left their stamp on
English literature. When we study the history of English literature, we find that it has passed
through certain definite phases, each having marked characteristics. These phases may be
termed as ‘Ages’ or ‘Periods’, which are named either after the central literary figures or the
important rulers of England, literary movements, or termed by literary historians. It is
essential to keep them in mind in order to follow their distinctive characteristics during the
various periods of development in literature.
The Anglo-Saxons
The earliest of the phases of English literature started with Anglo-Saxon literature of
the Angles and Saxons (the ancestors of the English race) much before they occupied Britain.
Like other nations, they sang at their feasts, and the songs were about battles, gods, religion,
agriculture and their ancestral heroes. It was in these songs that English poetry began in the
ancient Engle-land, while Britain was still a Roman province.
Middle English/Anglo-Norman period
The Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxon King, Harold 11, at the Battle of Hastings and
conquered England. This conquest inaugurated a distinctly new epoch in literature, as well as
the political history of England. It spurred a wholesome awakening of national life. The people
started getting inspired by this new vision of a greater future. The Anglo-Saxons lost their
initial hostility to the newcomers with time, and they became part and parcel of one nation.
The Normans not only brought with them soldiers, artisans and traders, they also had scholars
to revive knowledge, minstrels to celebrate victories, or sing of adventure and love. Old
English poetry vanished and romances, that talked of heroes of by-gone days became popular.
They dealt with the stories of King Arthur, The War of Troy and the mythical doings of
Charlemagne and of Alexander the Great.
The major poets of this age are William Langland, John Gower and Chaucer.
The Renaissance Period (1500-1600)
The Renaissance Period brought the ‘revival of learning’, and it denotes in its broadest
sense the gradual enlightenment of human mind after the darkness of the Middle Ages.
The essence of this movement was that man discovered and unveiled his new
potentials. Along with the revival of learning, new discoveries took place in several other
fields. Vasco De Gama circumnavigated the earth; Columbus discovered America; Copernicus
uncovered the Solar System. Books started to be printed, and philosophy, science and art
were systematized. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I is of remarkable importance, since
Renaissance is chiefly marked by the tenure of her rule, which is why the Renaissance Period
is also called the Elizabethan Period or ‘The Golden Age’. The most noteworthy achievement
during this period was in the field of drama. The significance lies in the fact that they brought
the educated class in touch with a more advanced form of drama as compared to the old
English play. Poetry in the Renaissance took a new trend. It was the poetry of the new age of
discovery, enthusiasm and excitement. Under the impact of the Renaissance, the people of
England were infused with freshness and vigour. Prose began to be used as a vehicle for
various forms of amusement and information, and its popularity increased with the
advancement in printing press. The prominent authors in this age were University Wits -
Shakespeare (thirty-seven plays and 154 sonnets), Ben Johnson, Spencer and Christopher
Marlowe.
The Puritan Age (1600-1660)
It is also called the Age of Milton, who was the noblest representative of the Puritan
spirit. The Puritan movement is marked by the rebirth of moral nature of man, which followed
the intellectual awakening of Europe. It stood for the liberty of people from the shackles of
the despotic rulers, as well as the introduction of high ideals in politics. It aimed at making
men honest and free. However, due to the severe religious principles, poetry became
metaphysical. The chief advocate of the school was Donne, followed by Cowley, Herrick and
others. This period was rich in prose and produced great prose writers like Milton, Bacon,
Burton and Sir Thomas Browne.
The Restoration Age (1660-1700)
This phase in the history of English Literature is called Restoration as monarchy was
restored in England, and Charles II, whose father had been executed after his defeat by the
parliamentary forces under Oliver Cromwell, came back to England from his exile in France
and became the King.
With his arrival, all restraints and disciplines were disposed of and a wave of
licentiousness and frivolity swept the country. The existing poetry was renounced and poets
were ordered to follow the style of their French contemporaries. They began to imitate
French writers and their vices. Consequently, the Elizabethan spirit, lust for adventure and
knowledge, all became things of the past.
Poetry became more satirical, realistic, and was written in the heroic couplet of which
Dryden was the supreme master. The theaters which were shut by the Puritans opened again.
