ACTIVITY 1: Calculations 1 and 2

1. This is an operation whereby Which of the following should fill the

components of a homogeneous liquid gap?
mixture is separated by boiling a. Leaves
because of their differences in b. Does not leave
volatility. c. Half of it leaves
a. Gas absorption d. None of the mentioned
b. Distillation 7. A semi-batch process is that in which
c. Drying material enters the system and _____
d. Crystallization which of the following should fill the
2. The ratio of partial pressure of a vapor gap?
to the vapor pressure in equilibrium a. Leaves
with the liquid. b. Does not leave
a. Relative humidity c. Half of it leaves
b. Relative saturation d. None of the mentioned
c. Absolute saturation 8. Coal that has only lost its moisture.
d. Absolute humidity a. Coked coal
3. The material that remains unchanged b. Uncoked coal
in a process. c. Charcoal
a. Limiting reactant d. Anthracite coal
b. By-product 9. The presence of _____ in a dry
c. Tie reactant gaseous fuel does not contribute to its
d. Feed calorific value.
4. In this unit operation, a material a. Carbon
dissolved in a liquid phase is b. Hydrogen
transferred to the second phase. c. Oxygen
a. Absorption d. Sulfur
b. Crystallization 10. It is the type of heat lost in the stack
c. Leaching gas due to the presence of CO and 𝐻2
d. Extraction free in the stack gas.
5. The purpose of recycling operations a. Heating value
in chemical engineering is b. Latent heat
a. To increase the overall c. Potential heat
conversion of an equilibrium d. Sensible heat
reaction 11. Which of the following constituent of
b. To recover expensive catalyst and coal is most important in the
reagents production of coke?
c. To enhance the yield and obtain a. Ash
enriched products b. Carbon
d. All of the above c. Moisture
6. A batch process is that in which d. Net hydrogen
material enters the system and _____. 12. During combustion of gaseous fuels,
deficiency of air…
 a. Increases the flame temperature a wick which is wet with the liquid
b. Lengthens the flame form of the condensable gas where
c. Tends to shorten the flame heat is transferred from the mixture to
d. Does not affect the length of the bulb.
flame a. Dew point
13. Which is not true about theoretical b. Atmospheric temperature
oxygen? c. Wet bulb temperature
a. It is based on the oxygen required d. Dry bulb temperature
to burn all the fuel to 𝐶𝑂2, 𝐻2 𝑂 or 19. In liquid extraction, the transfer of
𝑆𝑂2 solute between two immiscible
b. It is based on the complete liquids is possible when there is a
combustion of all fuel fed to the difference in
reactor a. Solubility
c. It is based in how much fuel was b. Specific gravity
burned in the reactor c. Viscosity
d. None of the above d. Mass
14. Solutions which distill without 20. It involves the reverse transfer
change in composition are called whereby water vapor is transferred
a. Azeotropic from the vapor state to the liquid
b. Saturated state.
c. Supersaturated a. Crystallization
d. Ideal b. Dehumidification
15. The ease or difficulty of spreading c. Absorption
components by distillation is d. Humidification
determined by 21. The term given to the two-phase
a. Relative volatility mixture of mother liquor and crystals.
b. Relative solubility a. Slurry
c. Vapor pressure b. Magma
d. Viscosity c. Bagasse
16. The rate of material ______ is zero in d. OATA
case of a steady state system. 22. Refers to the temperature at which
a. Production vapor pressure is equal to the partial
b. Accumulation pressure of vapor.
c. Reaction a. Dew point
d. Input b. Dry bulb
17. The basis of all mass balance c. Equilibrium temperature
calculations d. Wet bulb
a. Law of Mass Action 23. Defined as the kilogram of water
b. Law of Conservation of Mass contained in kilogram of dry air.
c. Degree of Completion a. Relative humidity
d. T and P conditions b. Humid volume
18. Temperature taken from the vapor- c. Percent humidity
gas mixture using a thermometer with d. Humidity
 24. The ratio of the partial pressure of a 25. Process conditions are changing with
vapor to the vapor pressure in time.
equilibrium with the liquid is called a. Steady-state
a. Relative saturation b. Continuous
b. Relative humidity c. Unsteady-state
c. Absolute saturation d. Batch
d. Absolute saturation
Problems:
(26-27) A tank initially holds 80 gal of a brine solution containing 1/8 lb salt per gallon. At t=0,
another brine solution containing 1 lb of salt per gallon is poured into the tank at the rate of 4
gal/min while the well stirred mixture leaves the tank at a rate of 8 gal/min.
Given: Brine Solution
4 gal/min
1 lb/gal

