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Added special provision for the

15, 19, 85, advancement of any socially and
87, 174, educationally backward classes or for the
176, 341, Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled
342, 372 Tribes. To fully secure the constitutional
and 376. validity of zamindari abolition laws and to
10th
Insert place reasonable restriction on freedom
1 May
articles of speech. A new constitutional device,
1951
31A and called Schedule 9 introduced to protect
31B. against laws that are contrary to the
Insert Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental
schedule rights. These laws encroach upon
9.[4] property rights, freedom of speech and
equality before law.

Amend Removed the upper population limit for a

1 May
2 article parliamentary constituency by amending
1953
81(1)(b).[5] Article 81(1)(b).

Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent

List in the Seventh Schedule with relation Jawaha
Rajendra
to include trade and commerce in, and rlal
Prasad
the production, supply and distribution of Nehru
Amend 22
four classes of essential commodities,
3 schedule Februar
viz., foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds
7.[6] y 1955
and oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes
and other concentrates; raw cotton
whether ginned or unginned, and cotton
seeds; and raw jute.

Amend
articles 31,
35 band Restrictions on property rights and
27 April
4 305. inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of
1955
Amend the constitution.
schedule
9.[7]

Empowered the President to prescribe a

24 time limit for a State Legislature to
Amend
5 Decemb convey its views on proposed Central
article 3.[8]
er 1955 laws relating to the formation of new
States and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing States.
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Also permitted the President to extend

the prescribed limit, and prohibited any
such bill from being introduced in
Parliament until after the expiry of the
prescribed or extended period.

Amend
articles
11
269 and
Septem Amend the Union and State Lists with
6 286.
ber respect to raising of taxes.
Amend
1956
schedule
7.[9]

Amend
articles 1,
3, 49, 80,
81, 82,
131, 153,
158, 168,
170, 171,
216, 217,
220, 222,
224, 230,
231 and
232.
1 Reorganization of states on linguistic
Insert
7 Novemb lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states
articles
er 1956 and introduction of Union Territories.
258A,
290A, 298,
350A,
350B, 371,
372A and
378A.
Amend
part 8.
Amend
schedules
1, 2, 4 and
7.[10]

Amend 5
Extended the period of reservation of
8 article January
seats for the Scheduled Castes and
334.[11] 1960
Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in
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the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative

Assemblies till 1970.

Minor adjustments to territory of Indian

Amend 28
Union consequent to agreement with
9 schedule Decemb
Pakistan for settlement of disputes by
1.[12] er 1960
demarcation of border villages, etc.

Amend
article 240. 11 Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli
10 Amend August as a Union Territory, consequent to
schedule 1961 acquisition from Portugal.
1.[13]

Election of Vice President by Electoral

College consisting of members of both
Houses of Parliament, instead of election
Amend 19
by a Joint Sitting of Parliament.
11 articles 66 Decemb
Indemnify the President and Vice
and 71.[14] er 1961
President Election procedure from
challenge on grounds of existence of any
vacancies in the electoral college.

Amend
article 240. 20 Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as
12 Amend Decemb a Union Territory, consequent to
schedule er 1961 acquisition from Portugal.
1.[15]

Amend
article 170. 1
Formation of State of Nagaland, with
13 Insert new Decemb
special protection under Article 371A.
article er 1963
371A.[16]
Sarvepalli
Radhakris
Amend hnan
articles 81 Incorporation of Pondicherry into the
28
and 240. Union of India and creation of Legislative
14 Decemb
Insert Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh,
er 1962
article Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
239A.
Amend
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schedules
1 and 4.[17]

Amend
articles
124, 128,
217, 222,
224, 226, Raise retirement age of High court
297, 311 5 judges from 60 to 62 and other minor
15 and 316. October amendments for rationalizing
Insert 1963 interpretation of rules regarding judges
article etc.
224A.
Amend
schedule
7.[18]

Amend
articles 19,
Make it obligatory for seekers of public
84 and 5
office to swear their allegiance to the
16 173. October
Indian Republic and prescribe the
Amend 1963
various obligtory templates.
schedule
3.[19]

Amend
To secure the constitutional validity of
article 31A.
20 June acquisition of Estates and place land
17 Amend
1964 acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the
schedule
constitution.
9.[20]

27 Technical Amendment to include Union

Amend
18 August Territories in Article 3 and hence permit
article 3.[21]
1966 reorganisation of Union Territories. Lal
Bahadu
r
Amend 11 Abolish Election Tribunals and enable Shastri
19 article Decemb trial of election petitions by regular High
324.[22] er 1966 Courts.
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Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees,

orders and sentences passed by judges
and to validate the appointment, posting,
promotion and transfer of judges barring
Insert 22
a few who were not eligible for
20 article Decemb
appointment under article 233.
233A.[23] er 1966
Amendment needed to overcome the
effect of judgment invalidating
appointments of certain judges in the
state of Uttar Pradesh.