The plays took a new form, which lacked emotional approach to life and poetry. Moreover, it
appealed to the aristocratic class only. Prose reached a major mark in this age.
18th Century Literature
It is also called the Classical Age in literature. As the writers of the eighteenth century
in England tried to follow the simple and noble methods of the great ancient writers, they
began to be called Classical writers. The English writers rebelled against the fantastic style of
writing prevalent in the past ages, and they demanded that poetry, drama and prose should
follow exact rules. But as they followed the ancient classical writers only in their external
performance, they lacked their sublimity, essence and grandeur, so they are called pseudo-
classicists.
The Romantic Age
The Romantic Age is the most fruitful period in the history of English Literature. It is a
movement which started against the neoclassical school of thought, and was marked by the
publication of the ‘Lyrical Ballads’ by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.
In Romanticism, primary importance was given to the artist’s feelings and freedom of
expression. The essence lay in the fact that literature must reflect all that is spontaneous and
unaffected in nature and man, and it must be free to follow its own fancy, in its own way.
No age in English Literature has produced poets as those belonging to this age.
Moreover, it was the age of revolutionary change, not only in view of the character and
function of poetry, but in the whole conception of the nature of man and of the world in
which he found himself. The escapist, Keats, the visionary, Coleridge, and many other poetic
giants like Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron and Southey, all belonged to this age.
The Victorian Age
The Victorian Age started from 1832; this age is divided into two parts: The early
Victorian age and the late Victorian age. It was a fact that England was fast moving from
agriculture to industrialization, and power was being transferred to the middle class. Child
labour was being condemned and steps were taken to diminish it. This issue was highlighted
in the novels of Charles Dickens, who belonged to the Victorian era.
The writers and poets considered it their duty to bring people back to religion, and so
their work was more moralistic in nature. Robert Browning, Mathew Arnold and Alfred
Tennyson are the famous poets of this age.
Victorian literature is often considered as stuffy and morally oppressive. However, it
is also very imaginative and emotional. It also reflects realism to show the plight of everyday
working class.
Some of the most famous authors of this period are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte,
and Charles Dickens. During this time, novel writing became the most prominent literary
work.
The Modern Age
The Modern Age in English Literature started from the beginning of the twentieth
century, and opposed the so-called ‘hypocritical’ attitude of the Victorian Society. Nothing
was considered certain and people strove for realism and meaning of life. They did not take
anything for granted; everything was questioned.
Modern poetry exercised great freedom in the choice of themes. Gone were the days
when it was believed that the job of the poet was only to create “beauty”. They wrote both
about beautiful and twisted things, about human feelings, about the sad realities, about
World Wars, about pessimism and humanitarianism.
 The new dramatists gave up the old style of their predecessors and began to portray
the actual English life in their plays. The characters in their plays were often restless,
questioning and dissatisfied.
Some of the novels adopted the technique of stream of consciousness. All the past
traditions and norms were broken, and the writers started to focus more on the characters’
inner mind and psychology, rather than the actions and plot.
Science made a massive progress, and Darwinism and other such theories (which
challenged religious beliefs), greatly welcomed doubts and skepticism.
Post-modernism
Post-modern literature serves as a reaction to the supposed stylistic and ideological
limitations of modernist literature and the radical changes the world underwent after the end
of World War II. For many post-modern writers, the various disasters that occurred in the last
half of the 20th century left a number of writers with a profound sense of paranoia.
Post-modern philosophy tends to conceptualize the world in which knowledge and
facts are always related to particular situations, and that it’s both futile and impossible to
attempt to locate any precise meaning to any idea, concept or event. Post-modern writers
were greatly affected by this philosophy.
Similarly, at the core of many post-modern literary writers’ imagination, there is a
belief that the world has already fallen apart and that actual, singular meaning is impossible
to locate. It also implies that literature should serve to reveal the world’s absurdities,
paradoxes and ironies.
Post-modern literary writers come from all across the world. It is not specific to writers
from any particular region or culture. There are thousands of writers and literary works from
all over the world which are considered ‘post-modern’ by critics and scholars.
We are still living in the post-modern era. Have you ever wondered what will come next?