LATHE MACHINE

SUBMITTED BY:
RAKESH KUMAR(1120259)
BHIMSAIN(1120258)
SECTION D-2
INTRODUCTION
A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the
workpiece on its axis to perform various operations
such as cutting,sanding, knurling, drilling,
or deformation with tools that are applied to the
workpiece to create an object which
has symmetryabout an axis of rotation.

Lathes are used

in woodturning, metalworking, metal
spinning, Thermal spraying/ parts reclamation, and
glass-working. Lathes can be used to
shape pottery, the best-known design being
the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped
metalworking lathes can also be used to produce
most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw
threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce
three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity.
The material can be held in place by either one or
two centers, at least one of which can be moved
horizontally to accommodate varying material
lengths. Other work-holding methods include
clamping the work about the axis of rotation using
a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or
dogs.
DIAGRAM OF LATHE MACHINE

Explanation of the standard components of most

lathes:

• Bed: Usually made of cast iron. Provides a heavy

rigid frame on which all the main components are
mounted.
• Ways: Inner and outer guide rails that are
precision machined parallel to assure accuracy of
movement.

• Headstock: mounted in a fixed position on the

inner ways, usually at the left end. Using a chuck, it
rotates the work.
• Gearbox: inside the headstock, providing
multiple speeds with a geometric ratio by moving
levers.

• Spindle: Hole through the headstock to which

bar stock can be fed, which allows shafts that are
up to 2 times the length between lathe centers to
be worked on one end at a time.

• Chuck: 3-jaw (self centering) or 4-jaw

(independent) to clamp part being machined.

• Chuck: allows the mounting of difficult

workpieces that are not round, square or
triangular.
• Tailstock: Fits on the inner ways of the bed and
can slide towards any position the headstock to fit
the length of the work piece. An optional taper
turning attachment would be mounted to it.

• Tailstock Quill: Has a Morse taper to hold a

lathe center, drill bit or other tool.

• Carriage: Moves on the outer ways. Used for

mounting and moving most the cutting tools.

• Cross Slide: Mounted on the traverse slide of

the carriage, and uses a handwheel to feed tools
into the workpiece.

• Tool Post: To mount tool holders in which the

cutting bits are clamped.

• Compound Rest: Mounted to the cross slide, it

pivots around the tool post.
• Apron: Attached to the front of the carriage, it
has the mechanism and controls for moving the
carriage and cross slide.

• Feed Rod: Has a keyway, with two reversing

pinion gears, either of which can be meshed with
the mating bevel gear to forward or reverse the
carriage using a clutch.

• Lead Screw: For cutting threads.

• Split Nut: When closed around the lead screw,

the carriage is driven along by direct drive without
using a clutch.

• Quick Change Gearbox: Controls the movement

of the carriage using levers.
• Steady Rest: Clamped to the lathe ways, it uses
adjustable fingers to contact the workpiece and
align it. Can be used in place of tailstock or in the
middle to support long or unstable parts being
machined.
• Follow Rest: Bolted to the lathe carriage, it uses
adjustable fingers to bear against the workpiece
opposite the cutting tool to prevent deflection.

LATHE ACCESORIES:
• Four-jaw chuck:
• Used mainly for holding irregular shapes.
• Collet chuck:
• Primarily used for small round work pieces
• Three-jaw chuck:

• Used with a variety of diameters of round

stock. It is a self centering chuck. it is used
to hold only round jobs.
• Faceplate:
• A faceplate, drive dog, and mandrel may be
used to turn workpieces such as gearblanks.
Tools used on LATHE machine
TOOL HOLDERS AND TOOL POSTS

Lathe tool holders are designed to securely and

rigidly hold the tool bit at a fixed angle for
properly machining a workpiece . Tool holders are
designed to work in conjunction with various lathe
tool posts, onto which the tool holders are
mounted. Tool holders for high speed steel tool
bits come in various types for different uses.
These tool holders are designed to be used with
the standard round tool post that usually is
supplied with each engine lathe. This tool post
consists of the post, screw, washer, collar, and
rocker, and fits into the T-slot of the compound
rest.
Standard tool holders for high-speed steel cutting
tools have a square slot made to fit a standard size
tool bit shank. Tool bit shanks can be 1/4-inch,
5/16-inch, 3/8-inch, and greater, with all the
various sizes being manufactured for all the
different lathe manufacturer's tool holder models.
Some standard tool holders for steel tool bits are
the straight tool holder, right and left offset tool
holder, and the zero rake tool holder designed for
special carbide tool bits. Other tool holders to fit
the standard round tool post include straight, left,
and right parting tool holders, knurling tool
holders, boring bar tool holders, and specially
formed thread cutting tool holders.

The turret tool post is a swiveling block that can

hold many different tool bits or tool holders. Each
cutting tool can quickly be swiveled into cutting
position and clamped into place using a quick
clamping handle. The turret tool post is used mainly
for high-speed production operations.

The heavy-duty or open-sided tool post (Figure 7-

17) is used for holding a single carbide-tipped tool
bit or tool holder. It is used mainly for very heavy
cuts that require a rigid tool holder.
The quick-change tool system (Figure 7-18)
consists of a quick-change dovetail tool post with a
complete set of matching dovetailed tool holders
that can be quickly changed as different lathe
operations become necessary. This system has a
quick-release knob on the top of the tool post that
allows tool changes in less than 5 seconds, which
makes this system valuable for production machine
shops.

WORK HOLDING DEVICES

lathe Many different devices, such as chucks,
collets, faceplates, drive plates, mandrels, and
lathe centers, are used to hold and drive the work
while it is being machined on a lathe. The size and
type of work to be machined and the particular
operation that needs to be done will determine
which work holding device is best for any
particular job. Another consideration is how much
accuracy is needed for a job, since some work
holding devices are more accurate than others.
Operational details for some of the more common
work holding devices follow.

The universal scroll chuck, usually has three jaws

which move in unison as an adjusting pinion is
rotated. The advantage of the universal scroll
chuck is its ease of operation in centering work for
concentric turning. This chuck is not as accurate as
the independent chuck, but when in good condition
it will center work within 0.002 to 0.003 inches of
runout.

The jaws are moved simultaneously within the

chuck by a scroll or spiral-threaded plate. The
jaws are threaded to the scroll and move an equal
distance inward or outward as the scroll is rotated
by the adjusting pinion. Since the jaws are
individually aligned on the scroll, the jaws cannot
usually be reversed. Some manufactures supply two
sets of jaws, one for internal work and one for
external work. Other manufactures make the jaws
in two pieces so the outside, or gripping surface
may be reversed. which can be interchanged.

The universal scroll chuck can be used to hold and

automatically center round or hexagonal
workpieces. Having only three jaws, the chuck
cannot be used effectively to hold square,
octagonal, or irregular shapes.

The independent chuck, generally has four jaws

which are adjusted individually on the chuck face
by means of adjusting screws. The chuck face is
scribed with concentric circles which are used for
rough alignment of the jaws when chucking round
workpieces. The final adjustment is made by
turning the workpiece slowly by hand and using a
dial indicator to determine it's concentricity. The
jaws are then readjusted as necessary to align the
workpiece within the desired tolerances.

The jaws of the independent chuck may be used as

illustrated or may be reversed so that the steps
face in the opposite direction; thus workpieces can
be gripped either externally or internally. The
independent chuck can be used to hold square,
round, octagonal, or irregularly shaped workpieces
in either a concentric or eccentric position due to
the independent operation of each jaw.

Because of its versatility and capacity for fine

adjustment, the independent chuck is commonly
used for mounting odd-shaped workpieces which
must be held with extreme accuracy.

A combination chuck combines the features of the

independent chuck and the universal scroll chuck
and can have either three or four jaws. The jaws
can be moved in unison on a scroll for automatic
centering or can be moved individually if desired by
separate adjusting screws.

The drill chuck, is a small universal chuck which can

be used in either the headstock spindle or the
tailstock for holding straight-shank drills,
reamers, taps, or small diameter workpieces. The
drill chuck has three or four hardened steel jaws
which are moved together or apart by adjusting a
tapered sleeve within which they are contained.
The drill chuck is capable of centering tools and
small-diameter workpieces to within 0.002 or
0.003 inch when firmly tightened.
The collet chuck is the most accurate means of
holding small workpieces in the lathe. The collet
chuck consists of a spring machine collet and a
collet attachment which secures and regulates the
collet on the headstock spindle of the.

Lathe Cutting Tools

a.General.
A machine tool is no more efficient than its cutting
tool. There is nothing in shop work that should be
given more thoughtful consideration than cutting
tools. Time is always wasted if an improperly
shaped tool is used. The cutting action of the tool
depends on its shape and its adjustment in the
holding device. Lathe cutter bits may be
considered as wedges which are forced into the
material to cause compression, with a resulting
rupture or plastic flow of the material. The
rupture or plastic flow is called cutting. To machine
metal efficiently and accurately, it is necessary
that the cutter bits have keen, well-supported
cutting edges, and that they be ground for the
particular metal being machined and the type of
cut desired. Cutter bits are made from several
types of steel,
the most
common of which
are described in
the following
subparagraphs.

(1) Carbon Steel.

Carbon steel, or
tool steel is high
in carbon
content, hardens to a high degree of hardness
when properly heated and quenched. The carbon-
steel tool will give good results as long as constant
care is taken to avoid overheating or "bluing," since
the steel will lose its temper or hardness at a
relatively low heat becoming ineffective as a
cutting tool.
For low-speed turning, high carbon steels give
satisfactory results and are more economical than
other materials.
(2) High-Speed Steel.
High-speed steel is alloyed with tungsten and
sometimes with chromium, vanadium, or
molybdenum. Although not as hard as properly
tempered carbon steel, the majority of lathe
cutting tools are made of high-speed steel because
it retains its hardness at extremely high
temperatures. Cutter hits made of this material
can be used without damage at speeds and feeds
which heat the cutting edges to a dull red.

(3) Stellite. These cutter bits will withstand

higher cutting speeds than high-speed steel cutter
bits. Stellite is a nonmagnetic alloy which is harder
than common high-speed steel.
The tool will not lose its temper, even though
heated red hot from the friction that is generated
by taking a cut. Stellite is more brittle than high-
speed steel. To prevent breaking or chipping, it
requires just enough clearance to permit the tool
to cut freely. Stellite is also used for machining
hardened steel, cast iron, bronze, etc.

(4) Tungsten Carbide. Tungsten carbide is used to

tip cutter bits when maximum speed and efficiency
is required for materials which are difficult to
machine. Although expensive, these cutter bits are
highly efficient for machining cast iron, alloyed
cast iron, copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, Babbitt
metal, and such abrasive nonmetallic materials as
fiber, hard rubber, and bakelite. Cutter bits of
this type require very rigid support and are usually
held in open-side toolposts. They require special
grinding wheels for sharpening, since tungsten
carbide is too hard to be redressed on ordinary
grinding abrasive wheels.

(5) Tantalum Carbide and Titanium Carbide. These

cutting tools are similar to tungsten carbide tools
but are used mostly for machining steel where
extreme heavy cuts are taken and heat and
pressure tend to deform the cutting edge of the
other types of cutting tools.

LATHE OPERATIONS:
• Turning:
This operation is one of the most basic machining
processes. That is, the part is rotated while a
single point cutting tool is moved parallel to the
axis of rotation. Turning can be done on the
external surface of the part as well as internally
(boring). The starting material is generally a
workpiece generated by other processes such as
casting, forging, extrusion, or drawing.
Tapered turning
a) from the compound slide b) from taper turning
attachment c) using a hydraulic copy attachment d)
using a C.N.C. lathe e) using a form tool f) by the
offsetting of the tailstock - this method more
suited for shallow tapers
Spherical generation
The proper expression for making or turning a
shape is to generate as in to generate a form
around a fixed axis of revolution. a) using hydraulic
copy attachment b) C.N.C. (computerised
numerically controlled) lathe c) using a form tool (a
rough and ready method) d) using bed jig (need
drawing to explain
Hard turning
Hard turning is a turning done on materials with a
Rockwell C hardness greater than 45. It is typically
performed after the workpiece is heat treated.
The process is intended to replace or limit
traditional grinding operations. Hard turning, when
applied for purely stock removal purposes,
competes favorably with rough grinding. However,
when it is applied for finishing where form and
dimension are critical, grinding is superior. Grinding
produces higher dimensional accuracy of roundness
and cylindricity. In addition, polished surface
finishes of Rz=0.3-0.8z cannot be achieved with
hard turning alone. Hard turning is appropriate for
parts requiring roundness accuracy of 0.5-12
micrometres, and/or surface roughness of Rz 0.8–
7.0 micrometres. It is used for gears, injection
pump components, hydraulic components, among
other applications.

(turning)
• Facing:
It is part of the turning process. It involves
moving the cutting tool at right angles to the
axis of rotation of the rotating workpiece. This
can be performed by the operation of the
cross-slide, if one is fitted, as distinct from the
longitudinal feed (turning). It is frequently the
first operation performed in the production of
the workpiece, and often the last- hence the
phrase “ending up”.
 (facing)

• Parting:
This process is used to create deep grooves
which will remove a completed or part-complete
component from its parent stock.

(parting)
• Grooving:
It is like parting, except that grooves are cut
to a specific depth by a form tool instead of
severing a completed/part-complete component
from the stock
 Grooving can be performed on internal and
external surfaces

(grooving)

• Screw cutting :
Both standard and non-standard screw threads
can be turned on a lathe using an appropriate
cutting tool. (Usually having a 60, or 55° nose
angle

• Chamfering:

Chamfering removes the burrs and sharp edges,

and thus makes the handling safe. Chamfering
can be done by a form tool having angle equal to
chamfer which is generally kept at 45°.

(chamfered piece)