Amend
10 April
21 schedule Include Sindhi as an Official Language.
1967
8.[24]

Amend
article 275. 25
Insert Septem Provision to form Autonomous states
22
articles ber within the State of Assam.
244A and 1969
371B.[25]

Discontinued reservation of seats for the

Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in
the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative
Amend
Assembly and stipulated that not more Indira
articles 23
than one Anglo-Indian could be Gandhi
23 330, 332, January
nominated by the Governor to any State
333 and 1970
Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation V. V. Giri
334.[26]
for SC/ST and Anglo Indian members in
the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for
another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.

Amend 5 Enable parliament to dilute fundamental

24 articles 13 Novemb rights through amendments to the
and 368.[27] er 1971 constitution.

Restrict property rights and

Amend 20 April compensation in case the state takes
25
article 31. 1972 over private property. However, the
Insert Supreme Court quashed a part of Article
31C, to the extent it took away the power
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article of judicial review. This was done in the

31C.[28] landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati
v. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225
which for the first time enunciated the
Basic structure doctrine.

Amend
article 366.
Insert
article 28 Abolition of privy purse paid to former
26 363A. Decemb rulers of princely states which were
Remove er 1971 incorporated into the Indian Republic.
articles
291 and
362.[29]

Amend
articles
239A and
15 Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union
240.
27 Februar Territory with a legislature and council of
Insert
y 1972 ministers.
articles
239B and
371C.[30]

Insert
article
29 Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it
312A.
28 August uniform across those appointed prior to
Remove
1972 Independence and post independence.
article
314.[31]

Amend Place land reform acts and amendments

9 June
29 schedule to these act under Schedule 9 of the
1972
9.[32] constitution.

Change the basis for appeals in

Amend 27
Supreme Court of India in case of Civil
30 article Februar
Suits from value criteria to one involving
133.[33] y 1973
substantial question of law.
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Increase size of Parliament from 525 to

Amend
17 545 seats. Increased seats going to the
articles 81,
31 October new states formed in North East India
330 and
1973 and minor adjustment consequent to
332.[34]
1971 Delimitation exercise.

Amend
article 371.
Insert
articles 37 Protection of regional rights in Telangana
1 July
32 1Dand and Andhra regions of State of Andhra
1974
371E. Pradesh.
Amend
schedule
7.[35]

Prescribes procedure for resignation by

Amend
members of parliament and state
articles 19 May
33 legislatures and the procedure for
101 and 1974
verification and acceptance of
190.[36]
resignation by house speaker.

7
Amend Place land reform acts and amendments
Septem
34 schedule to these act under Schedule 9 of the
ber
9.[37] constitution.
1974

Amend
articles 80
and 81.
Terms and Conditions for the
Insert 1 March Fakhruddi
35 Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of
article 2A. 1975 n Ali
India.
Insert Ahmed
schedule
10.[38]

Amend
articles 80
26 April Formation of Sikkim as a State within the
36 and 81.
1975 Indian Union.
Insert
article
371F.
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Remove
article 2A.
Amend
schedules
1 and 4.
Remove
schedule
10.[39]

Amend
articles 3 May Formation of Arunachal Pradesh
37
239A and 1975 legislative assembly.
240.[40]

Amend
articles
123, 213, 1 June Enhances the powers of President and
38
239B, 352, 1975 Governors to pass ordinances.
356, 359
and 360.[41]

Amendment designed to negate the

judgement of Allahabad High Court
invalidating Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi's election to parliament.
Amendment placed restrictions on
judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister.
The amendment was introduced and
Amend passed in the Lok Sabha on August 7,
articles 71 1975 and again introduced and passed in
and 329. the Rajya Sabha on August 8, 1975. As
Insert 10 many as 17 State Assemblies,
39 article August summoned on Saturday, August 9
329A. 1975 ratified this amendment and President
Amend Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad gave his assent
schedule on Sunday, August 10 and the civil
9.[42] servants issued gazette notification on
Sunday, August 10, 1975. As a
consequence of this amendment to the
Constitution of India, Supreme Court of
India's scheduled hearing on August 11,
1975 of Petition challenging Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi's election became
infructuous.[43]
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Later however, Article 329A was struck

down by the Supreme Court in case of
Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj Narain
1976 (2) SCR 347, for being in violation
of basic structure.