Brine Solution
8 gal/min
1 𝑙𝑏
@t=0 𝑉𝑜 = 80 gal, 𝐶𝑜 = 8 𝑔𝑎𝑙

Required: a. amount of salt in the tank when the tank contains exactly 40 gal of solution.
b. when the tank will contain the most salt

Solution:

𝑑𝑚
TMB: = 𝐹1 -𝐹2
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
= 𝑄1-𝑄2
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
= 4-8
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
= -4
𝑑𝑡

𝑉 𝑡
∫80 𝑑𝑉 = −4 ∫0 𝑎𝑡

V-80= -4t
V= 80-4t
 𝑑𝑚 𝑚
CMB: = 4(1) − 8 𝑣 but V= 80-4t
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑚 𝑚
= 4 − 8(80−4𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑚 8
+ 80−4𝑡 m=4
𝑑𝑡

8𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
Find Integrating Factor: 𝑒 ∫80−4𝑡 =𝑒 2 ∫20−𝑡 =𝑒 −2ln(20−𝑡) = (20 − 𝑡)2= (20−𝑡)2
1 𝑑𝑚 1 2 1
+ (20−𝑡)2 20−𝑡 m = 4 [(20−𝑡)2]
(20−𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 1 4
[𝑚 ∙ (20−𝑡)2 ]= (20−𝑡)2
𝑑𝑡

𝑚 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑑 [(20−𝑡)2 ] = 4∫ (20−𝑡)2

𝑚 4
+ C = 20−𝑡
(20−𝑡)2

1 𝑙𝑏
Initial Conditions: t=0, m= 8 𝑔𝑎𝑙 (80 gal) = 10 lb

10 4
+ C = 20
202

80−10 7
C= = 40
202

𝑚 7 4
+ 40 = 20−𝑡
(20−𝑡)2

7
m= 4(20-t) - 40 (20 − 𝑡)2

when V= 40 gal, t= 10 min

7
m= 4(20-10) - 40 (20 − 10)2

m= 22.5 lbs

𝑑𝑚
= 0 when m is maximum
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑚 7
= −4 − (2)(20 − 𝑡)(−1)
𝑑𝑡 40

14 4(40)
(20 − 𝑡) = 4 (20-t) = t= 8.57 min
40 14
 26. Find the amount of salt in the tank 27. Determine when the tank will
when the tank contains exactly 40 contain the most salt.
gal of solution. a. 8.57 min
a. 30.8 lb b. 20.2 min
b. 12.9 lb c. 15.67 min
c. 17.5 lb d. 25.4 min
d. 22.5 lb

(28-31) The analysis of a flue gas from a fuel gas containing nitrogen is 4.62% 𝐶𝑂2, 3.08% CO,
8.91% 𝑂2 and 83.92% 𝑁2 .

Given:

Fuel
Stack gas
4.62% C𝑂2
3.08% CO
8.91% 𝑂2
83.39% 𝑁2
Required: a. Moles of dry air supplied per mole of dry flue gas
b. Percent excess air
c. Ratio of components of the fuel gas
d. Heat lost per 100 mole of dry flue gas if the flue gas leaves at 700℉ and 1 atm

Solution:
Basis: 100 mol of dry flue gas
100
Dry air supplied= 83.39× 79
= 105.5570 mols dry air

𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 105.5570

=
𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 100

= 1.055

𝑥 ′ 𝑠𝑂2
%x’s air= 𝑂 ′ 𝑠𝑂
2 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝−𝑥 2

3.08
x’s 𝑂2= 8.91- 2
= 7.37 mols 𝑂2
21
𝑂2 supplied= 83.39×79
= 22.1670 mols 𝑂2
7.37
%x’s air= 22.1670−7.37 × 100
 %x’s air= 49.8075≈50%

28. Moles of dry air supplied per mole of dry flue gas.
a. 1.055
b. 1.210
c. 0.995
d. 1.195
29. Percent excess air.
a. 12%
b. 23%
c. 41%
d. 50%
30. Ratio of the components of the fuel gas, that is C𝐻4 :𝐶2 𝐻4 .
a. 12:88
b. 32:68
c. 65:35
d. 79:21
31. Heat lost per 100 mole of dry flue gas if the flue gas leaves at 700℉ and 1 atm.
a. 12,670,000 BTU
b. 1,183,000 BTU
c. 5,548,000 BTU
d. 10,990,000 BTU

32. A paper mill ships to a Texas distributor 12,208 lbs of paper. A sample of carefully taken
at the mill is found by analysis to contain 4.28% moisture. A sample similarly taken at
the destination by the distributor shows 7.88% moisture. What should be the weight of
the shipment as received by him?

a. 12,700 lbs
b. 14,500 lbs
c. 15,200 lbs
d. 17,450 lbs

Given:

m= 12,208 lbs, 0.0428 moisture

0.0788 moisture

Required: Weight of the shipment received

Solution:

m= 12,208 lbs (1-0.0428)

m= 11,685.4976 lbs
m= 11,685.4976 lbs (1.0788)

m= 12,606.3148 lbs≈ 12,700 lbs

(33-34) In order to calibrate an orifice, used for metering the flow of dry air in a 2-ft-ID-duct at
70℉ and 16.2 psi, anhydrous ammonia was bled into the center of the air stream at the rate of
0.251 lb/min. At a distance downstream sufficient to ensure complete mixing of the ammonia
and air, the air was bubbled through 100 ml of 0.0105 N sulfuric acid in an efficient absorption
ion device, and the rate of flow of the sampling stream was measured after absorbing the
ammonia by passing the air through a drying tube and collecting the dry air over mercury at 70℉
and 1 atm pressure. The volume of air collected was 0.202 cu ft, and the amount of base
(0.00995 N) required for the back titration of the 100 ml of acid was 80.5 ml. Calculate the
following:

Given:

Required:

Solution:

33. The flow rate of air in the duct, expressed as pounds of air per minute.
a. 367
b. 589
c. 408
d. 670
34. The air velocity in feet per second.
a. 26
b. 45
c. 32
d. 51

35. A calcium carbonate sludge is burned in a rotary kiln to regenerate lime in a

countercurrent operation. The flue gas is leaving the cold end of the kiln and the sludge
entering the same end have the following compositions:

Flue Gas % by Vol Sludge % by Weight

𝐶𝑂2 20.4 Ca𝐶𝑂3 44.7
CO 0.4 𝐻2 O 49.0
𝑁2 77.1 inerts 6.3

The kiln is fired with methane at 2900 cubic feet/hr (dry at 60℉ and 14.7 psia). Lime conversion
is 90% complete. What is the rate of CaO production?
 a. 4670 lbs/hr
b. 5120 lbs/hr
c. 3230 lbs/hr
d. 8970 lbs/hr

Given:

Required:

Solution:

36. MTBE is added to gasoline to increase the oxygen content of the gasoline to increase the
oxygen content of the gasoline. MTBE is soluble in water to some extent and becomes a
contaminant when the gasoline gets into surface or underground water. The gasoline used
by boats has an MTBE content of 10%. The boats operate in a well-mixed flood control
pond having dimensions 3 km long, 1 km wide, and 3 m deep on the average. Suppose
that each of the 25 boats on the pond spills 0.5L of gasoline during 12 h of daylight. The
𝑚3
flow of water (that contains no MTBE) into the pond is 10 ℎ𝑟 , but no water leaves
because the water level is well below the spillway of the pond. By how much will the
concentration of MTBE increase in the pond after the end of 12 h of boating? SG of
gasoline is 0.72.

a. 1.0×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 g MTBE/ g 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
b. 3.2×10−9 g MTBE/ g 𝐻2 𝑂
c. 6.9×10−8 g MTBE/ g 𝐻2 𝑂
d. 8.1×10−11 g MTBE/ g 𝐻2 𝑂

