HIPER LAN:

The need for mobile broadband communications has increased rapidly in recent years placing
new demands for the WLANs. The requirements of mobile broadband communication include
support for QOS, security, handover, and increased throughput. To meet these requirements, the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has come up with High Performance
Radio LAN (HIPERLAN), which is an alternative for the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards.
The HIPERLAN standards provide features and capabilities similar to those of the IEEE802.11
WLAN standards. In HYPERLAN, there are a number of base stations, and devices can
communicate either with the base station or directly with each other. The base stations, or APs,
can automatically configure their frequency so that there is no need for manual frequency
assignment.

The HIPERLAN standard family has four different versions: HIPERLAN/1, HIPERLAN/2,
HIPERACCESS, and HIPERLINK. HIPERLAN/1 provides communications up to 20 Mbps in
the 5 GHz range of the RF spectrum. HIPERLAN/2 operates up to 54 Mbps in the same RF
band. HIPERLAN/2 is compatible with 3G WLAN systems for sending and receiving data,
images, voice communications, and intends to accommodate ATM as well as IP-type access with
QOS support. HIPERLAN/2 has the potential, and is intended, for worldwide implementation in
conjunction with similar systems in the 5 GHz RF band.

Wireless asynchronous transfer mode:

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is one of the leading technologies in fixed high-capacity
networks. In most situations, ATM is implemented in optical fibre links, cables, or fixed
microwave point-to-point links. The concept of wireless asynchronous transfer mode relates to
the extension of ATM services to other scenarios through the use of wireless transmission and
features mobility. It includes the wireless mobile ATM, which is the basis for providing services
in the order of tens of megabits per second to mobile users, satellite ATM (where the large
delays are significant), and WLANs.
HIPERLAN/1:
HIPERLAN/1 is mainly designed to work without the need of any infrastructure. Two nodes
may exchange data directly, without any interaction from a wired (or radio-based) infrastructure.
Thus, the simplest HIPERLAN/1 consists of two nodes. Further, if two HIPERLAN/1 nodes are
not in radio contact with each other, they may use a third node which must forward messages
between the two communicating nodes. Figure 24.19 shows the overall system architecture of an
ad-hoc HIPERLAN/1. A multi-hub topology is considered to allow overlay of two HIPERLANs
to extend the communication beyond the radio range of a single node. There are two overlapping
HIPERLANs,

Fig: HIPERLAN ad-hoc system architecture.

A and B, and the node 4 acts as a bridge between the two. Each node is designated either as a
forwarder (F) node or a non-forwarder (NF) node. In Figure 24.19, nodes 1, 4, and 6 are
forwarder nodes and these have forwarding connections. A forwarder node retransmits the
received packet to other nodes in its neighborhood, if the packet is not meant for it. Nodes 2, 3,
and 5 are non-forwarder nodes, which simply accept the packet that is meant for it. Each non-
forwarder node should select at least one of its neighbor nodes as a forwarder node. Inter-
HIPERLAN forwarding needs mutual agreement and cooperation and should exchange regular
update messages to support proper routing and maintenance.

HIPERLAN/2:

HIPERLAN/2 has a very high-transmission rate up to 54 Mbps. This is achieved by making use
of a modularization method called orthogonal frequency digital multiplexing (OFDM).
HIPERLAN/2 connections are time-division multiplexed and connection-oriented, either
bidirectional point-to-point or unidirectional point-to-multipoint connections. There is also a
dedicated broadcast channel through which the traffic from an AP reaches all terminals.
The HIPERLAN/2 APs have a built-in support for automatic transmission frequency allocation
within the APs coverage area. This is performed by the DFS function. This network supports
authentication and encryption. Both the AP and the MT can authenticate each other to ensure
authorized access to the network or to a valid network operator.

In HIPERLAN, each communicating host or a node is given a HIPERLAN ID (HID) and a node
ID (NID). The combination of these two IDs uniquely identifies any station, and restricts the way
it can connect to other HIPERLAN nodes. All nodes with the same HID can communicate with
each other using a dynamic routing mechanism denoted intra- HIPERLAN forwarding.

The support for handover enables mobility of MTs. The handover scheme is MT initiated, that is
the MT uses the AP with the best signal as measured for instance by signal-to-noise ratio, and as
the user moves around, all established connections move to the AP with the best radio
transmission performance, while the MT stays associated to the HIPERLAN/2 network.

The HIPERLAN/2 architecture is easily adapted and integrated with a variety of fixed networks.
All applications running over a fixed infrastructure can also run over a HIPERLAN/2 network.
The power save mechanism in HIPERLAN/2 is based on MT-initiated negotiation of sleep
periods. The MT requests the AP for a low power state and a specific sleep period. At the
expiration of the sleep period, the MT searches for a wake up indication from the AP, and in the
absence of that sleeps the next period, and so forth. The MT receives any pending data as the
sleep period expires. Different sleep periods are supported depending on the requirements

Wireless PANs:
A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a network for interconnecting devices centred
around an individual person’s workspace – in which the connections are wireless. These might
include a mobile phone, a laptop computer, pagers, PDAs, and a personal stereo. There are many
potential advantages of these devices being able to communicate to each other, especially
without wires.
Typically, a WPAN uses Bluetooth technology, which was used as the basis for a new standard,
IEEE802.15. Bluetooth technology has been adopted as the IEEE 802.15.1 WPAN standards
which are commercially available in numerous devices ranging from cell phones, PDAs, laptops
to wireless mouses, and cameras.

For example, today it is possible to link the laptop to a mobile phone through a cable connector
and to wirelessly link into a remote data network to retrieve e-mails or perform other actions. It
permits communication within about 10 m, which enables the use of low power, low cost, and
extremely small-sized devices.

The concept of personal area networks (PANs) is that if each of these devices had a short range
communications tool built into them, they could exchange information without wires and without
any intervention from the user. For example, the laptop, which was ostensibly in sleep mode,
stored in a briefcase, could periodically talk to the cell phone clipped to the user’s belt and ask it
to check for e-mails. The cellular phone could retrieve these and send them to the laptop over the
short-range link. The laptop could then store them so that when the user turned the computer on,
all the e-mails would be available on the computer. As the user performs actions such as sending
e-mails, the computer would talk with the mobile phone and request transmission of these to the
data network.

The key concept in WPAN technology is known as plugging in. When any two WPAN equipped
devices come into close proximity (within several metres of each other) or within a few
kilometres of a central server, they can communicate as if connected by a cable. Another
important feature is the ability of each device to lock out other devices selectively, preventing
needless interference or unauthorized access to information. The proposed operating frequencies
for WPAN are around 2.4 GHz in digital modes. The objective is to facilitate seamless operation
among home or business devices and systems. Every device in a WPAN will be able to plug in to
any other device in the same WPAN, provided they are within PHY range of one another. In
addition, WPANs will be interconnected worldwide.

The IEEE 802.15 standards is a family of protocols to address the needs of WPAN at different
data rates in 2.4 GHz ISM band, same as defined in IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards. So far, three
IEEE 802.15 protocols (IEEE 802.15.1, IEEE 802.15.3, and IEEE 802.15.4) have been
developed based on data rates, technology, frequency band, channel access scheme, modulation
scheme, and technology used. They are referred to as Bluetooth, high-rate WPAN, and low-rate
WPAN.

WPAN applications:
The IEEE 802.15/WPAN technology applications are given below:

• WPANs are used to replace cables between a computer and its peripheral devices.
• WPANs can be used for transmitting images, digitized music, and other data.
• WPAN, popularly known as Bluetooth technology, is an extremely short-range wireless
network, formed around the personal operating space of a wireless terminal with built-in
Bluetooth device.
• Bluetooth is the only WPAN technology which is commercially available and is an essential
component in a series of devices ranging from laptops to wireless mouses to cameras and cell
phones.
• With the help of Bluetooth technology, ad-hoc wireless piconets can be formed, which are local
area networks with a very limited coverage (about 10 m) and without the need for an
infrastructure, offering asynchronous data, and synchronous voice services at data rate of 1
Mbps.
• Bluetooth also provides a universal bridge to existing data networks and a mechanism to form
small private mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs).
• WPANs help in the interworking of wireless technologies to create heterogeneous wireless
networks. For instance, WPANs and WLANs will enable an extension of devices without direct
cellular access to 3G cellular systems.