Enable Parliament to make laws with

respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and
Amend
vest the mineral wealth with Union of
article 297.
27 May India.
40 Amend
1976
schedule Place land reform & other acts and
9.[44] amendments to these act under
Schedule 9 of the constitution.

7 Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen

Amend
Septem and Members of Joint Public Service
41 article
ber Commissions and State Public Service
316.[45]
1976 Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
Amend
articles 31,
31C, 39,
55, 74, 77,
81, 82, 83,
100, 102,
103, 105,
118, 145,
150, 166,
170, 172, Amendment passed during internal
189, 191, emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides
192, 194, for curtailment of fundamental rights,
208, 217, imposes fundamental duties and
225, 226, changes to the basic structure of the
227, 228, 2 constitution by making India a "Socialist
42 311, 312, Novemb Secular" Republic.
330, 352, er 1976
However, the Supreme Court, in Minerva
353, 356,
Mills v. Union of India, quashed the
357, 358,
amendments to Articles 31C and 368 as
359, 366,
it was in contravention with the basic
368 and
structure of the Constitution.
371F.
Insert
articles
31D, 32A,
39A, 43A,
48A, 131A,
139A,
144A,
226A,
228A and
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257A.
Insert parts
4A and
14A.
Amend
schedule
7.[46]
Amend
articles
145, 226,
228 and
Amendment passed after revocation of
366.
internal emergency in the Country.
Remove 13 April
43 Repeals some of the more 'Anti-
articles 1978
Freedom' amendments enacted through
31D, 32A,
Amendment Bill 42.
131A,
144A,
226A and
228A.[47]
Amend
articles 19,
22, 30,
31A, 31C,
38, 71, 74,
77, 83,
103, 105,
123, 132, Neelam
133, 134, Morarji
Sanjiva
139A, 150, Desai
Reddy
166, 172,
192, 194,
Amendment passed after revocation of
213, 217,
internal emergency in the Country.
225, 226, 6
Provides for human rights safeguards
227, 239B, Septem
44 and mechanisms to prevent abuse of
329, 352, ber
executive and legislative authority.
356, 358, 1978
Annuls some Amendments enacted in
359, 360
Amendment Bill 42.
and 371F.
Insert
articles
134A and
361A.
Remove
articles 31,
257A and
329A.
Amend
part 12.
Amend
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schedule
9.[48]
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
Amend 25
nomination of Anglo Indian members in
45 article January
Parliament and State Assemblies for
334.[49] 1980
another ten years i.e. up to 1990.
Amend
articles
269, 286 2 Amendment to negate judicial
46 and 366. Februar pronouncements on scope and
Amend y 1983 applicability on Sales Tax.
schedule
7.[50]
Amend 26 Place land reform acts and amendments
47 schedule August to these act under Schedule 9 of the
9.[51] 1984 constitution.
Amend 26 Article 356 amended to permit
48 article August President's rule up to two years in the Indira
356.[52] 1984 state of Punjab. Gandhi
Amend
11
article 244. Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and
Septem
49 Amend enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal
ber
schedules Areas Autonomous District Council.
1984
5 and 6.[53]
Technical Amendment to curtailment of Zail Singh
11
Amend Fundamental Rights as per Part III as
Septem
50 article prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security
ber
33.[54] Personnel protecting property and
1984
communication infrastructure.
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes
Amend
in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
articles 29 April
51 Arunachal Pradesh in Loksabha, similarly
330 and 1984
for Meghalaya and Arunachal in their
332.[55]
Legislative Assemblies.
Anti Defection Law - Provide
Amend disqualification of members from
articles parliament and assembly in case of
101, 102, defection from one party to other.
15
190 and However, parts of the 10th Schedule to Rajiv
52 Februar
191. the Constitution of India was struck down Gandhi
y 1985
Insert by the Supreme Court in the case of
schedule Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu 1992 SCR
10.[56] (1) 686, for being in contravention with
Article 368 of the Constitution.
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Insert 20
Special provision with respect to the
53 article Februar
State of Mizoram.
371G.[57] y 1986
Amend
articles
Increase the salary of Chief Justice of
125 and
1 April India & other Judges and to provide for
54 221.
1986 determining future increases without the
Amend
need for constitutional amendment.
schedule
2.[58]
Insert 20 Special powers to Governor consequent
55 article Februar to formation of state of Arunachal
371H.[59] y 1987 Pradesh.
Insert
30 May Transition provision to enable formation
56 article
1987 of state of Goa.
371I.[60]
21 Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes
Amend
Septem in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
57 article
ber Arunachal Pradesh Legislative
332.[61]
1987 Assemblies.
Insert
Provision to publish authentic Hindi
article 9
translation of constitution as on date and
58 394A. Decemb
provision to publish authentic Hindi
Amend er 1987
translation of future amendments.
part 22.[62]
Article 356 amended to permit
Amend
President's rule up to three years in the
article 356. 30
state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article
59 Insert March
359A amended to permit imposing
article 1988
emergency in state of Punjab or in
359A.[63]
specific districts of the state of Punjab. R.
Venkatara
Amend 20 Profession Tax increased from a
man
60 article Decemb minimum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of
276.[64] er 1988 Rs. 2500/-.
Amend 28
Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to
61 article March
18.
326.[65] 1989
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
Amend 20
nomination of Anglo Indian members in
62 article Decemb
Parliament and State Assemblies for
334.[66] er 1989
another ten years i.e. up to 2000.
V. P.
Amend Singh
article 356. 6 Emergency powers applicable to State of
63 Remove January Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per
article 1990 amendment 59 repealed.
359A.[67]
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Amend Article 356 amended to permit

16 April
64 article President's rule up to three years and six
1990
356.[68] months in the state of Punjab.
National Commission for Scheduled
Amend 12
Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed
65 article March
and its statutory powers specified in The
338.[69] 1990
Constitution.
Amend Place land reform acts and amendments
7 June
66 schedule to these act under Schedule 9 of the
1990
9.[70] constitution.
Amend 4 Article 356 amended to permit
67 article October President's rule up to four years in the
356.[71] 1990 state of Punjab.
Amend 12 Article 356 amended to permit
68 article March President's rule up to five years in the
356.[72] 1991 state of Punjab.
Insert To provide for a legislative assembly and
1
articles council of ministers for Federal National
69 Februar
239AA and Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a
y 1992
239AB.[73] Union Territory.
Amend
21 Include National Capital of Delhi and
articles 54
70 Decemb Union Territory of Pondicherry in
and
er 1991 electoral college for Presidential Election.
239AA.[74]
Amend 31
Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as
71 schedule August
Official Languages.
8.[75] 1992
Amend 5
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes P. V.
72 article Decemb
in Tripura State Legislative Assembly. Narasi
332.[76] er 1992
mha
Insert part 24 April Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as Rao
73
9.[77] 1992 third level of administration in villages.
Insert part Statutory provisions for Local Shankar
9A, amend 1 June Administrative bodies as third level of Dayal
74 Sharma
article 1992 administration in urban areas such as
280.[78] towns and cities.
Amend
15 May Provisions for setting up Rent Control
75 article
1994 Tribunals.
323B.[79]
Enable continuance of 69% reservation
Amend 31
in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant
76 schedule August
Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of
9.[80] 1994
the constitution.
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Amend A technical amendment to protect

17 June
77 article reservation to SC/ST Employees in
1995
16.[81] promotions.
Amend 30 Place land reform acts and amendments
78 schedule August to these act under Schedule 9 of the
9.[82] 1995 constitution.
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
Amend 25
nomination of Anglo Indian members in
79 article January
Parliament and State Assemblies for
334.[83] 2000
another ten years i.e. up to 2010.
Amend
articles
Implement Tenth Finance Commission
269 and
9 June recommendation to simplify the tax
80 270.
2000 structures by pooling and sharing all
Remove
taxes between states and The Centre.
article
272.[84]
Amend
9 June Protect SC / ST reservation in filling
81 article
2000 backlog of vacancies.
16.[85]
K. R.
8
Amend Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and Narayana
Septem
82 article other criteria in reservation in promotion n
ber
335.[86] for SC / ST candidates.
2000
8 Atal
Amend Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from
Septem Bihari
83 article reservation for Scheduled Castes in
ber Vajpay
243M.[87] Panchayati Raj institutions.
2000 ee
Amend
articles 55, 21 Extend the usage of 1971 national
84 81, 82, Februar census population figures for statewise
170, 330 y 2002 distribution of parliamentary seats.
and 332.[88]
Amend 4 A technical amendment to protect
85 article January Consequential seniority in case of
16.[89] 2002 promotions of SC/ST Employees.
Amend
articles 45
12 Provides Right to Education until the age
and 51A.
86 Decemb of fourteen and Early childhood care until
Insert
er 2002 the age of six. A. P. J.
article
21A.[90] Abdul
Kalam
Amend
Extend the usage of 2001 national
articles 81, 22 June
87 census population figures for statewise
82, 170 2003
distribution of parliamentary seats.
and 330.[91]
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Amend
article 270.
Insert
15
article To extend statutory cover for levy and
88 January
268A. utilization of Service Tax.
2004
Amend
schedule
7.[92]
Amend The National Commission for Scheduled
28
article 338. Castes and Scheduled Tribes was
Septem
89 Insert bifurcated into The National Commission
ber
article for Scheduled Castes and The National
2003
338A.[93] Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
28
Amend
Septem Reservation in Assam Assembly relating
90 article
ber to Bodoland Territory Area.
332.[94]
2003
Amend
articles 75
and 164.
Insert 1 Restrict the size of council of ministers to
91 article January 15% of legislative members & to
361B. 2004 strengthen Anti Defection laws.
Amend
schedule
10.[95]
Amend 7
Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali
92 schedule January
as official languages.
8.[96] 2004
To enable provision of reservation (27%)
Amend 20
for other backward classes(OBC) in
93 article January
government as well as private
15.[97] 2006
educational institutions.
To provide for a Minister of Tribal
Amend
12 June Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and
94 article
2006 Chhattisgarh States including Madhya
164.[98] Manmo
Pradesh, Orissa.
han
To extend the reservation of seats for Singh
Amend 25
SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and
95 article January
states assemblies from Sixty years to
334.[99] 2010
Seventy years. Pratibha
23 Patil
Amend
Septem
96 schedule Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya".
ber
8.[100]
2011
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Added the words "or co-operative

societies" after the word "or unions" in
Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B
i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies
and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-
operative Societies.
Amend Art
12
19 and The amendment objective is to
97 January
added Part encourage economic activities of
2012
IXB.[101] cooperatives which in turn help progress
of rural India. It is expected to not only
ensure autonomous and democratic
functioning of cooperatives, but also the
accountability of the management to the
members and other stakeholders.[102]

To insert
Article 2 To empower the Governor of Karnataka
98 371J in the January to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-
Constitutio 2013 Karnataka Region.[103]
n[103]
Insertion of
new
articles Formation of a National Judicial
124A, Appointments Commission. 16 State
124B and assemblies out of 29 States
124C. including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujar
13 April
99 Amendme at and Telanganaratified the Central
2015[105]
nts to Legislation, enabling the President of
Articles India to give assent to the bill.[106] The
127, 128, amendment was struck down by the
217, 222, Supreme Court on 16 October 2015. Pranab
224A, Mukherje
231.[104] e
Exchange of certain enclave Narend
Amendme
territories with Bangladeshand ra Modi
nt of First
1 conferment of citizenship rights to
Schedule
100 August residents of enclaves consequent to
to
2015 signing of Land Boundary Agreement
Constitutio
(LBA) Treaty between India and
n[107]
Bangladesh.
Addition of
articles
246A,
269A, 1 July
101 Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.
279A. 2017
Deletion of
Article
268A.
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Amendme
nt of
articles
248, 249,
250, 268,
269, 270,
271, 286,
366, 368,
Sixth
Schedule,
Seventh
Schedule.[1
08]

Addition of
articles
338B,
342A.
11
Constitutional status to National
102 Modificatio August
Commission for Backward Classes
n of 2018
articles
338,
366.[109] Ram Nath
Kovind
A maximum of 10% Reservation for
Economically Weaker Sections of
citizens of classes other than the classes
Amendme 12
mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of
103 nt to Article January
Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially
15 & 16[110] 2019
and educationally backward classes of
citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes.