Systems Analysis and Design

IT3 - MTh 3:00 to 4:30 pm

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Vision

A distinctively strong Christian

University integrating faith, character
and service in building up and
enhancing the quality of life.
Mission
We, at Philippine Christian University, a church-related
academic institution, commit ourselves to;
• Provide an education that will enhance the development
of Christian character.
• Promote academic excellence and the highest quality
education.
• Be responsive to Philippine needs and conditions.
• Become responsible stewards of God’s creation and
resources.
• Foster international understanding and goodwill.
• Support the ecumenical movement.
“The whole is greater than the
sum of its parts.”
― Aristotle

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Reference:

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Objectives
• Discuss the impact of information technology on business
• Define an information system and explain its components
• Use profiles and models to understand business functions
and operations
• Understand the impact of the Internet on business
• Identify various types of information systems and explain
who uses them
• Explain systems development tools, including modeling,
prototyping, and CASE tools
• Distinguish between structured analysis and object-oriented
methodology
• Describe the systems development life cycle
• Discuss the role of the information technology department
and the systems analysts who work there

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System
• is a regularly interacting or interdependent
group of items or parts forming a unified whole.

Note: Every system is delineated by its

spatial and temporal boundaries,
surrounded and influenced by its
environment, described by its structure
and purpose and expressed in its
functioning.
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Characteristics of a System

•Organization
•Interaction
•Interdependence
•Integration
•Central Objective

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• Organization-It implies structure and order.

• Interaction-It refers to manner in which each

component functions with other components of
the system.

• Interdependence-Units/parts are dependent on

each other.

• Integration-The parts of a system work together

within the system even though each part
performs a unique function.

• Central Objective- Objective may be real or

stated. All the components work together to
achieve that particular objective.
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Elements of a System

• Outputs and Inputs

• Processor
• Control
• Feedback
• Environment
• Boundaries and Interface

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The Impact of Information Technology:
How has technology changed the way
we conduct business?
• Businesses have been at the forefront of
technology for ages. Whatever can speed
production will draw in more business.
• As computers emerged in the 20th century,
they promised a new age of information
technology. But in order to reap the benefits,
businesses needed to adapt and change their
infrastructure.

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• Information Technology (IT) - refers to the combination
of hardware and software products and services that
people use to manage, access, communicate, and share
information.

THE ROLE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

• Systems Analysis and Design (SAD) - is a step-by-step
process for developing high-quality information systems.
• Systems Analyst - Plans, develops and maintain
information systems.
• Information System (IS) - is an organized collection,
storage, and presentation system of data and other
knowledge for decision making, progress reporting, and
for planning and evaluation of programs.

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Information System
Terminologies

• System - (Another def.) is a set of related components

that produces specific results.
• Mission-critical system – systems that are considered
vital to a company’s operations.
• In-house applications – systems that are developed
for a company’s own operations.
• Software packages – otherwise known as purchased
systems or information systems bought from vendors.
• Outsourcing – the transfer of information system
development to another unit or entity for a fee, on a
temporary or long-term basis.
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Five (5) Key Components of Information
Systems

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Five (5) Key Components of
Information Systems
1. Hardware
• Everything in the physical layer of the information
system.
• Can include servers, workstations (Desktop
Computer), networks, telecommunication equipment,
fiber-optic cables, handheld computers, scanners,
digital capture devices and other tangible technology-
based infrastructure.
2. Software
• Programs that control the hardware and produce
information.
• System software – manages the hardware
components, which can include a single workstation
or a global network with many thousands of clients.
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Five (5) Key Components of
Information Systems
Software (cont.)
• Application Software – consists of programs that
support day-to-day business functions and provide
users with the information they require.
e.g. Payroll system, inventory system etc.
• Horizontal System – is a system that can be adapted
for use in many different types of companies.
Vertical System – designed to meet the unique
requirements of a specific business or industry.
e.g. Web-based retailer, Video Chain Rental system
• Legacy System – older versions of information
systems in a company.

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Five (5) Key Components of
Information Systems
3. Data
• The raw material
that an information
system transforms
into useful
information

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Five (5) Key Components of Information
Systems
4. Processes (procedures)
• Describe the tasks and
business functions that users,
managers, and IT staff
members perform to achieve
specific results.
5. People
• Users, or end users, are the
people who interact with an
information system, both inside
and outside the company.

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Five (5) Key Components of Information
Systems

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Information—A Key Resource

• Fuels business and can be the critical factor in

determining the success or failure of a
business.

• Needs to be managed correctly.

• Managing computer-generated information

differs from handling manually produced data.

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Systems Analysts Recommend, Design, and
Maintain Many Types of Systems for Users

• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Expert Systems (ES)
• Executive Support Systems (ESS)
• Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
• Computer-Supported Collaborative Work Systems
(CSCWS)

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Action Plan

Business, defines an action plan as a

"sequence of steps that must be taken,
or activities that must be performed well,
for a strategy to succeed".

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 Example:
Action Plan

Strategic Goal Strategy Objective Responsibility Timeline

1. (Goal #1) 1.1 (first 1.1.1 (first (who’s going to (when the
strategy to objective to accomplish that implementer is
reach Goal #1) reach while objective) going to be
implementing accomplish that
Strategy #1.1) objective)

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TYPES OF ACTION PLANNING:

• STRATEGIC PLANNING (Strategic Level) - a type of

action planning spearheaded by executive managers or
top managers to develop long-range plans for the
organization (5 years).
• TACTICAL PLANNING (Higher Level)- a type of
action planning spearheaded by middle managers to
support the plans laid out by executive managers or top
managers (1-3 years).
• OPERATIONAL PLANNING (Knowledge Level) – a
type of action planning spearheaded by supervisors or
team leaders as well as knowledge workers in scheduling
or monitoring in relation to the organization’s day-to-day
business operations.
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Strategic Level
• Executive Support System (ESS)
• Helps executives to make unstructured strategic
decisions in an informed way
• Examples: drill-down analysis, status access
• Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
• Permit group members to interact with electronic
support.
• Examples: email, Lotus Notes
• Computer-Supported Collaborative Work System
(CSCWS)
• CSCWS is a more general term of GDSS.
• May include software support called groupware for team
collaboration via network computers
• Example: video conferencing, Web survey system
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Operational/Tactical Level

•Transaction Processing System (TPS)

• Process large amounts of data for routine business
transactions
• Boundary-spanning
• Support the day-to-day operations of the company
• Examples: Payroll Processing, Inventory
Management

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Knowledge Level
• Office Automation System (OAS)
• Supports data workers who share information, but do
not usually create new knowledge

Examples: word processing, spreadsheets, desktop

publishing, electronic scheduling, communication
through voice mail, email, teleconferencing

• Knowledge Work System (KWS)

• Supports professional workers such as scientists,
engineers, and doctors
• Examples: computer-aided design systems, virtual
reality systems, investment workstations

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Higher Level

• Management Information System (MIS)

• Supports a broad spectrum of organizational tasks including decision
analysis and decision making
• Examples: profit margin by sales region, expenses vs. budgets
• Computer-Supported Collaborative Work System (CSCWS)
• CSCWS is a more general term of GDSS.
• May include software support called groupware for team collaboration
via network computers
• Example: video conferencing, Web survey system
• Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligence
• Captures and uses the knowledge of an expert for solving a particular
problem which leads to a conclusion or recommendation
• Researching and understanding a natural language and the ability to
reason through a problem to its logical conclusion

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 A systems analyst may
be involved with any or
Strategic
Level
all of these systems at
each organization level.

Higher
Level

Knowledge
Level

Operational
Level

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Integrating New Technologies into
Traditional Systems
• Ecommerce and Web Systems
• Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
• Wireless and Mobile Systems
• Open Source Software
• Cloud Computing

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 Ecommerce and Web Systems
Web information system, or web-based information
system, is an information system that uses Internet web
technologies to deliver information and services, to users
or other information systems/applications.

• Benefits
• Increasing user awareness of the availability of a
service, product, industry, person, or group
• The possibility of 24-hour access for users
• Improving the usefulness and usability of interface
design
• Creating a system that can extend globally rather
than remain local, thus reaching people in remote
locations without worry of the time zone in which
they are located

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Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP)
is business process management software that allows an
organization to use a system of integrated applications to
manage the business and automate many back office
functions related to technology, services and human
resources.
• Performs integration of many information systems existing on
different management levels and within different functions
• Example: SAP, Oracle

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Wireless and Mobile Systems
• A system analyst may be asked to design
standard or wireless and mobile
communication networks that integrate voice,
video, and email into organizational intranets
or industry extranets.
• A system analyst may also be asked to
develop intelligent agents.
Example: AI, bots(Robots)
• Wireless communication is the transfer of
information or power between two or more
points that are not connected by an electrical
conductor.
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Open Source Software
• An alternative of traditional software
development where proprietary code is hidden
from the users
• Open source software is free to distribute,
share, and modify.
Note: Characterized as a philosophy rather than
simply the process of creating new software
• Example: Linux Operating System, Apache
Web Server, Mozilla Firefox Web Browser

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Cloud Computing

• the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the

Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local
server or a personal computer.
• In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and
accessing data and programs over the Internet instead of your
computer's hard drive.

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Systems Analysts Need to Be Aware that
Integrating Technologies Affects all Types
of Systems

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Need for Systems Analysis and
Design
• Installing a system without proper planning
leads to great user dissatisfaction and
frequently causes the system to fall into disuse.
• Lends structure to the analysis and design of
information systems
• A series of processes systematically
undertaken to improve a business through the
use of computerized information systems

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Next Meeting

Roles of the Systems Analyst

Surprise Quiz 1

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