Given:

Required:

Solution:

(37-38) A water solution contains 60% 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂2 together with 1% soluble impurity. Upon
cooling to 10℃, 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂2 · 5𝐻2 𝑂 crystallizes out. The solubility of this hydrate is 1.4 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂2 ·
5𝐻2 𝑂 lb/lb free water. The crystals removed carry as adhering solution 0.06 lb solution/lb
crystals. When dried to remove the remaining water (but not water of hydration), the final dry
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂2 · 5𝐻2 𝑂 crystals must not contain more than 0.1% impurity. To meet this specification,
the original solution, before cooling, is further diluted with water. On the basis of 100 lb of the
original solution, calculate:

Given:

Required:
Solution:

37. The amount of water added before cooling.

a. 12.25 lb
b. 23.34 lb
c. 17.57 lb
d. 8.93 lb
38. The percentage recovery of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂2 · 5𝐻2 𝑂 in the dry hydrated crystals.
a. 53.2%
b. 78.3%
c. 44.6%
d. 66.5%

(39-40) Sulfuric acid can be manufactured by the contact process according to the following
reactions:

S+𝑂2 → 𝑆𝑂2
2𝑆𝑂2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝑆𝑂3
𝑆𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

You are asked as part of the preliminary design of a sulfuric acid plant with a production
capacity of 2000 tons/day of 66ºBe (93.2% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 by weight) to calculate the following:

Given:
Capacity= 2000 tons/day
66ºBe
93.2% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 by weight

Required: a. Tons of pure sulfur per day

b. Tons of water required

Solution:
𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4= 0.932(2000) =1864 tons/day * 98 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 19.0204 tonmol/day
𝑆𝑂3=𝑆𝑂2=S=1 mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆
S= 19.0204 tonmol/day* *32
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
S= 608.6 tons/day~
609 tons/day

𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝐻2𝑂

= 19.0204 tonmol/day*1𝐻 *18
𝑑𝑎𝑦 2 𝑆𝑂4
= 342.3672~
342.6 tons/day
 39. Tons of pure sulfur per day to run this plant.
a. 1030
b. 996
c. 609
d. 477
40. Tons of water required per day for reaction 3
a. 672.1
b. 342.6
c. 312.9
d. 589.2

(41-43) Coal is charged to a furnace at the rate of 1200 lb/hr. Analysis of the coal and flue gas
shows the following:

Proximate Ultimate Stack Gas

Moisture 1.44% C 78.76% 𝐶𝑂2 10.8%
VCM 34.61% S 0.78% CO 0.2%
FC 57.77% N 1.30% 𝑂2 9.0%
Ash 6.18% Ash 6.18% 𝑁2 80.0%

The dry refuse contains 4% w VCM, 21% w FC and 75% ash. Air is supplied at 70℉, 65%
saturated. The barometer reading is 29.7 inHg. Pressure at the entrance of the stack is 0.5 in 𝐻2 𝑂.
Calculate the following:

Given:

Required:

Solution:

41. Percent excess air

a. 99.2
b. 43.5
c. 67.6
d. 48.9
42. Cubic feet of air per minute
a. 2114
b. 3205
c. 4660
d. 7860
43. Cubic feet of flue gas per minute
a. 27,980
b. 18,900
c. 6,098
d. 13,160
 𝑔
44. A stream containing ethanol (𝜌 = 0.789 𝑐𝑚3 ) and water flows into a distillation column at
80 kg/s. The vapor stream that leaves the column contains 80% ethanol by mass while the
bottoms product with a flow rate of 20 kg/s has an ethanol concentration of 3.5 M. The
entrance stream is

a. 35.8% ethanol
b. 64.2% ethanol
c. 46.2% ethanol
d. 45.8% ethanol

Given:

Required:

Solution:

45. Humid air exits a dryer at atmospheric pressure, 75℃ and at a relative humidity of 25%.
Calculate the Absolute humidity of the air in kg water/kg air.

a. 0.066
b. 0.078
c. 0.088
d. 0.095

Given: Humid air @ 75℃; 25%

Required: Absolute Humidity

Solution:

Using Antoine’s:
1730.630
log (X) = 8.07131-233.426+75

X= 288.4977 mmHg

VP water= 288.4977 (0.25)

= 72.1244 mmHg

From figure 12-2b

𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Absolute Humidity= 0.066 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
 46. Seven hundred pounds per hour of iron pyrites containing 85% w Fe𝑆2 and 15% w
gangue are charged to a burner. The cinder contains 1% S as 𝑆𝑂3. The burner gas
analysis shows 10% 𝑆𝑂2 and 5% 𝑂2. Air used for combustion is dry. How many cubic
feet of total burner gases at 1 atm and 60℉ are produced per hour?

a. 24,600
b. 45,050
c. 31,700
d. 12,200

Given:

Required:

Solution:

47. Two hundred and fifty pounds per hour of 98% w 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 enters an absorption tower of a
contact sulfuric acid plant. If 20% oleum is produced in this tower, how many pounds per
hour of 𝑆𝑂3 are absorbed?

a. 80.5
b. 94.5
c. 67.4
d. 90.3

Given:

Required:

Solution:

48. Nitrogen from a cylinder is bubbled through acetone at 1.1 bar and 323K at the rate of
𝑚3
2×10−4 𝑚𝑖𝑛. The Nitrogen, saturated with acetone vapor leaves at 1.013 bar, 308K at the
𝑚3
rate of 3.83×10−4 𝑚𝑖𝑛. What is the vapor pressure of acetone at 308K?
a. 0.465 bar
b. 0.273 bar
c. 0.834 bar
d. 0.662 bar

Given:

Required:
Solution:

(49-50) An evaporator is fed continuously with 25 kg/hr of a solution which contains 10% NaCl,
10% NaOH and 80% 𝐻2 O. During evaporation, 𝐻2 O is removed from the solution and NaCl
precipitates as crystals which is settled and removed. The concentrated liquor leaving the
evaporator contains 50% NaOH, 2% NaCl and 48% 𝐻2 O. Calculate:

Given:

Required:

Solution:

49. Weight of salt precipitated per hour.

a. 2.9 kg/hr
b. 3.4 kg/hr
c. 2.4 kg/hr
d. 1.8 kg/hr

50. Weight of concentrated liquor leaving per hour.

a. 3.9 kg/hr
b. 7.5 kg/hr
c. 9.2 kg/hr
d. 5.0 kg/hr
(51-52) A solution of ethyl alcohol containing 8.6% alcohol by weight is fed at the rate of 5000
kg/hr to a continuous fractionating column operating at atmospheric pressure. The distillate
which is the desired product contains 95.4% alcohol by weight and the residue from the bottom
of the column contains 0.1% alcohol by weight. Calculate the following:

Given:

Required:

Solution:

51. The mass flow rates of the distillate and residue in kg/hr respectively.
a. 446, 4554
b. 325, 4675
c. 623, 4377
d. 521, 4479

52. The percentage loss of alcohol.

a. 2.03
b. 1.06
c. 1.98
 d. 0.65

(53-54) The exhaust Diesel engine using a high-grade hydrocarbon fuel, shows 10.2% C𝑂2,
7.9% 𝑂2 and the rest Nitrogen and inerts. The analysis was made with care in an Orsat using
mercury as the confining liquid in the measuring burette. Calculate the following:

Given:

Required:

Solution:

53. Pounds of dry air used per pound of oil burnt in the engine.
a. 17.3
b. 21.9
c. 25.6
d. 34.2

54. Mols of exhaust gas discharged from the engine per pound of fuel oil burnt.
a. 0.890
b. 0.654
c. 0.556
d. 0.783

55. Air at 30℃ and 150 kPa in a closed container is compressed and cooled. It is found that
the first droplet of water condenses at 200 kPa and 15℃. Calculate the percent relative
humidity of the original air. The vapor pressures of water at 15℃ and 30℃ are 1.7051
kPa and 4.246 kPa respectively.

a. 21%
b. 44%
c. 30%
d. 57%

Given:

Required:

Solution: